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ASD Document 600540 Rev. J

64   

FieldSpec® 3 User Manual

 www.asdi.com

Chapter 7  Field Measurements

7.8

Rocks, Soils, and Man-Made Materials

The shape of the spectral signature of rocks and soil tends to be invariant with 
respect to the viewing geometry, unlike vegetation. The overall brightness of 
the observed spectrum does change with illumination and viewing geometry 
due to changes in the amount of shadow in the field-of-view of the 
spectrometer. 

Sensor

•

Canopy

»

type (plant or tree nominal class)

»

closure

»

orientation

»

systematic (e.g., rows)

»

unsystematic (random)

•

Crown

»

shape (e.g., circular, conical)

»

diameter (m)

•

Trunk or Stem

»

density (units per m

2

)

»

tree diameter-at-breast-height: tree trunks or 
plant stems have a certain density.

•

Leaf

»

leaf-area-index: defines the area that interacts 
with solar radiation; the surface that is 
responsible for carbon absorption and 
exchange with the atmosphere.

»

leaf-angle-distribution: may change 
throughout the day as the leaves orient 
themselves toward or away from the incident 
radiation.

Understory

same as vegetation

Soil

•

Texture

•

Color

•

Moisture content

Table 7-1

Major variables affecting the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function 
(BRDF) of a vegetated canopy

Содержание FieldSpec 3

Страница 1: ...FieldSpec 3 User Manual ASD Document 600540 Rev J 2010 by ASD Inc www asdi com...

Страница 2: ...ch third party owner This document contains proprietary information protected by copyright law and may not be reproduced in any manner without the express written approval of ASD Inc The information a...

Страница 3: ...Requirements 6 Software Requirement 6 Theory of Operation 7 Chapter 2 Setup 11 Unpacking the Instrument 11 Power Supply 14 Ethernet Cables 16 Accessory Power Port 17 Pistol Grip 18 External Trigger 2...

Страница 4: ...ristics of Artificial Illumination 58 Atmospheric Characteristics 58 Clouds 60 Wind 61 Vegetation 61 Rocks Soils and Man Made Materials 64 Experimental Design 65 Time of Day Year 65 Sampling Strategy...

Страница 5: ...ta 84 What are these upward or downward spikes in VNIR data 85 What are these steps in my data 85 What can cause more noise in my data from last time 86 Why does the VNIR drop to zero after a Dark Cur...

Страница 6: ...ASD Document 600540 Rev J vi FieldSpec 3 User Manual www asdi com Temperature Effects 94 Technical Support 94 W E E E Compliance 95 Index 97...

Страница 7: ...ASD Document 600540 Rev J vii FieldSpec 3 User Manual www asdi com...

Страница 8: ...sult in personal injury to the user CAUTION Hot Surface This is a personal danger warning Documentation must be consulted in all cases where this symbol is marked Failure to acknowledge these warnings...

Страница 9: ...this power supply only for its intended use as described below 2 Do not use outdoors 3 Do not allow to be used as a toy Pay close attention when this power supply is used by or near to children 4 Use...

Страница 10: ...ASD Document 600540 Rev J x FieldSpec 3 User Manual www asdi com Notes...

Страница 11: ...ion required to measure radiance Many of the other ASD spectrometers can detach and even interchange Fiberoptic cables which can affect the accuracy of such calibrated radiance measurements The FieldS...

Страница 12: ...rage every second Users can quickly scan several areas when analyzing bulk samples Rapid analysis allows screening all or most samples instead of spot checking Compatible Works with off the shelf chem...

Страница 13: ...put 12 VDC 60 W Accessory Power Port front of instrument Output 12 VDC 27 Watt max Instrument Configuration Power Rating Maximum 350 1050nm 12 VDC 45 Watt 350 1800nm 12 VDC 50 Watt 1000 1800nm 12VDC 5...

Страница 14: ...range InGaAs photo diode for the spectral region 1830 nm to 2500 nm 1 1 4 Interface Requirement The FieldSpec spectroradiometer has 10 100 Base T Ethernet port The spectroradiometer with an Ethernet c...

Страница 15: ...ngine Electromagnetic fields from the engine can generate noise in the acquired signals 1 5 meter Instrument to Probe Accessory Power Cable Remote Trigger with LEDs and Velcro Pads RJ45 CAT 5e UTP Eth...

Страница 16: ...ireless WiFi adaptor PCMIA USB or built in that is compatible with the 802 11b standard Optional Serial communications port or USB port for GPS receiver only needed if you want to use GPS Optional NME...

Страница 17: ...hemselves are of low OH composition providing the maximum transmission available across the wavelength range of the instrument Inside the FieldSpec 3 Spectroradiometer The fiber cable delivers the col...

Страница 18: ...00 channels or 2 nm sampling interval per SWIR channel The spectroradiometer firmware automatically compensates for the overlap in wavelength intervals Like the VNIR detectors the SWIR1 and SWIR2 dete...

Страница 19: ...gnal can be measured This signal is subtracted from each subsequent spectrum until another DC is taken The SWIR spectrometers take and subtract DC on every scan The DC measurement can be updated at an...

Страница 20: ...by the known reflectance of the white reference panel With the reflectance of the reference standard available and known the ASD RS3 or Indico applications can compute the absolute reflectance or tra...

Страница 21: ...ar space on a sturdy bench or counter ideally a space near a wall current receptacle and the controlling computer Carefully open the shipping container following all instructions and orientation label...

Страница 22: ...nual www asdi com Chapter 2 Setup Step 2 Place the Ergonomic Pro Pack on a flat surface with the shoulder straps towards the floor Figure 2 2 The spectroradiometer being removed from the carrying case...

Страница 23: ...ller from its compartment on the outside of the Ergonomic Pro Pack Step 4 Undo the five 5 plastic connectors that hold the FieldSpec spectroradiometer in the Ergonomic Pro Pack Figure 2 4 Removing the...

Страница 24: ...nd weaker signals 2 2 Power Supply The FieldSpec spectroradiometer requires input power to be 12 VDC 60 W It does not contain an internal power supply to convert AC voltage to DC nor does it have inte...

Страница 25: ...rom where the Fiberoptic cable will be Insert power battery or power supply into the receptacle on the back panel labeled INPUT 12 VDC 60 WATT Lock the connector in place by twisting the barrel end of...

Страница 26: ...mputer and the instrument The instrument will function in Ethernet cable mode if the computer and instrument are connected by the Ethernet cable To communicate in Ethernet cable mode plug the shielded...

Страница 27: ...connector end of the cable into the accessory power port of the front panel Attach the other end of the power cable into the Contact Probe Hi Brite MugLite or other ASD approved accessory Please conta...

Страница 28: ...ard with the FieldSpec spectroradiometer as shown in Figure 2 14 The pistol grip has a 25 degree field of view full conical angle Figure 2 14 Pistol grip components Components of the pistol grip from...

Страница 29: ...installed at ASD Note If the grey nut and strain relief get separated the smooth side of the grey nut is inserted into the pistol grip and the rough edge of the grey nut is inserted into the strain re...

Страница 30: ...inimal force Tightening it so the cable will not come out is a special case Figure 2 17 Tightening the fiberoptic in the pistol grip Caution DO NOT pull hard on the cable once the set screw is tighten...

Страница 31: ...ven on a sunny day The LEDs are lit up when the trigger is pushed briefly and will turn off when the capture is complete Figure 2 19 shows the trigger switch with its LEDs The trigger plugs into the s...

Страница 32: ...ace a piece of hook velcro onto the trigger place pieces of mesh velcro onto the accessories as shown in Figure 2 21 Note Accessories such as the pistol grip should have pieces of mesh velcro placed o...

Страница 33: ...ck when one person operates the instrument Before taking the spectroradiometer into the field for the first time place matching velcro strips on the instrument controller bottom and laptop carrier top...

Страница 34: ...strips mating hook side and mesh side supplied with the laptop carrier Step 9 Leave the hook and mesh velcro strips mated Step 10 Remove the backing from the adhesive on the hook side of one strip an...

Страница 35: ...he velcro Press down firmly Step 16 Gently separate velcro of the instrument controller from that of the laptop carrier Smooth over the velcro strips on both the instrument controller and laptop carri...

Страница 36: ...ent 600540 Rev J 26 FieldSpec 3 User Manual www asdi com Chapter 2 Setup Figure 2 24 Placing the pistol grip onto the pistol grip holder Figure 2 25 The laptop carrier with instrument controller and n...

Страница 37: ...rtably warm to the touch Prevent dirt and oils from contacting the bulb and reflector Do not touch the glass envelope of the bulb Oils on the hand may transfer to the glass envelope this can significa...

Страница 38: ...ll ensure the proper function of the instrument Annual maintenance is covered under ASD s warranty or the extended service contract Annual maintenance can be purchased separately If you are interested...

Страница 39: ...ier or in a separate protective case 4 1 Fiberoptic Cables The Fiberoptic cable is made up of fifty seven 57 randomly distributed glass fibers Nineteen 19 of these fibers are 100 micron and are distri...

Страница 40: ...ic cable is not particularly susceptible to damage a tip cover is recommended to protect against abrasion and exposure to contamination Replacement covers can be made by cutting pieces of eighth inch...

Страница 41: ...municating with the unit Such applications include RS3 and Indico Step 4 Ensure that the spectrometer is turned on Step 5 Start the Fiber Check application from the Start menu under All Programs ASD P...

Страница 42: ...the Check button shown in Figure 4 2 to turn on and off different LEDs to help determine which range might be affected Note The RED LED for VNIR may be hard to see when the other ranges are enabled S...

Страница 43: ...l on a tripod because of the need for precise geometric orientation Field of View ASD s line of spectroradiometer is available with a wide selection of foreoptics These interchangeable foreoptics allo...

Страница 44: ...s angular field of view X distance to viewed surface Y diameter of field of view Near Field less than 1 meter Y D 2 X Tan A 2 Far Field greater than 1 meter Y 2 X Tan A 2 Figure 4 4 Field of view and...

Страница 45: ...Observations ASD has several types of foreoptics for irradiance measurements These include In air cosine corrected receptors for measurement of total irradiance Accessories for measurement of direct i...

Страница 46: ...ASD Document 600540 Rev J 36 FieldSpec 3 User Manual www asdi com Chapter 4 Fiberoptic Interface Notes...

Страница 47: ...y have toxic effects Still never drop NiMH batteries on a hard surface New NiMH rechargeable batteries can last from 500 to 1000 charges When you receive a new battery pack charge it fully before usin...

Страница 48: ...unauthorized by ASD Using improper batteries or improper use of ASD batteries could result in bodily injury or damage to the instrument 5 2 Battery Charger The battery charger specifications Note Do...

Страница 49: ...ill continue to draw current if power is left on Power down the instrument and remove probe as soon as possible when the above message occurs 5 3 Application Battery Indicator The RS3 and Indico appli...

Страница 50: ...ASD Document 600540 Rev J 40 FieldSpec 3 User Manual www asdi com Chapter 5 Batteries Notes...

Страница 51: ...nt in the Field 6 1 Packing FieldSpec 3 for Shipment The Ergonomic Pro Pack is an integral part of the padding used for the FieldSpec spectroradiometer in the shipping case The main reason for this is...

Страница 52: ...maged with undetectable longitudinal fractures that can cause light leakage and weaker signals Step 2 Place the spectroradiometer into the Ergonomic Pro Pack with the plastic end caps towards the top...

Страница 53: ...the Ergonomic Pro Pack to hold the spectroradiometer in place Two straps are on each side and one at the top Step 4 Place the instrument controller into its compartment of the Ergonomic Pro Pack and...

Страница 54: ...eldSpec 3 User Manual www asdi com Chapter 6 Transporting and Carrying the FieldSpec 3 Figure 6 4 Folding the left battery pouches into the Ergonomic Pro Pack Figure 6 5 Folding the right battery pouc...

Страница 55: ...ck with spectroradiometer and instrument controller into the shipping case using the handle straps at the top and the hip belt at the bottom of the pack as is shown in Figure 6 6 Note There is only on...

Страница 56: ...rienting the FieldSpec spectroradiometer to have its Fiberoptic cable on your dominant side in the Ergonomic Pro Pack because you may want your dominant hand free for other tasks like one handed typin...

Страница 57: ...e its plastic end caps aligned with the top and bottom of the Ergonomic Pro Pack Other than this the orientation of the spectroradiometer in the pack doesn t matter e g cable side on left or right mes...

Страница 58: ...ual www asdi com Chapter 6 Transporting and Carrying the FieldSpec 3 Figure 6 9 Fiberoptic spool on the outside of the Ergonomic Pro Pack with velcro Figure 6 10 Fiberoptic spool and where it attaches...

Страница 59: ...of the Ergonomic Pro Pack from where the Fiberoptic cable is Refer to Figure 6 12 Step 10 Feed the battery cable up from the battery pouch under the cross strap to the power input of the FieldSpec spe...

Страница 60: ...dSpec 3 User Manual www asdi com Chapter 6 Transporting and Carrying the FieldSpec 3 Figure 6 13 Fiberoptic cable spool on the outside of the Ergonomic Pro Pack Figure 6 14 Fiberoptic cable spool on t...

Страница 61: ...the plastic connectors on the shoulder straps of the Ergonomic Pro Pack as shown in Figure 6 15 Step 12 Place the instrument controller onto the velcro of the laptop carrier Step 13 The laptop carrier...

Страница 62: ...ack is intended for ventilation and to keep the instrument from overheating WARNING Do not carrying clothing or other supplies in the lower mesh pocket particularly if they are large enough to prevent...

Страница 63: ...t but not water proof In the event of bad weather out in the field place the instrument controller into its compartment on the outside of the Ergonomic Pro Pack Make sure both the spectroradiometer an...

Страница 64: ...Transporting and Carrying the FieldSpec 3 WARNING Do not attempt to use the spectroradiometer with the rain flap deployed The spectroradiometer may overheat because the rain flap prevents adequate air...

Страница 65: ...any reasons not all related to remote sensing Field spectra of ground targets on the scale of the imaging sensor using ambient solar illumination can be used to convert radiance images to reflectance...

Страница 66: ...material two measurements are required The spectral response of a reference sample The spectral response of the target material The reflectance or transmittance spectrum is then computed by dividing t...

Страница 67: ...m wavelength range can be attributed to sunlight scattered off the surrounding forest canopy One important source of surrounding scattered light is the person and the instrumentation making the measur...

Страница 68: ...ting optics of the spectrometer nadir to the sample Use one or two 200 to 500 Watt quartz halogen cycle tungsten filament lamps 3400 K color temperature in housings with aluminum reflectors about one...

Страница 69: ...s a well mixed gas thus the intensity of the absorption features associated with carbon dioxide are not as variable as those of water vapor but they do decrease with increasing altitude Other major at...

Страница 70: ...lity of atmospheric water vapor between the time when the reference and target measurements are made will result in errors in the resultant spectrum Note This error can be reduced by minimizing the le...

Страница 71: ...unstable the computed reflectance of the panel will vary over time and will show absorption minima or maxima depending on whether atmospheric water vapor is increasing or decreasing at the wavelengths...

Страница 72: ...ces in either leaf level optical properties or other larger scale structural properties of the canopy Important structural properties include leaf needle size leaf needle density at the branch level n...

Страница 73: ...ption features attributed to lignin and cellulose The spectral radiance leaving a vegetation canopy is significantly impacted by many factors such as those listed in Table 7 1 Table 7 1 Major variable...

Страница 74: ...closure orientation systematic e g rows unsystematic random Crown shape e g circular conical diameter m Trunk or Stem density units per m2 tree diameter at breast height tree trunks or plant stems hav...

Страница 75: ...ra are to be used to convert a hyperspectral sensor image to reflectance spectra should be acquired simultaneously with image acquisition If this is not possible a water vapor correction should be mad...

Страница 76: ...s and interpretation Rarely can leaf needle or branch level spectra be used directly to interpret an image Leaf needle and branch level spectra are useful to understand how the canopy level spectra ar...

Страница 77: ...age will be determined by striking a compromise between noise reduction through averaging the spectra and the time desired for each spectrum collection For instance if you are using the instrument in...

Страница 78: ...is assumes that your reflectance probe has appropriate spacing or spacers on the end Step 11 Press the Space Bar once or select the Spectrum Take a Scan Alt S T When the FieldSpec spectroradiometer fi...

Страница 79: ...te reference as the standard Spectralon from Labsphere is the white reference standard that is very suitable for the VNIR and SWIR spectral ranges of ASD instruments Spectralon is made of polytetraflo...

Страница 80: ...alon white reference If the material is lightly soiled it may be air brushed with a jet of clean dry air or nitrogen WARNING DO NOT use Freon To clean a heavily soiled Spectralon white reference Sand...

Страница 81: ...ce 7 11 3 White Reference Procedures White references should be collected approximately every 15 minutes and can be varied depending on whether conditions are changing rapidly or not changing very muc...

Страница 82: ...ASD Document 600540 Rev J 72 FieldSpec 3 User Manual www asdi com Chapter 7 Field Measurements Notes...

Страница 83: ...while attempting to start the RS3 software you will need to reload the instrument ini file to the instrument Use the Netconfig utility to do this A video tutorial is available from the support website...

Страница 84: ...t the Ethernet cable is a standard Ethernet cable Check that the IP Address is in the same range or subnet as the ASD spectrometer The same subnet means that the first three octets of the IP address x...

Страница 85: ...in the same range as the spectrometer such as 10 1 1 x where x is a unique number The subnet mask must also be the same as the spectrometer such as 255 255 255 0 A 3 Does Not Connect Wireless Refer t...

Страница 86: ...255 255 255 0 Check to make sure the wireless adapter is connected to the spectrometer For Windows XP Select Start Network Connections Right click on the wireless adapter Select View Available Wirele...

Страница 87: ...wireless interface on the spectrometer is not set to ad hoc Check to make sure the SSID of the spectrometer is the same as the access point If you are using encryption then make sure you are using th...

Страница 88: ...Wall ceilings doors buildings hills etc can degrade the signal of the spectrometer and computer A 6 Wireless Interface is Disabled in the Netcfg Application Refer to section A 1 Common Communication F...

Страница 89: ...ASD Document 600540 Rev J 79 FieldSpec 3 User Manual www asdi com Appendix A Troubleshooting Notes...

Страница 90: ...ASD Document 600540 Rev J 80 FieldSpec 3 User Manual www asdi com Appendix A Troubleshooting...

Страница 91: ...irradiance from a source at each wavelength throughout the spectrum A spectroradiometer is a special kind of spectrometer Note Only the FieldSpec spectrometer is configured as a spectroradiometer The...

Страница 92: ...s spectrometer AgriSpec is a general purpose spectrometer designed for agriculture and the field analysis of vegetation and soils Its resolution is ideally suited for performing reflectance and transm...

Страница 93: ...reference frequently for solar changes like the sun s angle in the sky where 10 minutes can represent a change in the measurement atmospheric changes like blue sky cloud cover humidity or water vapor...

Страница 94: ...entire day you probably wouldn t want to Most of the measurements made by the instrument are ratios where such values get cancelled out and become irrelevant It is far more important to keep the instr...

Страница 95: ...per unit source area per unit solid angle This is measured in Watts per square meter per steradian W m2 sr However the FieldSpec spectroradiometer measures spectral radiance which is the amount of ra...

Страница 96: ...is available upon request B 1 12 Why do I see oscillations sine wave in my data Your light source may use AC power A single SWIR band is about 100 ms If you observe five 5 or six 6 waves in a single...

Страница 97: ...mbinations of the strands in the fiberoptic cable Each strand has its own field of view FOV When the cable is held close to the sample each strand views slightly different portions of the sample This...

Страница 98: ...nic component malfunction or a grounding problem This will many times be indicated by a regular pattern to the noise or periodic bursts of noise that are visible over the normal spectra B 1 17 Why doe...

Страница 99: ...ings on the instrument controller and the ports that are used must match the actual port used as well as the settings of the GPS device Step 3 Connect an appropriate cable between the instrument contr...

Страница 100: ...bles should be stored by placing them loosely within the netting compartment on the instrument WARNING The fiber cable should never be stored with a bend of less than a 5 diameter for long periods of...

Страница 101: ...programs such as RS3 and Indico require real time access to the data that is being streamed from the FieldSpec spectroradiometer at a high rate of speed Programs running in the background can cause p...

Страница 102: ...switch is The label also contains the model number and MAC address for the spectroradiometer The serial number is also accessible in the RS3 and Indico applications from the splash screen or the Help...

Страница 103: ...l disappear with either a slight increase in signal if the signal started out low to begin with or a slight increase in dark current increases with ambient temperature B 4 Light Source When using ASD...

Страница 104: ...e relative reflectance of the Spectralon is greater than one re optimization is recommended B 6 Spectral Discontinuities Three separate detectors are used to collect data over the complete spectral ra...

Страница 105: ...trument prior to the recollection of the white reference When saving reflectance data point the probe at the Spectralon once every few measurements for a minute or two with the same viewing geometry I...

Страница 106: ...t the data won t make perfect sense Shut down and let the instrument cool before operating again You may also see the FieldSpec spectroradiometer saturate in the SWIR 2 region if the instrument is sti...

Страница 107: ...Regulation ASD marks the instruments with the symbol at the left to show that this product has entered the market place after August 13 2005 If you decide to end the use of the spectrometer please do...

Страница 108: ...ASD Document 600540 Rev J 96 FieldSpec 3 User Manual www asdi com Appendix B Reference Information Notes...

Страница 109: ...90 D dark current in VNIR 86 Dark Current measurement 9 data conversion 90 data sinusoidal wave 84 discontinuities 93 E edge effects 92 Ergonomic Pro Pack belly board 23 carrying supplies 52 prepare...

Страница 110: ...81 scanning spectrometer 79 serial number 90 shipping 41 short wave infrared 8 software requirement 6 software additional 89 soils 64 spectrograph 79 spectrometer 1 79 does not connect 73 spectroradio...

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