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Garner’s Modern American Usage

LIST OF ESSAY ENTRIES

This data contains essentially two types of entries: (1) word entries, which discuss
a particular word or set of words; and (2) essay entries, which address larger
questions of usage and style. For ease of reference, the essay entries-whose titles
appear throughout the data in capitals-are listed below.

H. Modification of Adjectives

Ending in -ed

I. Adjectives Ending in -ly
J. Adjectives That Follow the Noun
K. Dates as Adjectives
L. Comparative and Superlative

Adjectives

M. Animal Adjectives
N. Adjectives as Nouns
O. Adjectives as Verbs
P. Nouns as Adjectives
Q. Pronunciation
R. Adjective-Noun Disagreement

ADVERBS

A. Placement of Adverbs
B. Awkward Adverbs
C. Double Adverbs
D. Adjectives or Adverbs After

Linking Verbs

E. Adverbs vs. Adjectives

AE

-AGOG(UE)

-AHOLIC; -AHOLISM

AIRLINESE

ABBREVIATIONS

A. Acronyms and Initialisms
B. Resulting Redundancies
C. Initialese
D. Plurals

-ABLE

A. Choice of -able or -ible
B. Attaching -able to Nouns
C. Attaching -able to Intransitive

Verbs

D. Converting -ate Verbs into -able

Adjectives

E. Dropping or Retaining the

Medial -e-

ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTIONS

ABSTRACTITIS

ADJECTIVES

A. Definition
B. Uncomparable Adjectives
C. Coordinate Adjectives
D. Proper Names as Adjectives
E. Adjectives vs. Adverbs
F. Past-Participial Adjectives
G. Phrasal or Compound

Adjectives

ALLITERATION

A. Purposeful Examples
B. Accidental Examples

AMERICANISMS AND BRITISHISMS

A. Generally
B. Americanisms Invading BrE
C. Britishisms Invading AmE
D. Related Entries

ANIMAL ADJECTIVES

ANTE-; ANTI-

ANTICIPATORY REFERENCE

APPOSITIVES

ARCHAISMS

A. Generally
B. Mistakes Caused by Archaism

-ATABLE

BACK-FORMATIONS

BE-VERBS

A. Wrongly Omitted in Nonfinite

Uses

B. Circumlocutions with Be-Verbs
C. For say
D. Reduplicative Copula

BI-; SEMI-

BUREAUCRATESE

BURIED VERBS

-C-; -CK-

CANNIBALISM

CAPITALIZATION

A. Generally

B. Overcapitalizing
C. Titles
D. Up-Style Headings
E. All Capitals
F. Small Caps
G. After Colon
H. Names

-CAST

CASUALISMS

A. Generally
B. Changes over Time
C. Shortened Forms
D. Proliferation

-CE; -CY

CENTURY DESCRIPTIONS

CHRONOLOGY

-CIDE

CLASS DISTINCTIONS

CLICHÉS

CO-

A. Hyphenation with
B. Attaching to Noun Phrase
C. When Unnecessary

COLLECTIVE NOUNS

A. Number
B. BrE vs. AmE

COMMERCIALESE

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

A. Choice Between Comparative

and Superlative

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Summary of Contents for PW E550 - Electronics Electronic Dictionary

Page 1: ...0 Page Getting Started 2 Using the New Oxford American Dictionary 14 Using the Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English 18 Using Garner s Modern American Usage 20 Using the Super jump function 22 Using the History function 24 Using the Calculator function 25 Using the Converter function 26 Appendices 28 Introductions to the Dictionaries 31 Product Support 52 ...

Page 2: ...50 or apply excessive force to it Bending the unit unduly can damage it Do not subject the PW E550 to extreme temperatures Do not expose the unit to an extremely humid or dusty environment Do not apply extreme force when pressing the keys Sharp or hard objects can scratch and damage the unit Make sure it is adequately protected when carried with other objects Since the unit is not waterproof do no...

Page 3: ...merican Usage Searching by a word or an essay s title Filter Search 20 Select Glossary 21 Using the Super jump function How to use the Super jump function 22 Using the History function How to use the History function 24 Using the Calculator function Prior to initiating calculations 25 Calculation examples 25 Using the Converter function Currency converter 26 Metric converter 27 Appendices Replacin...

Page 4: ...he unit and press o to turn the power on The LCD contrast screen will appear Should a different screen appear follow the reset procedure on page 29 If the power cannot be turned on Make sure the battery replacement switch is placed at the NORMAL OPERATION position then press o again If the power still cannot be switched on try following steps 1 through 6 in the above procedure again 7 Adjust the L...

Page 5: ...or instance exceptions are found in the Calculator section where the numeral entries are shown with real numbers Keys are often assigned with more than one function The appropriate key function will be shown according to the input status Example 1 will be shown as either Q 1 or 1 depending on the input status Example 2 will be shown as either G or depending on the input status The functions indica...

Page 6: ...quired for legal purposes a nonproprietary or general significance nor is any other judgment implied concerning their legal status In cases where the editor has some evidence that a word is used as a proprietary name or trademark this is indicated by the designation trademark but no judgment concerning the legal status of such words is made or implied thereby The data content of each Dictionary is...

Page 7: ...ift key Page scroll key Layout Back space key Cursor keys Enter key Escape key Power on off key Display symbols Refer to the next page for details Dictionary function selection key 2nd function key Utility keys for Dictionaries Display ...

Page 8: ... this product Operation guidance message A brief guidance message may appear at the bottom of the screen to help you utilise functions more effectively Opens the input screen for the New Oxford American Dictionary Opens the input screen for the Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English Opens the input screen for Garner s Modern American Usage Opens the input screen for the spell checker Opens t...

Page 9: ...e spelling The list is narrowed down further 3 While the indication is visible on the left of sharp press e Press f to go back to the previous view Press l to list the headwords in the New Oxford American Dictionary Note To learn different searching methods from those above refer to the manual chapter for each dictionary Selecting a dictionary function in the main menu Press m The main menu appear...

Page 10: ...initial screen of the New Oxford American Dictionary then press e The list view of the New Oxford American Dictionary appears Selecting an item or a word Use the corresponding number key to the index number on the left of each item or use the or key to place the cursor on the desired item followed by pressing the e key Scrolling the view and or may appear on the left side of the screen indicating ...

Page 11: ...sly displayed header Shifting the displayed character size z Press the z key to shift the character size to be displayed 12 dot based vertical pixel resolution or 9 dot based characters can be selected For instance press z to display the 12 dot characters to 9 dot characters Press z again to toggle back the displayed characters to 12 dot base The character size setting will be retained until the n...

Page 12: ...se the key or key to scroll down the view so that a Note icon will be visible 3 Press r The Note icon will be selected reversed 4 Press e The contents of the Note is displayed Listing a summary of detailed view items q The Quick view function suppresses some examples and additional information and lists the main sections and senses from each detailed view entry Use this function to browse quickly ...

Page 13: ...l information Set up Menu Press m to display the main menu then press 5 The set up menu appears Select a desired item to change the setting To delete the history list see page 24 Setting the key sound on off The key sound a short audible beep when a key is pressed can be set to on or off 1 Press m 5 then 1 to toggle the key sound on or off A splash message appears to indicate the change of setting...

Page 14: ...e main menu Starting Auto Demo mode Activate the Auto demo for a guided tour through the key features of the product 1 Press m 5 then 5 to start the Auto demo mode Press f or e to end the Auto demo mode and return to the main menu Word Entry for search fast food fastfood weak kneed weakkneed let s lets either or eitheror a m am Inputting Characters Methods of inputting characters are described in ...

Page 15: ...ifying entry Deleting unnecessary characters Example 1 Press d to open the input screen of the New Oxford American Dictionary 2 Type external 3 While the cursor is at the end of the string press three times to delete nal 4 Next press three times to move the cursor under the letter t 5 Press once to delete a character on the left of cursor x will be deleted Adding characters Example 6 In the above ...

Page 16: ...word simply input a new spelling for the word or press b or d to go to the dictionary s input screen If there is no match found As you input the spelling of the desired word the dictionary will narrow down the matching candidates If the match is narrowed down to none i e no word starting with the spelling is found in the Dictionary the message similar words appears In this case press e to list the...

Page 17: ...he index of phrases containing the words To search for a new phrase simply begin inputting new words or press b to go back to the input screen to start a new search Crossword solver Use a wildcard character to search for words with ambiguous spellings Place the appropriate number of characters in the places of characters yet to be determined Example Find a matching word for a query ma n 1 Press d ...

Page 18: ...ary To initiate another search simply type in the new spelling or press b to return to the input screen of the Anagram solver Spellcheck function The spellcheck function can be helpful when the exact spelling of a query word is not known Example You are not sure whether liason or liaison is correct 1 Press s to open the input screen of the spellcheck function 2 Enter liason 3 Press e to initiate t...

Page 19: ...e previous view Press l to list the headwords in the New Oxford American Dictionary Note Up to 100 words may be displayed in the list If the list of words does not appear as expected Searching words with particular spellings may take more time to complete than others If no word is given a message Not Found will momentarily be displayed followed by the input screen of the spellcheck function In thi...

Page 20: ...vious screen Press l to list the headwords in the Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English To search a different word simply begin inputting a new word or press b or t to go to the input screen of the Oxford American Thesaurus of Current English If there is no match found The same view message appears as for the New Oxford American Dictionary See page 14 for details Note about entering charact...

Page 21: ... the separate input field Use the keys to move the cursor Each input field can accommo date up to 24 characters 3 Press e A list of phrases containing the words appears If no matching phrase is found then a message Not Found will momentarily be displayed 4 Select the desired index of the phrase using the number key s The detailed view of the selected phrase is displayed Press f to return to the pr...

Page 22: ...h for an item indicated under the use the Super jump function Press f to return to the previous screen Press l to list the headings in Garner s Modern American Usage To search a different word simply begin inputting a new spelling for the word or press b or g to go to the input screen of Garner s Modern American Usage If there is no match found The same view message appears as for the New Oxford A...

Page 23: ...Press f to return to the previous screen Press l to list the headwords in the Select Glossary of Garner s Modern American Usage To search a different word simply begin inputting a new word or press b to go to the Select Glossary input screen of Garner s Modern American Usage If there is no match found The same view message appears as for the New Oxford American Dictionary See page 14 for details N...

Page 24: ...layed instead If only one match is found or if an item indicated by the Jump icon is selected then the description of the item will be displayed in the Super jump window instead 5 Use the number keys to select a desired word in the list Press 1 in this example The definition of the selected word is displayed in the Super jump window Press f to go back to the previous view When and or appears on th...

Page 25: ...on appears in the Super jump window press r and e to view the contents About the detailed view after the Jump The behavior and function of the detailed view is the same as the detailed view after an ordinary search Press b at the detail view to go back to the Dictionary s input screen A chain of multiple Super jump actions can be backtracked up to 10 times by pressing the f key ...

Page 26: ...ge does not have a history list To view the history list press h at the initial screen of each Dictionary and the initial screen of each phrase search Truncated words in the list are indicated with trailing at the end Each history list can contain up to 30 items Using the History function Deleting a history item 1 Display the history list on the screen 2 Use the or key to place the cursor on the w...

Page 27: ...s been pressed An M is shown when a value other than 0 is put in the memory To clear the content of the memory press twice Note that the pressing of or also functions as Press to enter To input decimal point press An error message E is displayed if the integer section of a calculation result exceeds 12 digits the memory exceeds 12 digits an attempt is made to divide a number by zero Press to clear...

Page 28: ...d enter the base currency name In the input field on the right place the currency name of which you wish to set the conversion rate Up to 10 digits excluding the decimal point can be entered in the currency rate input field 4 Press e The currency name and its rate are set Converting currencies The conversion calculation can be performed using the previously set conversion rate Example Convert C 17...

Page 29: ...converted to feet The and arrows on the screen indicate the direction of conversion To initiate conversion of a different value just enter the value to be converted or press to clear the value in the input field prior to entering the new conversion Use the or key to select one of the other Metric converters Press f to return to the Converter menu Units capable of being converted The following conv...

Page 30: ...line battery Size Model Size AAA LR03 Quantity 1 When to replace the battery Replace the battery immediately in the following cases When is displayed When the message Replace the battery appears upon turning the power on Note If you do not follow the procedure describing the battery replacement the History list as well as the Calculator s memory may be cleared or altered Also Currency converter an...

Page 31: ...g of the RESET switch or the o key When this occurs the message Initialized will be displayed followed by the LCD contrast screen Follow the instructions on the LCD contrast as well as to set the key sound on off configuration Specifications Model PW E550 Product name Electronic Dictionary Display 159 80 dot matrix LCD Number of entries The New Oxford American Dictionary More than 250 000 definiti...

Page 32: ...y not be visible See page 12 If the above settings appear normal then press the RESET switch See page 29 The screen is dark or light Adjust the LCD contrast See page 12 The key sound cannot be heard The key sound may be set to OFF See page 11 The unit does not respond to a key press Press the RESET switch See page 29 The unit shuts off automatically The Auto power off function is in action The act...

Page 33: ...ve talent for detecting something he has a nose for a good script SUBSENSE the aroma of a particular substance esp wine Within each part of speech the first definition given is the core sense The general principle on which the senses in the New Oxford American Dictionary are organized is that each word has at least one core meaning to which a number of subsenses may be attached If there is more th...

Page 34: ...tituting a core sense In this case each core sense is introduced by a bold sense number and each potentially has its own block of subsenses relating to it a figurative extension of the core sense e g HEADWORD backbone CORE SENSE the series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the pelvis the spine SUBSENSE figurative the chief support of a system or organization the mainstay EXAMPLE these firms...

Page 35: ...in general American dictionaries The style and presentation of these entries follow the general principles for specialist vocabulary in the New Oxford American Dictionary the entries not only give the technical information but also describe in everyday English the appearance and other characteristics of behavior medicinal or culinary use mythological significance reason for the name etc and the ty...

Page 36: ...e example sentence For examples see ball game a whole new ball game and bet your best bet Great efforts have been made to use a minimum of specialist terminology Nevertheless a small number of terms are essential in explaining the grammar of a word The less familiar terms are explained below All terms are of course defined and explained under their own entries in the dictionary Terms relating to n...

Page 37: ...research project in which readers select citations from a huge variety of specialist and nonspecialist sources in all varieties of English These resources mean that Oxford lexicogra phers are in a position to see how words normally behave By using concordancing techniques each word can be viewed almost instantaneously in the immediate contexts in which it is used Since the Oxford Reading Program i...

Page 38: ... fashion immediately following the relevant definition In a similar vein folk etymologies those explanations that are unfounded but nevertheless well known to many people have traditionally simply been ignored in dictionaries The New Oxford American Dictionary gives an account of widely held but often erroneous folk etymologies for the benefit of the general user explaining competing theories and ...

Page 39: ...onary are all part of standard English that is they are in normal use in both speech and writing everywhere in the world at many different levels of formality ranging from official documents to casual conversation Some words however are appropriate only in particular contexts and these are labeled accordingly The technical term for a particular level of use in language is register The New Oxford A...

Page 40: ...the New Oxford American Dictionary records them There are over 6 000 geographical labels on words and senses in this dictionary but this contrasts with more than ten times that number that are not labeled at all The complexity of the overall picture has necessarily been simplified principally for reasons of space and clarity of presentation For example a label such as chiefly Brit implies but does...

Page 41: ...o perform certain grammatical functions When a noun compound made up of two separate words e g credit card is placed before another noun and used to modify it the general rule is that the noun compound becomes hyphenated e g I have overused my credit card and am now in credit card debt This sort of regular alternation is seen in example sentences in the New Oxford American Dictionary but is not ot...

Page 42: ...anged from the singular form e g sheep sheep bonsai bonsai Adjectives The following forms for comparative and superlative are regarded as regular and are not shown in the dictionary words of one syllable adding er and est e g great greater greatest words of one syllable ending in silent e which drop the e and add er and est e g brave braver bravest words that form the comparative and superlative b...

Page 43: ... h as in her h r behave bi ha v i as in fit fit guild gild women wimin l as in time tl m guide gl d hire hl r sky skl ir as in ear ir beer bir pierce pirs j as in judge j j carriage kærij k as in kettle ket l cut k t quick kwik l as in lap læp cellar sel r cradle kra dl m as in main ma n dam dæm n as in need ne d honor än r maiden ma dn NG as in sing siNG anger æNGg r o as in go go promote pr mo t...

Page 44: ...ant Pronunciations There are several ways in which variant pronunciations are indicated in the respellings Some respellings show a pronunciation symbol within parentheses to indicate a possible variation in pronunciation for example in sandwich sæn d wiCH sometimes the d is pronounced while at other times it is not Variant pronunciations may be respelled in full separated by semicolons The more co...

Page 45: ...urposes of cross referencing homograph numbers are included in order to distinguish identical headwords with the same part of speech For example bank1 noun 1 a grassy bank slope rise incline bank2 verb bank an aircraft tilt slope slant bank3 noun 1 borrow from the bank financial institution commercial bank If two or more headwords are identical in spelling but have different parts of speech homogr...

Page 46: ...In the entry for age a semicolon is used to separate the maturing senses of age from the growing old senses In the bag entry semicolons separate the general synonym receptacle from the specific synonyms which themselves are separated into categories of bags Restricted Usage Some synonyms are separated into labeled groups of restricted usage Such groups are always set off by semicolons For example ...

Page 47: ...nto able Adjectives E Dropping or Retaining the Medial e ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTIONS ABSTRACTITIS ADJECTIVES A Definition B Uncomparable Adjectives C Coordinate Adjectives D Proper Names as Adjectives E Adjectives vs Adverbs F Past Participial Adjectives G Phrasal or Compound Adjectives ALLITERATION A Purposeful Examples B Accidental Examples AMERICANISMS AND BRITISHISMS A Generally B Americanisms Inva...

Page 48: ...NUTIVES A aster B c ule culus C el D elle ella E en F et ette G ie y H ing I kin J let K ling L ock DIRECTIONAL WORDS A The Suffix ward s B Capitalization C Verbose Constructions D An Infrequent Error northernly for northerly Etc DOCUMENT DESIGN A Readable Typeface B White Space C Headings and Subheadings D Avoiding All Caps E Avoiding Underlines F Listing G Bullets H Hanging Indents I Ragged Righ...

Page 49: ...REENS MORPHOLOGICAL DEFORMITIES MUTE E G Unsplit Infinitives Causing Miscues H Unsplit Verb Phrases I Prepositions Moved from the Ends of Sentences J Borrowed Articles for Borrowed Nouns K Overrefined Pronunciation IC ICAL ILE INE ILLOGIC A Generally B Illogical Comparison C Danglers and Misplaced Modifiers D The Disjointed Appositive E Mistaken Subject of a Prepositional Phrase F Poor Exposition ...

Page 50: ...ssessives J Attributive Nouns Ending in ed K Possessives Followed by Relative Pronouns L Units of Time or Value M Titles of Books Films and the Like N Goodness sake and con science sake POSTPOSITIVE ADJECTIVES PREPOSITIONS A The Preposition Quotient B Ending Sentences with Prepositions C Redundant Prepositions D The Wrong Preposition E Prepositions as Particles or Adverbs PROFANITY PRONOUNS A The ...

Page 51: ...ading Connectives F Plural Units Denoting Amounts G One and one is are H Thing after thing is are I More than one is more than one are J Plural Subject Intended to Denote Area or Statistic K One in five one of every five L Decades M An Unusual Plural N Nouns of Multitude O A number of people is are P One of those who is are Q Each as Subject R What as Subject S Inversion T Alternatives SUBJECT VER...

Page 52: ...eld The New Fowler s Modern English Usage 1996 n noun no number NOAD The New Oxford American Dictionary 2001 Norw Norwegian obs obsolete OE Old English OED The Oxford English Dictionary 2d ed 1989 OED Supp A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary 4 vols 1972 1986 OF Old French OGEU The Oxford Guide to English Usage 1983 orig originally p page phr phrase pl plural pmbl preamble pp pages p pl p...

Page 53: ... as in rib akin I as in time eye j as in jump magic k as in keep school l as in lever pill m as in muck drum n as in note clown n for a French sounding nasalized n ng as in long plank o as in hot wash oh as in loan home oi as in join ploy oo as in rule tomb oor as in poor lure or as in board court ow as in plow loud p as in poem drop r as in rank hear s as in seek pass sh as in sharp trash t as in...

Page 54: ...ence will not occur in a particular installation If this equipment does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception which can be determined by turning the equipment off and on the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver Connect...

Page 55: ...usive warranties granted by Sharp and shall be the sole and exclusive remedy available to the purchaser Correction of defects in the manner and for the period of time described herein shall constitute complete fulfillment of all liabilities and responsibilities of Sharp to the purchaser with respect to the Product and shall constitute full satisfaction of all claims whether based on contract negli...

Page 56: ...SHARP ELECTRONICS CORPORATION Sharp Plaza Mahwah New Jersey 07430 1163 PRINTED IN CHINA 04DGK TINSE0743EHZZ ...

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