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Chapter 5

Packet Classification and Labelling

E-NIT-CTC-20041213-0013 v0.5

5.5 Expressions

Definition

Expressions are used in rules for source and destination interface, source and
destination IP address (es) (ranges) and services.
There are three types of expressions :

Interface related expressions. These are expressions related to an interface like:
lan, wan,ipoa, pppoe, pppoa etc.

IP related expressions. These are expressions related to an IP address or range.

Service related expressions. These are expressions related to a service like
HTTP, FTP, IKE, SIP, etc.

Expressions command

group

The command group expressions (expr) consists of the following commands :

Adding an expression

Execute the following CLI command to add an expression:

This command has added an expression of the type service with the name ftp using
protocol tcp and destination port 20.

Expression command group

expr

add

delete

modify

list

flush

{Administrator}=>:expr add name ftp type serv proto tcp dstport 20

Summary of Contents for IPQoS

Page 1: ...SpeedTouch 608WL and SpeedTouch 620 only SpeedTouch Wireless Business DSL Router IPQoS Configuration Guide Release R5 3 0 ...

Page 2: ......

Page 3: ...SpeedTouch IPQoS Configuration Guide R5 3 0 ...

Page 4: ...ntries UNIX is a registered trademark of UNIX System Laboratories Incorporated Apple and Mac OS are registered trademarks of Apple Computer Incorporated registered in the United States and other countries Adobe the Adobe logo Acrobat and Acrobat Reader are trademarks or registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorpo rated registered in the United States and or other countries Netscape and Netscape...

Page 5: ...ice 12 2 2 Relative versus Guaranteed QoS 14 3 Basic QoS Concepts 15 3 1 Precedence and TOS 16 3 2 Differentiated Services 18 3 3 Classification and conditioning principles 20 3 4 Differentiated Services Code Point DSCP 22 4 IP QoS Framework Overview 25 4 1 Main Framework Components 26 4 2 Resource Management 27 5 Packet Classification and Labelling 29 ...

Page 6: ...le debug commands 47 5 4 Chains 49 5 4 1 Define a relation between chains 51 5 5 Expressions 52 5 5 1 Expression parameters 53 6 Meters queues and IPQoS 59 6 1 Meters and queues 60 6 2 The IPQoS command group 61 6 3 EF timers 63 6 4 Meter command group 67 6 4 1 Meter config command 68 6 4 2 Packet flow 74 6 5 Queue command group 75 6 5 1 Queue config parameters explained 76 6 6 IPQoS Command group...

Page 7: ...les for VoIP 86 7 2 Configuring labels and rules for DSCP 90 7 3 Configuring labels and rules for Interactive traffic 92 7 4 IPQoS configuration 95 8 Scenario 2 Business user with TOS marking 97 8 1 Labels 99 8 2 Rules 103 8 3 IPQoS per PVC 112 9 Scenario 3 Metering 115 ...

Page 8: ...Contents E NIT CTC 20041213 0013 v0 5 6 ...

Page 9: ...ation Guide unless a specific device is mentioned Typographical Conventions When we display interactive input and output we ll show our typed input in a bold font and the computer output like this Comments are added in italics Example Bold is also used in the output to emphasize a specific section Documentation and software updates THOMSON continuously develops new solutions but is also committed ...

Page 10: ...About this IPQoS Configuration Guide E NIT CTC 20041213 0013 v0 5 8 ...

Page 11: ...an extension to this QoS framework This configuration guide presents An introduction on IPQoS An overview of the IPQoS framework An overview of the labels rules and expressions An overview of the queue meters and IPQoS commands Some IPQoS application examples and how to configure them A Residential Scenario using a single LAN segment with different services A Business Scenario using multiple LAN s...

Page 12: ...Chapter 1 Document scope E NIT CTC 20041213 0013 v0 5 10 ...

Page 13: ...NIT CTC 20041213 0013 v0 5 11 2 Introduction Introduction This chapter gives a general description and use of Quality of Service In this chapter Topic Page 2 1 What is Quality of Service 12 2 2 Relative versus Guaranteed QoS 14 ...

Page 14: ... queuing scheduling modifying data characteristics Examples of connection parameters include the maximum amount of bandwidth that may be used the guaranteed amount of bandwidth that will always be available the maximum delay the data can experience throughout the network a priority indication Misunderstandings A common misunderstanding about QoS is that QoS is about gaining a superior level of net...

Page 15: ...work perfectly even at the peak of a DoS incident The third reason is a scavenger service also known as a worst effort or less than best effort service gives Best Effort traffic such as web browsing priority over traffic such as large downloads Last but not least we can use quality of service to ameliorate the effect of TCP unfriendly traffic such as unauthenticated video UDP This amelioration can...

Page 16: ...iven as connection parameter to certain data or to a connection so that this data or connection will be handled with precedence over data or connections with less priority Obviously this approach guarantees no specified bandwidth or latency but it is the easiest approach to achieve some level of QoS for high priority data Examples of relative QoS are Differentiated Services DiffServ DS and Etherne...

Page 17: ...explanation about Basic concepts of Quality of Service in general Precedence and TOS in general The Differentiated Services architecture in detail In this chapter Topic Page 3 1 Precedence and TOS 16 3 2 Differentiated Services 18 3 3 Classification and conditioning principles 20 3 4 Differentiated Services Code Point DSCP 22 ...

Page 18: ...ce To prevent high link utilisation causing routing traffic to be lost it is traditional to use Precedence 7 for interior routing protocols such as OSPF and RIP and to use Precedence 6 for exterior routing protocols such as BGP The D type of service bit can be a value of 0 to request normal delay a value of 1 to request a low delay service The T type of service bit can be a value of 0 to request n...

Page 19: ...s of DSCP provide limited backwards compatibility with Precedence This leads to notions of class each class being the group of DSCPs with the same Precedence value Values within a class would offer similar network services but with slight differences used to create different levels of service such as gold silver and bronze Precedence Purpose 0 Routine 1 Priority 2 Immediate 3 Flash 4 Flash Overrid...

Page 20: ... header The DiffServ architecture does not use any signalling between the routers but all the forwarding behaviour is defined by using the DSCP Terminology Before we continue we will explain the abbreviations used in this section Behaviour Aggregate BA Is a collection of packets with the same Differentiated Services codepoint thus receiving the same PHB crossing a DiffServ node in a particular dir...

Page 21: ...ers either individual users or other ISPs Interior nodes only connect to other interior nodes or boundary nodes within the same DiffServ domain Both DiffServ node types must be able to apply the appropriate PHB to packets according to the DSCP The boundary nodes are required to perform traffic conditioning functionality when the functionality of the interior nodes may be limited Boundary nodes act...

Page 22: ...source and destination ports protocol ID and other information like incoming interface For example we might classify data from a VoIP gateway as being voice traffic Traffic conditioning Traffic conditioning includes metering policing shaping and possibly re marking to ensure that the traffic stream entering the DiffServ domain conforms to the rules specified in the SLS The traffic conditioning pol...

Page 23: ...so that the high cost of classifying traffic occurs only once Shaping At the outgoing network edge traffic is shaped to meet the traffic contract Metering At the outgoing network edge traffic is metered to meet the traffic profile This means that the bandwidth can be limited for certain traffic Policing At the incoming network edge traffic is measured and traffic in excess of the traffic contract ...

Page 24: ... to the network that the node is an ECN capable node The CE bit is set to 1 incase the node experiences congestion Per Hop Behaviour Routers look at the DSCP to select a per hop behaviour such as a queueing algorithm and its parameters A PHB defines a DiffServ router s externally observable forwarding behaviour in terms of buffer bandwidth resource allocation related to a BA This is essentially de...

Page 25: ...tor CS PHB Group The Class Selector CS PHB Group specifies a PHB which aims to preserve partial backward compatibility with the old IP precedence The CS PHB Group is identified by DSCP values with three least significant bits set to zero xxx000 All CS marked IP packets with larger DSCP values have higher relative order than those with smaller DSCP values The table below shows mapping of the IP pre...

Page 26: ...lity the packet will be dropped in case of congestion Packets can be selected for a PHB based on required throughput delay jitter loss or according to priority of access to network services The table below illustrates the recommended DSCP coding for specifying the AF class with the drop probability The AF value the decimal value and the binary value are shown for each DSCP Drop Precedence Class 1 ...

Page 27: ...041213 0013 v0 5 25 4 IP QoS Framework Overview Introduction This chapter presents an overview of the main components of the IP QoS framework within the SpeedTouch In this chapter Topic Page 4 1 Main Framework Components 26 4 2 Resource Management 27 ...

Page 28: ...air queue 3 WFQ3 The Weight Fair queue 2 WFQ2 The Weight Fair queue 1 WFQ1 The Best Effort queue BE IP Forwarding IP forwarding supports the use of labels to forward classified data to any IP interface This allows for example to forward data based upon port ranges IP addresses protocol source interface Differentiated Services Code Point DSCP see the Routing Configuration Guide for more details on ...

Page 29: ...iority field into the packet internal class indication The module also sets or raises the internal class indication based upon the ATM VP VC QoS category for reassembled frames As a result incoming low priority UBR Unspecified Bit Rate traffic will not be able to consume all resources because resources are reserved for VBR Variable Bit Rate and CBR Constant Bit Rate data Similarly low priority VLA...

Page 30: ...y once the packet is ready for output it will be put in one of the 6 queues based upon its internal class INPUT Mapping OUTPUT ATMQoS Category VLAN User Priority DiffServ DSCP Internal Class Queue Label CBR 7 CS6 CS7 15 5 Real Time VBR rt 6 EF CS5 14 VBR nrt low CDVT AF41 CS4 13 4 WFQ4 GFR low CDVT AF42 AF4 3 12 VBR nrt high CDVT AF31 CS3 11 3 WFQ3 GFR high CDVT 5 AF32 AF3 3 10 AF21 CS2 9 2 WFQ2 4...

Page 31: ...et filter mechanism When a packet hits a rule it will be marked with the label that is associated with this rule Like this packets with certain properties can be given a common name Next to the name of the label also some parameters are linked to the packet s These parameters can be QoS values priorities and actions like ToS marking etc In this chapter Topic Page 5 1 Classification 30 5 2 Labels 3...

Page 32: ...means assigning a user friendly name to classified types of connections for internal usage The outcome of packet classification is a label This label can be used within the router to refer to particular classified data Classification allows to label data based upon a set of packet filter rules Rules have an action to assign a label to all packets to which one particular rule applies Expressions ar...

Page 33: ...the parent chain The order of the classification rules determined by the rule index is very important The first rule that applies to a packet determines which label will be assigned to that packet When a rule applies to a packet in the routing classification the rule matching process stops and the QoS classification starts untill the first rule is hit and a label is assigned qos_user_labels qos_de...

Page 34: ...uting labels 1 routing user labels 2 routing default labels 2 qos labels 1 qos user labels 2 qos default labels No rules should be created in the chain _default_labels because this chain is reserved for automatically created rules that substitute source routes where needed When creating classification rules only create them in the chain _user_labels or in newly created sub chains in the chain _use...

Page 35: ... of one main group called label and two sub groups called chain and rule The sub group rule has one more sub group called debug The command group and sub groups in detail The same label can be used in both Routing label rules and QoS label rules Its name ID will be used for forwarding its parameters will be used for QoS related queuing rate limiting or marking Label command group label add modify ...

Page 36: ...eter Description name The name of a label to modify classification The Method of classification defclass The default class of assigned connection ackclass The class of ACK segments of TCP connection bidirectional The label is also valid for return stream inheritance The label is also valid for corresponding stream of child connection tosmarking Enable disable TOS marking tos The Type Of Service sp...

Page 37: ...rface on which the data is forwarded By default 4 being the best effort queue Classification values Description ignore If set to ignore the label classification will ignore the existing packet class and will not set or overwrite the internal class overwrite If set to overwrite the label classification will set the packet class based upon the configured class parameter regardless of what the existi...

Page 38: ...stening to port N 1 and sends the FTP command PORT N 1 to the FTP server The server will then connect back to the client s specified data port from its local data port which is port 20 From the server side firewall s standpoint to support active mode FTP the following communication channels need to be opened FTP server s port 21 from anywhere Client initiates connection FTP server s port 21 to por...

Page 39: ...Chapter 5 Packet Classification and Labelling E NIT CTC 20041213 0013 v0 5 37 In this case the child connection would be the connection on port 20 of the FTP server ...

Page 40: ...S by TOS TOS Precedence When using Precedence the QoS definition is narrowed down to 8 values Only one type of of IPQoS can be used at the time TOSmarking values Discription disable Disables the TOS marking enable Enables the TOS marking TOS values Description 1 255 Sets the TOS bits in the IP header to the coresponding value Precedence values Description routine will set the precedence bits to 00...

Page 41: ...fine QoS This definition is also backwards compatible with TOS and Precedence DSCP values Description ef af11 af12 af13 af2 1 af22 af23 af31 af32 af33 af41 af42 af43 cs0 cs1 cs2 cs3 cs4 cs5 cs6 cs7 These are the values that can be used to define the service class by DSCP Example EF Expedited forwarding or Real time number 0 63 A decimal value can also be used to define the service class ...

Page 42: ...overwrite values Description disable Disables the overwriting of the IP header TTL field with the configured TTL value enable Enables the overwriting of the IP header TTL field with the configured TTL value TTL values Description 1 255 The time to live in number of hops routers that the packet will be forwarded Administrator label modify name mylabel classification overwrite defclass 14 ackclass 1...

Page 43: ...we use the flush command Execute the following CLI command to delete a specific label Execute the following CLI command to delete all the labels at once Administrator label delete name mylabel force enabled Administrator label flush The flush command offers the possibility to force the deletion of labels that are still in use To do so add force enabled to the flush command ...

Page 44: ...to a certain rule These rules have to be defined in the rule subgroup Execute the following CLI command to add a rule Example explained This command adds a rule under the qos_user_labels named ftp with index 2 This rule applies to data coming from the LAN interface with source address 10 0 0 1 and of the type FTP Packets matching this rule will be labeled with the label mylabel If no index is spec...

Page 45: ...ns the rule Index values Description number 0 255 The list number of the rule The lower the number the higher the rule is placed in the list This is of very high importance since this will be the sequence in which the are rules a checked Name values Description String The name of the new rule Clink values Description String Name of chain to be parsed when rule applies Srcintf values Description DH...

Page 46: ...the dstip parameter is left open any destination address is valid Serv values Description HTTP_sv_0 HTTPs_sv_0 FTP_sv_0 TELNET_sv_0 RIP_sv_0 RIP_Query_sv_0 DNS_S_sv_0 DHCP_R_sv_0 DHCP_S_sv_0 SNMP_AGENT_sv_0 SSDP_sv_0 MDAP_sv_0 RAS_sv_0 SRAS_sv_0 ICMP_LISTEN_sv_0 SENDTO_LISTEN_sv_0 PING_RESPONDER_sv_ 0 icmp igmp ftp telnet http httpproxy https RPC NBT SMB imap imap3 imap4 ssl imaps pop2 pop3 pop3s ...

Page 47: ...at chain will be shown With the format suffix we can select the output format The default format is pretty the other option is cli Example Execute the following CLI command to view the rules that are related to the chain qos_default_labels Log values Description enable Enables logging when this rule applies This can be used for debugging disable Disables logging State values Description enable Ena...

Page 48: ...ndex 5 serv imap4 ssl log disabled state enabled label Interactive label rule add chain qos_default_labels index 6 serv imap3 log disabled state enabled label Interactive label rule add chain qos_default_labels index 7 serv imap log disabled state enabled label Interactive label rule add chain qos_default_labels index 8 serv imaps log disabled state enabled label Interactive label rule add chain q...

Page 49: ...Line four shows the next rule that will be checked This is rule 18 of the chain qos_defqult_labels Line five shows that this rule applies to all packets of the icmp type Line six and seven show that this rule applies to this packet expr serv icmp Line eight shows that the rule matching has ended Traceconfig values Description enable If the parameter has been enabled the label rules will be shown i...

Page 50: ...der qos_default_labels with index number 19 The output will show you this Execute the following CLI command to clear the statistics of the rules As possible with the stats command the clear command can be refined by adding a chain name and or index number Administrator label rule debug stats Administrator label rule debug stats chain qos_default_labels index 19 Administrator label rule debug stats...

Page 51: ...S label rules if there is a match in this chain or it s subchains the corresponding label is used as stream qos label qos_user_labels subchain of QoS_Labels for user added label rules overrules auto qos label rules qos_default_labels subchain of QoS_Labels for default QoS label rules will be overruled by auto qos label rules Adding a chain As seen before in 5 1 1 Order of classification rules chai...

Page 52: ...ain The chains can be deleted one by one or they can all be deleted with a single command Execute the following CLI command to delete a single chain Execute the following CLI command to delete all chains at once Administrator label chain delete chain my_chain Administrator label chain flush ...

Page 53: ...e the following CLI command to define the relation ship between the my_chain chain and the qos_user_labels chain This will add a link between the user chain my_chain and the qos_user_labels The chain structure now looks like this Administrator label rule add chain qos_user_labels index 1 clink my_chain label link 1 2 3 1 2 1 qos_labels qos_user_labels my_chain rule_1 rule_2 1 2 3 4 5 qos_default_l...

Page 54: ...lated expressions These are expressions related to an IP address or range Service related expressions These are expressions related to a service like HTTP FTP IKE SIP etc Expressions command group The command group expressions expr consists of the following commands Adding an expression Execute the following CLI command to add an expression This command has added an expression of the type service ...

Page 55: ...ion that is related to an ip address serv Use this type to define an expression that is related to a service Depending on the selection of the type the rest of the parameters is limited Only parameters that apply to the selected type will be available intf value Description ipoa pppoe localnetwork etc The IP interface name to which the expression is related intfgroup value Description wan Select t...

Page 56: ...ted Retry 10 Port OBC PortNr 0 PortState forwarding Interface up RX bytes 24774 frames 163 TX bytes 0 frames 0 dropframes 0 ethport1 dest ethif1 Connection State connected Retry 10 Port ethport1 PortNr 1 PortState forwarding Interface up RX bytes 0 frames 0 TX bytes 27352 frames 163 dropframes 0 addr value Description ip range or address The IP address or range to which the expression is related t...

Page 57: ...type of IP QoS you are using ToS DSCP or Precedence proto value Description icmp igmp ipinip tcp udp ah esp ipcomp Select one of these values to define an expression related to a protocol number Also a number can be used to define the protocol This is the number used in the IP header to define the protocol used srcport value Description at echo at nbp at rtmp at zis auth bgp biff ftp ftp data goph...

Page 58: ...r many other ports can be selected to define an expression related to a destination port number Also a number can be used to define the destination port dstportend value Description at echo at nbp at rtmp at zis auth bgp biff One of these or many other ports can be selected to define an expression related to a destination port range number Also a number can be used to define the destination port r...

Page 59: ...dex 2 and dst prt 21 The command above will only delete the expression with name ftp and index 2 Modify an expression A created expression can be modified by using the modify command With the modify command all the parameters that can be configured with the add command can be modified icmpcode value Description number 0 15 A number can be used to define an expression related to the ICMP code This ...

Page 60: ... expression DHCP R_if_0 intf 1 D 1 intf lan1 wan intf 1 1 intfgroup 0 lan intf 13 1 intfgroup 2 local intf 1 1 intfgroup 1 _Internet intf 0 D 1 intf Internet _lan1 intf 0 D 1 intf lan1 HTTPI_if_0 intf 1 D 1 intf lan1 2 intf lan1 3 intf lan1 HTTP_if_0 intf 1 D 1 intfgroup 2 HTTPs_if_0 intf 1 D 1 intfgroup 2 FTP_if_0 intf 1 D 1 intfgroup 2 TELNET_if_0 intf 1 D 1 intfgroup 2 DNS S_if_0 intf 1 D 1 int...

Page 61: ...we will have a closer look at the IPQoS command group This command group is used to configure the IPQoS parameters like the meters and queues In this chapter Topic Page 6 1 Meters and queues 60 6 2 The IPQoS command group 61 6 3 EF timers 63 6 4 Meter command group 67 6 5 Queue command group 75 6 6 IPQoS Command group 81 ...

Page 62: ...prioritize data Each queue handles a range of internal classes As seen before a packet is associated with an internal class by means of embedded priority indicators as DSCP VLAN priority or by defining your own specific rules The table below shows these relations more in detail INPUT Mapping OUTPUT VLAN User Priority DiffServ DSCP Internal Class Queue Default Label 7 CS6 CS7 15 5 Real Time 6 EF CS...

Page 63: ...es meters and EF timers can be configured through the IPQoS command group The IPQoS command group contains the following commands and sub groups IPQoS command group ipqos ef meter queue config list EF command group ef config list stats meter command group meter add config delete list start stop flush stats clear ...

Page 64: ...Chapter 6 Meters queues and IPQoS E NIT CTC 20041213 0013 v0 5 62 queue command group queue config list stats clear ...

Page 65: ...ok at the values that can be used Intf State Parameter Description intf The IP interface name state Enable disable IPQoS EF timer for the interface timeout The timeout in miliseconds before the MTU goes back to the original value mtu The MTU of the IP interface in case of EF data Administrator ipqos ef config intf my_pppoe state enabled timeout 2000 mtu 500 intf values Description loop This is the...

Page 66: ...eout Mtu timeout values Description number 100 10000 The timeout in miliseconds before the MTU goes back to its default value Each EF packet puts the counter back to 0 mtu values Description number 68 65535 The MTU Maximum Transmission Unit to be used for that interface ...

Page 67: ...500 bytes by default If a default packet of 1500 bytes is send over a 64Kb link it takes 18ms before it is send completly This could cause delay jitter for time sensitive data like voice This is called serialization delay By decreasing the MTU IP packets with a normal lenght of 1500 bytes will be fragmented in smaller packets to meet the defined MTU size The example below can illustrate this Real ...

Page 68: ...ays all the ef meters configured The output of this command will look like this MTU 64 Bytes 128 Bytes 256 Bytes 512 Bytes 1024 Bytes 1500 Bytes 56 kb s 9ms 18ms 36ms 72ms 144ms 214ms 64 kb s 8ms 16ms 32ms 64ms 128ms 187ms 128 kb s 4ms 8ms 16ms 32ms 64ms 93ms 256 kb s 2ms 4ms 8ms 16ms 32ms 48ms 512 kb s 1ms 2ms 4ms 8ms 16ms 23ms 768 kbps 640µse c 1 2ms 2 6ms 5ms 10ms 15ms Line Speed Administrator ...

Page 69: ...elected by a label or can be interface specific In case the meter is configured for a specific interface no label is needed Data in excess of the configured parameters will be discarded or optinally re marked to a lower priority Adding a meter Execute the following CLI command to add a meter This command will add a meter with the name my_meter Subsequently we need to configure the meter parameters...

Page 70: ...e drop rate in kilobits per second Kb s markrate The mark rate in kilobits per second Kb s burst The burst size in kilobytes KB dropaction The drop action markaction The mark action tosmarking Enable tos marking for marked packets tos The type of service used for tos marking dscp The diffserv code point part of tos used for tos marking precedence The precedence part of tos used for tos marking cla...

Page 71: ...cified capacity If the bucket fills to capacity newly arriving tokens are discarded Each token is a permission for the source to send a certain number of bits into the network To send a packet the regulator must remove from the bucket a number of tokens equal in representation to the packet size If not enough tokens are in the bucket to send a packet the packet either waits until the bucket has en...

Page 72: ...oken bucket mechanism used for traffic shaping has both a token bucket and a data buffer or queue if it did not have a data buffer it would be a policer For traffic shaping packets that arrive that cannot be sent immediately are delayed in the data buffer dropaction value Description count drop The drop action to be taken If count is selected the dropcounter is incremented When drop is selected al...

Page 73: ...verride will set the precedence bits to 100 CRITIC ECP will set the precedence bits to 101 internetwork control will set the precedence bits to 110 network control will set the precedence bits to 111 highest priority number 0 7 0 7 classification value Description ignore No changes are made to the classification overwrite The internal priority will be overwritten no matter what is the value is dec...

Page 74: ...and rate limiting will not occur To check if the meter is running or not you can use the list command Notice that the meter listed above is now active as it s state is STARTED Administrator ipqos meter delete name my_meter Administrator ipqos meter list my_meter STOPPED LABEL INTF DROP droprate 102400kbps burst 64KB action drop MARK markrate 102400kbps burst 64KB action count tosmarking enabled ty...

Page 75: ... command below will show the statistics for the meters defined The output of this command will look like this Execute following command to clear the stats counters This command will reset the stats meters Administrator ipqos meter stop name my_meter Administrator ipqos meter list my_meter STOPPED LABEL INTF DROP droprate 102400kbps burst 64KB action drop MARK markrate 102400kbps burst 64KB action ...

Page 76: ...l be marked or counted depending on the settings of the markaction parameter If a packet is marked the tos byte can be set or the internal class can be changed If classification has been enabled the internal class will be set 4 The class is set This will place packets in a specified queue 5 Based upon the destination LAN WAN the packet gets forwarded to the proper interface 6 In case the packet wi...

Page 77: ...he queue subgroup Parameter Description dest The name of the interface of which you want to change the parameters Typically a phonebook entry queue The number of the subqueue propagate Propagate the packets in lower priority queue instead of dropping them ecnmarking Enable Explicit Congestion Notification for IP packets in this subqueue ackfiltering Enable filtering of TCP ACK packets maxpackets T...

Page 78: ... queue and 5 is the real time EF queue propagate value Description enabled If the propagate function is enabled an overflow to a lower priority queue will created in case the initial queue is full disabled If the propagate function is disabled packets in excess of the queue size will be dropped ecnmarking value Description enabled If the encmarking function is enabled the congestion Experienced CE...

Page 79: ...we will only send the second ACK packet and drop the first ACK packet If the remote site receives ACK2 it will know that everything that was sent before was OK If ACK filtering is turned off both the ACK will be send causing delay ackfiltering value Description enabled If the ackfiltering option is enabled duplicate ACK packets in a queue will only be sent once Meaning that the last duplicate ACK ...

Page 80: ...of the 6 queues has 13 packets reserved incase they are empty queue respackets The rest of the total size 250 6 13 will be used by means of priority If 100 packets are placed in the EF queue this would leave us with 98 packets that can still be placed in an other queue 250 maxpackets 100 EF queue 150 150 5 13respackets 85 packets that can be place in a queue The total number of packets that can st...

Page 81: ...low BLUE increments the marking probability thus increasing the rate at which it sends back congestion notification Conversely if the queue becomes empty or if the link is idle BLUE decreases its marking probability resbytes value Description number 0 64 The reserved subqueue size in kilo bytes KB This has the same function as the respackets parameter but uses size in kilo bytes instead of packets...

Page 82: ...abled 100 20 13 4 50000 1000 4 disabled disabled disabled 100 20 13 4 50000 1000 5 disabled disabled disabled 0 0 30 12 50000 1000 atm_pvc_8_35 0 disabled disabled 100 20 13 4 50000 1000 1 disabled disabled disabled 100 20 13 4 50000 1000 2 disabled disabled disabled 100 20 13 4 50000 1000 3 disabled disabled disabled 100 20 13 4 50000 1000 4 disabled disabled disabled 100 20 13 4 50000 1000 5 dis...

Page 83: ...e discard The packet discard strategy in case of congestion priority The subqueue priority algorithm realtimerate The percentage of the bandwith burstsize Burst size in kilo bytes KB weight1 The weight of queue 1 used for weighted fair queueing WFQ or weighted round robin WRR weight2 The weight of queue 2 used for weighted fair queueing WFQ or weighted round robin WRR weight3 The weight of queue 3...

Page 84: ...cally a phonebook entry to which the queues belong state value Description enabled This enables IPQoS on the interface disabled This disables IPQoS on the interface The IP QoS policy can only be changed on disconnected detached interfaces discard value Description tail In case of tail drop as discard strategy arriving packets will be dropped as soon as the destination queue is in an overflow state...

Page 85: ...The higher the weight the higher the priority The longer the time a packet spends in the queue the higher the priority WRR In case WRR is selected as scheduling algorithm the queues WFQ4 WFQ1 are being served based upon weight only The higher the weight the higher the priority realtimerate value Description number 0 100 The percentage of the available bandwidth that is allowed to be used to serve ...

Page 86: ...eue 2 used for weighted fair queuing WFQ or weighted round robin WRR weight3 value Description number 1 97 Percentage to define the weight of queue 3 used for weighted fair queuing WFQ or weighted round robin WRR weight4 value Description number 1 97 Percentage to define the weight of queue 4 used for weighted fair queuing WFQ or weighted round robin WRR maxpackets value Description number 1 250 T...

Page 87: ... interactive traffic on the BE traffic The desired behavior is also that even on an asymmetric link like ADSL the client and server BE traffic fairly share the available bandwidth Configuration Let s start with the components needed to configure the quality of service to meet the requirements above We will need 3 labels A VoIP label for Voice packets A DSCP label for the AF packets An Interactive ...

Page 88: ... end of this chapter a CLI command list will be given as well To enter the GUI open a web browser and surf to the following webpage http 192 168 1 254 or http SpeedTouch This is the default IP address of the SpeedTouch Labels Go to the classification menu by clicking Expert mode IP Router Classification Select the Labels tab a list of labels which have been created if a default configuration is us...

Page 89: ...n To see the default IP QoS rules click expand In the list that is now shown you will see two rules with label name VoIP The first rule has index 2 and service sip It applies to all traffic from any Interface with any IP address to any IP address The second rule has index 3 and service h232 It applies to all traffic from any Interface with any IP address to any IP address The services SIP and H232...

Page 90: ...e click on the next to the SIP expression we can see the definitions used for this expression Here we can see that the expression SIP is used for packets of type UDP proto 17 with destination port 5060 of type TCP proto 6 with destination port 5060 These two expressions define the protocol and ports used by SIP Meaning that when UDP traffic on port 5060 is transmitted the SpeedTouch knows that thi...

Page 91: ...ination port 1718 of the type TCP proto 6 with destination port 1719 of the type UDP proto 17 with destination port 1719 These six expressions define the protocol and ports used by H323 Meaning that when TCP traffic on port 1720 is transmitted the SpeedTouch knows that this is H323 traffic This also applies for UDP traffic on port 1720 By defining these expressions we help the SpeedTouch to determ...

Page 92: ...etting see Mapping to internal class on page 28 This means that these packets will be placed in the queue matching the DSCP setting The TCP ack packets will be treated with the same priority TOS Marking for these packets has been disabled Rules Go to the classification menu and select the IP QoS tab Expert mode IP Router Classification Here we have to define one or more rules to get this label ass...

Page 93: ...ons defined if a default configuration is used When we click on the next to the DiffServ expression name we can see the definitions used for this expression Here we can see that the expression DiffServ is used for packets with the dscp set to a value different from 0 dscp 0 The sign means that the value is allowed to be anything but 0 These are all parameters needed to enable classification for pa...

Page 94: ...ert mode IP Router Classification You will now see a list of labels which have been created by default In this list we can see a label named Interactive Packets who get this label assigned will have their internal class set to 8 This means that these packets will be placed in the WFQ2 queue see Mapping to internal class on page 28 The TCP ack packets will be treated with the same priority TOS Mark...

Page 95: ...ourteen rules with a label name Interactive The first rule has index 4 and covers the telnet service It applies to all traffic from any Interface with any IP address to any IP address The second rule has index 5 and covers the smtp service It applies to all traffic from any Interface with any IP address to any IP address This goes on for all rules defined We will have a closer look at the rule for...

Page 96: ...TP expression name we can see the definitions used for this expression Here we can see that the expression http is used for packets of the type TCP proto 6 with destination port 80 Again at the bottom of the page you can see the actual protocol instead of the number If desired you can have a look at all the different expressions used for interactive traffic We will not discuss all the expressions ...

Page 97: ...ou click on the arrow on the left side of the PVC name you will see that on the bottom of the page a list of parameters appears which can be modified We see that The state is enabled This means QoS is enabled for this PVC The discard strategy is early BLUE The queue handeling is set to Weighted Fair Queue WFQ All WFQ queues have the same weight 25 The maximum bandwidth available for the EF queue i...

Page 98: ...and select the Queues tab Expert mode IP Router IP QoS This section on the IPQoS page is used to configure propagation of the queues ECN marking and ACK filtering We do not use propagation ECN marking or ACK filtering in this scenario This concludes the configuration of IP QoS for a typical residential user ...

Page 99: ...aged The CPE is the trusted edge device and performs the TOS DiffServ marking for the Gold Silver Bronze and Remote Management traffic Expected result In this case the desired behavior is that the EF traffic has strict priority over all the other traffic but with an overflow to a lower priority queue in case the EF traffic exceeds 50 percentage of the available upstream bandwidth Weigthed fair que...

Page 100: ...nt using IP adresses in the range of 10 0 0 0 24 2 The SILVER segment using IP adresses in the range of 11 0 0 0 24 3 The BRONZE segment using IP adresses in the range of 12 0 0 0 24 We will assume that these three segments are already configured on the SpeedTouch for more information see SpeedTouch user s guide All three groups have voice services INTERNET 10 0 0 0 24 12 0 0 0 24 11 0 0 0 24 GOLD...

Page 101: ...ation You will now see a list of labels which have been created if a default configuration is used VoIP label In this list we can see a label named VoIP Packets who get this label assigned will have their internal class set to 14 This means that these packets will be placed in the Real Time queue The TCP ack packets will be treathed with the same priority TOS Marking for these packets has been dis...

Page 102: ...onze label GOLD label To create a label called Gold proceed as followed 1 On the Label page click new You will now get a configuration screen at the bottom of the page 2 Set the label name to GOLD 3 Set classification to overwrite 4 Set class to 11 5 Set TCP ack class to 11 6 Set Marking to DSCP 7 Set the DSCP value to af31 8 Click Apply to add the label to the list The label name can be any chose...

Page 103: ...he label name to SILVER 3 Set classification to overwrite 4 Set class to 9 5 Set TCP ack class to 9 6 Set Marking to DSCP 7 Set the DSCP value to af21 8 Click Apply to add the label to the list The label name can be any chosen name Classification is set to overwrite as we want to specify the internal class our selves The internal class is set to 9 so packets who get this label assigned will be pla...

Page 104: ...ification to overwrite 4 Set class to 4 5 Set TCP ack class to 4 6 Set Marking to DSCP 7 Set the DSCP value to cs0 8 Click Apply to add the label to the list 9 Click Save All to save the newly added labels The label name can be any chosen name Classification is set to overwrite as we want to specify the internal class our selves The internal class is set to 4 so packets who get this label assigned...

Page 105: ...rder of the rules is very important Default QoS rules We will now have a look at the default QoS rules Go to the classification page and select the IP QoS Rules tab Expert mode IP Router Classification Click expand to see the default QoS rules if a default configuration is used Here you will see that there are two rules defined for VoIP But since these are defined in the group QoS_default_rules th...

Page 106: ...ge and select the IP QoS Rules tab Expert mode IP Router Classification Then proceed as followed 1 Click New You will now be able to add a new rule 2 Set Index to1 3 Set Name to VoIP 4 Set Label to VoIP 5 Set Service to sip 6 Set Source interface to any 7 Set Source IP to any 8 Set Destination IP to any 9 Set State to selected 10 Click Apply to add the rule to the QoS_user_rules list ...

Page 107: ...3 protocol To do so proceed as followed 1 Click the New You will now be able to add a new rule 2 Set Index to 2 3 Set Name to VoIP2 4 Set Label to VoIP 5 Set Service to h323 6 Set Source interface to any 7 Set Source IP to any 8 Set Destination IP to any 9 Set State to selected 10 Click Apply to add the rule to the QoS_user_rules list 11 click Save All to save the newly added rules ...

Page 108: ...the QoS_user_rule list To do so proceed as followed 1 Click New You will now be able to add a new rule 2 Set Index to 3 3 Set Name to mngmt1 4 Set Label to Management 5 Set Service to dns 6 Set Source interface to any 7 Set Source IP to any 8 Set Destination IP to any 9 Set State to selected 10 Click Apply to add the rule to the QoS_user_rules list ...

Page 109: ... used for management packets using the ICMP protocol 1 Click New You will now be able to add a new rule 2 Set Index to 4 3 Set Name to mngmt2 4 Set Label to Management 5 Set Service to icmp 6 Set Source interface to any 7 Set Source IP to any 8 Set Destination IP to any 9 Set State to selected 10 Click Apply to add the rule to the QoS_user_rules list ...

Page 110: ...col 1 Click New You will now be able to add a new rule The following values need to be configured 1 Set Index to 5 2 Set Name to mngmt3 3 Set Label to Management 4 Set Service to ike 5 Set Source interface to any 6 Set Source IP to any 7 Set Destination IP to any 8 Set State to selected 9 Click the Apply to add the rule to the QoS_user_rules list 10 Click the Save All to save the newly added rules...

Page 111: ... to the QoS_user_rule list Proceed as followed 1 Click New You will now be able to add a new rule 2 Set Index to 6 3 Set Name to GOLD 4 Set Label to GOLD 5 Set Service to any 6 Set Source interface to _lan1 7 Set Source IP to any 8 Set Destination IP to any 9 Set State to selected Click the Apply to add the rule to the QoS_user_rules list ...

Page 112: ...e to the QoS_user_rule list Proceed as followed 1 Click New You will now be able to add a new rule 2 Set Index to 7 3 Set Name to SILVER 4 Set Label to SILVER 5 Set Service to any 6 Set Source interface to _lan2 7 Set Source IP to any 8 Set Destination IP to any 9 Set State to selected 10 Click Apply to add the rule to the QoS_user_rules list ...

Page 113: ...ist Proceed as followed 1 Click New You will now be able to add a new rule 2 Set Index to 8 3 Set Name to BRONZE 4 Set Label to BRONZE 5 Set Service to any 6 Set Source interface to _lan3 7 Set Source IP to any 8 Set Destination IP to any 9 Set State to selected 10 Click Apply to add the rule to the QoS_user_rules list 11 Click Save All to save the newly added rules ...

Page 114: ...Go to the IP QoS page and select the Configuration tab Expert mode IP Router IP QoS This will show you a list of all PVC s configured on the SpeedTouch Now we need to change the maximum bandwidth that can be used for EF traffic when congestion is experianced Proceed as followed 1 Select atm_pvc_0_35 2 Check the State box to enable IPQoS for this PVC 3 Change the Max highest queue rate from 80 to 5...

Page 115: ...see a list of all queues per PVC Since we are using PVC atm_pvc_0_35 to connect to the internet we will have to enable Propagation for the highest queue of this PVC 2 Check the Propagate checkbox next to queue 5 of atm_pvc_0_35 3 Click Save All to make the changes permanent 4 The last thing that we need to do is bring down the ATM interface in order for the new parameters to become active This can...

Page 116: ...Chapter 8 Scenario 2 Business user with TOS marking E NIT CTC 20041213 0013 v0 5 114 ...

Page 117: ...o configure this meter proceed as followed 1 Go to the IP QoS page and select the Meter tab Expert mode IP Router IP QoS Here you can add meters by clicking on the New button This will show you a configuration screen like shown in the figure above Now proceed as followed 2 Set Name to Bronze meter 3 Set Interface to lan3 4 Set Label to none we use interface based metering 5 Set Drop rate to 64 6 S...

Page 118: ...which will limit the upload bandwidth for the Bronze group to 64Kbps We still need to start the meter To do so proceed as followed 1 Check the status check box 2 Click Save All to save the changes made As you can see in the configuration screen of the meter metering can also be done label based ...

Page 119: ...havior RFC2597 Assured Forwarding PHB Group RFC2474 Definition of the Differentiated Services Field DS Field RFC3260 New Terminology and Clarifications for Diffserv RFC2983 Differentiated Services and Tunnels RFC2309 Recommendations on Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance IEEE 802 3ac Frame Extensions for VLAN Tagging on 802 3 Networks IANA http www iana org VLAN Functional TRS E SYS FDT 2004...

Page 120: ...Reference List E NIT CTC 20041213 0013 v0 5 118 ...

Page 121: ...ted Forwarding GFR Generalized Frame Rate GUI Graphical User Interface IETF Internet Engineering Task Force LAN Local Area Network MTU Maximum Transmision Unit PHB Per Hop Behavior QoS Quality of Service RM Resource Management SIP Session Initiation Protocol SLS Service Level Specification TCP Transmission Control Protocol TCS Traffic Conditioning Specification UBR BCS Unspecified Bit Rate Bearer ...

Page 122: ...Abreviation List E NIT CTC 20041213 0013 v0 5 120 ...

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