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2.5
General installation requirements
2.5.1
Collector orientation
For optimal performance, the solar collector must face SOUTH-
WARDS. A 15°–20° deviation is acceptable.
Roughly doubling the
surface
Roughly doubling the
surface
Increasing the
surface
Increasing the
surface
SOUTH
±
10
SOUTH/WEST
SOUTH/EAST
NORTH/EAST
NORTH/WEST
NORTH
WEST
EAST
SOUTH
Fig. 14
a
WARNING
Deviations of more than 20° must be compensated
using a collector with a broader surface.
2.5.2
Collector inclination
To obtain maximum performance from of the collector, its opti-
mal tilt angle should be equal to the latitude of the place where
the system is installed. For year-round use, in Italy we tilt the
frame by 35° (for example: residential buildings).
35°
90°
Fig. 15
Example: in-between seasons (excellent compromise)
a
WARNING
Use a frame inclination as close at possible to this
angle.
2.5.3
Collector positioning
Solar collectors can be installed in various positions on the roof
or around the house and in various configurations.
It is important to ensure that the collector receives the sun’s
rays, without any interference from trees and adjacent build-
ings even in the worse conditions (winter), or the lack of sun-
light must be compensated by increasing the surface of the
collectors.
Example: the picture shows an incorrect installation, since the
collector does not receive any sunlight.
Fig. 16
If there are multiple rows of solar collectors, make sure that
they do not cast a shadow over one another, by observing the
design indications (see example below).
Before taking any decision as to the position, it is important to
know the regulations issued by the local authorities; in Italy, un-
less any landscape or monument-related restrictions apply, a
simple communication to the competent technical offices is all
that is required.
Example: the picture shows the shadow between rows with col-
lectors installed at 35° (calculation referred to Verona).
35°
540
220
162
35°
220
Fig. 17
2.6
Solar heating system
2.6.1
Sizing of the system
The dimensions of the system depend on the hot water con-
sumption and on the square-metres heated by the low-temper-
ature system (only for combined systems).
The choice depends on the type of climate and on the number of
people in the household; these factors will determine the size
of the tank and of the collectors.
2.6.2
Solar system for domestic hot water production
The ideal solution for newly constructed single detached hous-
es, with integration of the boiler for space heating only.
2.6.3
Operating principle
The general operating principle of forced-circulation solar sys-
tems is as follows: the sun heats the heat-transfer fluid and the
energy is transferred from the panel to the calorifier by means
of a pump. The coil in the calorifier transfers the heat to the
domestic water which thus heats up.
Forced-circulation solar heating systems are used for pro-
ducing domestic hot water. They are an eco-friendly and en-
ergy-efficient solution combining high performance, autonomy,
design, ease of installation and financial savings, while they
also considerably reduce the costs associated with the use of
traditional energy sources.