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Appendix B. Glossary 

Absolute sector

. All the sectors of a hard disk can be numbered sequentially, 

starting with zero. Thus numbered sectors are called absolute. 

Active partition

. One of the primary partitions of a hard disk is usually active. 

Default MBR code tries to boot an operating system from the active partition 
of the first hard disk. Letter assignment in Microsoft operating systems de-
pends on what partitions are active. 

Bad cluster

. A cluster that contains bad sectors. Such cluster cannot store 

useful information. 

Bad sector

. A sector that cannot store the information written, for instance 

due to defects or aging of the magnetic surface. 

Booting

 is a procedure that is executed every time a computer is turned on 

or an operating system finishes its work or when the reset button is pressed. 
Booting consists of the following stages: 

• 

Hardware diagnostics; 

• 

Memory check; 

• 

Built-in BIOS initialization; 

• 

Initialization of additional hardware components and their BIOSes 
(video, SCSI etc.); 

• 

Booting an operation system. 

If a boot manager is installed on a computer, then it is booted instead of an 
operating system. Then the boot manager boots the user-chosen operating 
system itself. 

Boot record

. The initial part of a partition that contains code and data neces-

sary for booting an operating system. May consist of one or several sectors. 
First sector of a boot record must end with the boot sector signature 
(0AA55h). 

Boot sector

 is the first sector of a disk or a partition that contains the initial 

code for the operation system booting. Boot sector must end with 0AA55h 
signature. 

Bootable disk

 is a disk from which an operating system may be booted. A 

bootable disk must contain a boot sector of an operating system and the 
necessary system and configuration files. The «Bootable disk» term usually 
refers to diskettes and CD-ROMs. 

 

76 

Appendix B : Glossary 

 

Содержание PARTITIONEXPERT 2003

Страница 1: ...User s Guide PartitionExpert 2003 Compute with confidence www acronis com...

Страница 2: ...t permission of the copyright holder Distribution of the work or derivative work in any standard paper book form for commercial purposes is prohibited unless prior permission is obtained from the copy...

Страница 3: ...4 PARTITION OPERATION PROPERTIES 15 2 4 1 DISPLAYING OPERATION RESULTS 15 2 4 2 PENDING OPERATIONS 16 2 4 3 VIEWING DELAYED OPERATIONS 16 2 4 4 PERFORMING PENDING OPERATIONS 16 2 4 5 MODIFYING PENDING...

Страница 4: ...4 2 9 RESIZING INODE TABLE IN LINUX EXT2 EXT3 65 APPENDIX A HARD DISK AND OPERATING SYSTEM 67 A 1 HARD DISK ORGANIZATION 67 A 2 HARD DISK PARTITION 68 A 3 PARTITION TYPES 68 A 4 PRIMARY PARTITIONS 70...

Страница 5: ...partitions Disk space should be controlled Acronis PartitionExpert enables you to re configure hard disk partitions any time to use the disk space most efficiently By partitioning your hard disk you g...

Страница 6: ...ssary technical term glossary to help you understand this Guide Softwareuseconditions The conditions of Acronis PartitionExpert use are listed in the supplied Li cense Agreement To be able to prove th...

Страница 7: ...ionExpert 1 Insert the CD into the CD ROM drive and run the installer 2 Thoroughly follow all instructions 3 Having answered all installer questions Acronis PartitionExpert files will be copied to the...

Страница 8: ...pdate Acronis PartitionExpert and click Next All Acronis PartitionExpert files will be copied to your hard disk again to restore the software Software upgrades with certain bug fixes may be downloaded...

Страница 9: ...ial problems are not caused by the software but only from improper use A power loss PC power cut or pressed Reset might result in partition damage and data loss Please take all necessary precautions a...

Страница 10: ...almost any partition configuration on your PC hard disks If you need a detailed partition structure representation with a complete set of partition operations and controls choose the Manual Mode Work...

Страница 11: ...ns Increase free space wizard enables you to enlarge a partition at the expense of unallocated disk space or other partitions Copy partition wizard enables you to copy a partition Through these wizard...

Страница 12: ...uter disk and partition list The main window appearance differs depending on the selected operation mode see 2 1 Acronis PartitionExpert Logical Organization The differ ence applies to the available o...

Страница 13: ...xpert main window Manual Mode 2 2 1 Disk and partition information The main window shows the partition s disk number assigned letter label type status size free space size and file system Disk and par...

Страница 14: ...rations in both modes are called and executed similarly 2 3 1 Calling the main operations Any partition operations can be called By selecting from the Disk submenu From customizable toolbars From part...

Страница 15: ...contains Advanced Resize Root this is absent in the FAT32 partition menu Unlike FAT16 Linux Ext2 Ext3 partition context menu contains Advanced Change Bytes per INODE 2 3 3 Invoking Acronis PartitionE...

Страница 16: ...the Pending Operations window by clicking Operations Show Pending operations list This organization enables you to control all planned operations double check your intended work and undo them fully or...

Страница 17: ...box pages One user action in Acronis PartitionExpert enables you to plan a whole list of partition operations For example calling a wizard for partition creation or re sizing You can easily verify yo...

Страница 18: ...ration one by one or all at once by selecting Opera tions Redo All 2 4 7 Wizard operations Pending partition operations created by Acronis PartitionExpert wizards differ in that a user must provide a...

Страница 19: ...perations Undo or pressing Ctrl Z or clicking Undo Last Action Acronis PartitionExpert shows the wizard and its results as a user action by creating the list of operations Any pending actions can be f...

Страница 20: ...sked to re enter it Clicking Cancel will close the program If you need to change password 1 Select Disk Set Password 2 Enter the old password in the Old Password field and the new pass word in the New...

Страница 21: ...rtition Install a new operating system or swap file on a partition Create partition wizard lets you create a partition of any type Active Pri mary or Logical select a file system label assign a letter...

Страница 22: ...ed area For example if you have 5 0 GB and 12 0 GB unallocated areas the wizard will offer to create a partition on 12 0 GB area If you want to create a partition on 5 0 GB unallocated space you will...

Страница 23: ...d in the File System wizard page Partition type selection window A hard disk can contain up to 4 primary partitions If they already exist Active and Primary options will be disabled and you will be ab...

Страница 24: ...w At startup an operating system assigns letters C D to partitions These letters are used by applications and the operating system to lo cate files on partitions For example C Program Files Acronis Pa...

Страница 25: ...hem The first primary active partition found on the 1st hard disk is as signed C If there s no such partition C is assigned to the first suitable primary partition Similar and consecutively one of pri...

Страница 26: ...ing Other partitions will not be affected by these operations OS startup problems may appear if you directly change the letter as signed to the system partition or a partition with PAGEFILE SYS swap f...

Страница 27: ...graphically represented in Acronis PartitionExpert main window More details about Finish command results are provided in 2 4 7 Wizard operations 4 Ifyouwanttocreateanew partitionusingotherpartitionfr...

Страница 28: ...tition can be cre ated in this space The window of existing partition selection to create a new partition By creating a partition using the free space of other partitions Acronis PartitionExpert can c...

Страница 29: ...lect a partition to take the necessary space from 4 4 On the Partition Size wizard page enter the size of the created partition the wizard automatically determines minimal and maximum partition sizes...

Страница 30: ...5 of 3 1 Creating A New Partition Clicking Finish on the last wizard page to allow Acronis PartitionExpert to create a pending operation list for new partition crea tion these actions may only modify...

Страница 31: ...Partition To Increase wizard page select a partition that you want to enlarge Selecting a partition to increase free space 3 On the Select Partitions wizard page select a disk partition on which space...

Страница 32: ...onExpert create the pending operation list for partition resizing your actions may only modify an existing operation See 2 4 5 Modifying pending operations The new partition structure will be graphica...

Страница 33: ...located disk space or at the expense of existing partition space inserted between other partitions resized after com parison with the original change the type or file system and assign a label or a le...

Страница 34: ...ex isting partition To make your selection click before or after a partition before or after which you want to locate the copy If you click before a partition the copy will be located before it In thi...

Страница 35: ...lly perform all necessary operations even if it has to resize or move other partitions 4 The selected disk might lack space for a copy Nevertheless you can copy a partition by selecting another partit...

Страница 36: ...me space from If there is not enough space a partition will not be copied 5 On the next Partition Size wizard page you can provide a desired parti tion size The wizard will automatically determine the...

Страница 37: ...and possible limitations are described in the comment to 3 3 of 3 1 Creating A New Partition Further actions for copying a partition are the same as described in 3 4 3 7 of 3 1 Creating A New Partitio...

Страница 38: ...The new partition structure will be graphically represented in Acronis PartitionExpert main window Copied partition in Acronis PartitionExpert main window 38 Chapter 3 Automatic Partition Operations...

Страница 39: ...tions of partition creation selecting a type file system formatting etc assigning label and letter partition resizing relocating clearing dele tion etc 4 1 1 Creating new partitions If there is unallo...

Страница 40: ...come available on the toolbar and Create Partition operation on the sidebar and in the context menu Selecting unallocated disk space 2 Execute operation of partition creation by selecting Disk Create...

Страница 41: ...cture will be graphically represented in Acronis PartitionExpert main window Creating a partition in unallocated disk space in Windows 95 98 Me can change the order of letters assigned to other partit...

Страница 42: ...isk 2 is selected for copying on the figure below Selecting a partition to copy 2 Execute partition copy operation by selecting Disk Copy or a similar item in the Operations sidebar list or by clickin...

Страница 43: ...a partition on a hard disk no unallo cated spaces will be available for selection 4 Select the unallocated disk space to copy a selected partition to it 5 In the next wizard page enter partition copy...

Страница 44: ...king The detailed discussion of partition letter assignment rules for various op erating systems are described in 3 1 Creating A New Partition 4 1 3 Moving a partition to unallocated disk space You mi...

Страница 45: ...hard disk 2 is selected for moving on the figure below Selecting a partition to move 2 Execute operation of partition moving by selecting Disk Move or a similar item in the Operations sidebar list or...

Страница 46: ...ocated space Therefore moving is possible If there is not enough free space to copy a partition on a hard disk no unallo cated spaces will be available for selection 4 Select free space to move the se...

Страница 47: ...les for various oper ating systems are described in 3 1 Creating A New Partition Take special care when moving an operating system partition and its boot code loca tion The OS might stop booting For e...

Страница 48: ...automatically considers the limitations of file sys tems and parameters provided In particular it won t let you enlarge FAT16 partition over the maximum 4 GB 2 GB for Windows 95OSR2 98 Me value 5 By...

Страница 49: ...am an application partition Data a data partition etc In Windows partition labels are shown in the Explorer disk and folder tree WIN98 C WINXP D DATA E etc WIN98 WINXP DATA are partition labels A part...

Страница 50: ...systems see A 9 File System Main Specifications FAT16 FAT32 NTFS Windows file systems Linux EXT2 Ext3 ReiserFS Swap Linux file systems 5 Select cluster size Auto 512 bytes 1 2 4 64 KB Note that 1 the...

Страница 51: ...can 1 just delete a hard disk partition without wiping disk sectors set the switch to Delete partition 2 delete a hard disk partition and fully wipe partition sectors set the switch to Delete partiti...

Страница 52: ...stop working The detailed dis cussion of partition letter assignment rules for various operating systems are de scribed in 3 1 Creating A New Partition 4 1 8 Checking hard disk partitions for errors...

Страница 53: ...er performance especially at considerable amount of I O operations Vice versa file defragmentation can increase performance as the read head has to move less across the disk to read all file parts Acr...

Страница 54: ...a substantial amount of confidential information Often users forget that private information should not only be kept safe but also be completely destroyed to avoid unauthorized access to it Windows t...

Страница 55: ...ting a partition Hard disk passes number window 4 By clicking OK you add a pending operation of unallocated disk space wiping 4 1 11 Clearing a hard disk Acronis PartitionExpert lets you clear not onl...

Страница 56: ...earing Deleting a hard disk partitions does not destroy disk sector contents It can be re stored by special means if needed Therefore if you need to destroy confidential in formation set the switch to...

Страница 57: ...can change letters assigned by an operating system Ifyouneedtochangeletterassignedtoapartitionbyanoperatingsystem 1 Select hard disk and partition on it 2 Execute operation of partition letter changin...

Страница 58: ...d is supported by Win dows 98 ME and Windows 2000 XP Its main purpose was to remove FAT16 limitation FAT32 is the evolution of FAT16 The main difference between FAT32 and FAT16 is the support of highe...

Страница 59: ...about compatibility of file and operating systems see A 9 File System Main Specifications 4 2 3 Hiding a partition Acronis PartitionExpert allows you to hide a partition It can be useful for protectin...

Страница 60: ...Windows 95 98 Me can change the order of letters assigned to other partitions As a result some shortcuts might stop working In Windows NT 2000 XP hiding a partition does not affect letters assigned to...

Страница 61: ...result some shortcuts might stop working The detailed discus sion of partition letter assignment rules for various operating systems are described in 3 1 Creating A New Partition 4 2 5 Setting active...

Страница 62: ...o other partitions As a result some shortcuts might stop working The de tailed discussion of partition letter assignment rules for various operating systems are described in 3 1 Creating A New Partiti...

Страница 63: ...at least one cluster block Disk space losses depending on cluster size are shown in Appendix A see A 9 2 FAT16 Table 3 However reducing FAT32 partition cluster size might increase the space oc cupied...

Страница 64: ...xisting operation See 2 4 5 Modifying pending operations 4 2 8 Changing partition type Each partition record includes the partition type field It is a hexadecimal value that defines the file and opera...

Страница 65: ...Changing partition type might prevent some operating systems from work ing with it even if it is a compatible file system Changing partition type in Windows 95 98 Me can hide a partition and change th...

Страница 66: ...by selecting Disk Advanced Change Bytes per INODE or a similar item in the Advanced sidebar list or by clicking Change the number of bytes per INODE on the toolbar or selecting it from partition or th...

Страница 67: ...x portion that marks the beginning of the sector and its number At the end of a sector in the suffix portion there is the checksum that is used to check data integrity Data area between the prefix and...

Страница 68: ...tems The process of creating a partition file system is called formatting Each parti tion can have its own file system Preparing a disk for working includes two stages partitioning and formatting Part...

Страница 69: ...can look like MBR Primary partition 1 1 System logical disk C Extended partition 1 2 Logical partition 1 5 Logical disk D Logical disk E Logical disk F Usually initial partitioning is made by means o...

Страница 70: ...ons that are similar to primary partitions In particular they can contain operating systems applications and user data Primary partitions should be used for booting operating systems and system files...

Страница 71: ...file is a chain of connected sectors or clusters A cluster is a unit of several sectors Sectors are characteristic for file systems supported by various versions of Windows Operating systems support f...

Страница 72: ...ral A 9 1 File system specification summary Below is a summary of the most popular file systems Each system is briefly commented This information can help you work with Acronis PartitionExpert Table 1...

Страница 73: ...d by most other systems Main features of FAT16 are the file allocation table FAT and clusters FAT is the core of the file system To increase data safety it is possible to have sev eral instances of FA...

Страница 74: ...e 28 bit cluster numbers and more flexible root folder implementation which is not limited in size The reason for FAT32 is the necessity to support large larger than 8 Gigabytes hard disks and the ina...

Страница 75: ...lly introduced with their version 7 2 of the Linux operating system Ext3 is the Red Hat Linux journaling file system It is forward and backward compatible with Linux ext2 It has multiple journaling mo...

Страница 76: ...following stages Hardware diagnostics Memory check Built in BIOS initialization Initialization of additional hardware components and their BIOSes video SCSI etc Booting an operation system If a boot...

Страница 77: ...full path to the file in the folder tree File Allocation Table FAT The hard disk area located after the boot sector that describes physical files locations a duplicate for higher data storage re liabi...

Страница 78: ...usually reserved for floppy drives Starting with C letters are assigned to hard disk partitions that can be recognized by the operating system Separate letters may be assigned to CD ROMs DVDs or other...

Страница 79: ...itions form one chain Partition table It is the table that contains the information about partitions and links to other partition tables A partition table cannot have more than four entries Main parti...

Страница 80: ...while other system files are located in the system folder which is usually called WINDOWS Program Files folder can also be treated as system since it resides on the same partition as WINDOWS and also...

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