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2.3. Power Consumption and Speed
Some microcontrollers may operate at clock rate frequencies as
low as 4 kHz, for low power consumption (milliwatts or micro-
watts). They will generally have the ability to retain functionality
while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt;
power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals
off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well suited for
long lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve
performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a
digital signal processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and power
consumption.
The Arduino system applies a powerful Atmel ATmega328P single-
chip, providing an 8-bit microcontroller at 16 MHz with 32K bytes
In-system programmable flash. The power supply voltage has been
designed quite versatile in the range DC7-12V, providing stabilized
and protected operating conditions for the chip and isolated power
lines up to 2A for motor circuitry.
2.4 Microcontroller Programs
Microcontroller programs must fit in the available on-chip program
memory, since it would be costly to provide a system with exter-
nal, expandable, memory. Compilers and assemblers are used to
convert high-level language and assembler language codes into a
compact machine code for storage in the microcontroller’s memory.
Depending on the device, the program memory may be permanent,
read-only memory that can only be programmed at the factory, or
program memory may be field-alterable flash or erasable read-only
memory.