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R A S P B E R R Y   P I

  U S E R   G U I D E ,   2 N D   E D I T I O N

290

link encap

, 

ifconfig

 tool output, 69

linking files or directories, 150
Linux

basic commands, 44–45
Debian distribution, 49
distributions, 36
flashing SD cards, 37
glossary, 43
installing, 33–39
kernel, 71–72
OS X, compared to, 20
overview, 42–43
popular distributions, 49
Raspbian distribution, 34–39, 45–48
Windows, compared to, 20

lists, pygame variables, 186
live CD, 43

ln

 command, 150

localhost

 variable, Python, 195

Lomas, Pete (engineer), 4
look and feel, Raspbian, 48
loopback interface, 69
loops, Python

calculator program, 181
exiting, 183
infinite, 231, 247
time-lapse photography program, 243–248

loops, Scratch, 164

lost+found

 directory, 54

low-level languages, 174

ls

 command, 44

lsusb

 command, 80

LXTerminal, 46

M

-m

 flag, 52

mA (milliamps), defined, 64
MAC (Media Access Control) address, 69
The MagPi (website), 7

Making Games with Python & Pygame

  

(Sweigart), 199

man

 command, 48

managed

 (mode), 

iwconfig

 command 

output, 87

Maplin Electronics (website), 209

mask

, 

ifconfig

 tool output, 70

Math, LibreOffice, 140
maximum transmission unit, 70
media, streaming, 129–132
Media Access Control (MAC) address, 69

media

 directory, 54

megaohms, 207
memory

Layer 2 cache, 118
Model A, 16
partition, 103–104, 119–120
RAM, 15, 16, 17
volatile and non-volatile, compared, 15

message broadcast system, 170
metadata, 142
metapackage, 139
Microsoft Windows, compared to Linux, 20
micro-USB connector, 15, 32
Midori, 47
milliamps (mA), defined, 64
minus equal (-=) operator, Python, 189
minus (-) operator, Python, 182
MISO (SPI Master Input, Slave Output)  

signal, 223

MIT Scratch information (website), 172

mkdir

 command, 45

mmcblk0p2

 device, 121

mnt

 directory, 54

moc

 (music on console) tool, 126–128

mocp

 command, 126–128

mode

, 

iwconfig

 command output, 87

Model A, 16, 29, 220
Model B, 17, 18, 220
modules, Python, defined, 184
momentary switch buttons, 205

monitor

 (mode), 

iwconfig

 command 

output, 87

monitors

composite video, 22–23
DSI video, 24
HDMI video, 23–24
settings, 48, 111–114
troubleshooting, 67

MOSI (SPI Master Output, Slave Input)  

signal, 223

mounting external devices, 50–51
mouse, 25–26, 48, 64–65

move 10 steps

 block, Scratch, 162

Summary of Contents for A

Page 1: ......

Page 2: ......

Page 3: ...Raspberry Pi User Guide 2nd Edition...

Page 4: ......

Page 5: ...Raspberry Pi User Guide 2nd Edition Eben Upton and Gareth Halfacree...

Page 6: ...d in this book are trade names service marks trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective own ers The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book This publ...

Page 7: ...Duggan Grace Fairley Technical Editors Omer Kilic Mike Cook Russell Davis Editorial Manager Jodi Jensen Editorial Assistant Annie Sullivan Marketing Associate Marketing Director Louise Breinholt Mark...

Page 8: ...For Liz who made it all possible Eben For my father the enthusiastic past and my daughter the exciting future Gareth...

Page 9: ...ambridge In his day job Eben works for Broadcom as an ASIC architect and general troublemaker Gareth Halfacree is a freelance technology journalist and the co author of the Raspberry Pi User Guide alo...

Page 10: ......

Page 11: ...on 2 18 A Bit of Background 18 ARM versus x86 19 Windows versus Linux 20 CHAPTER 2 Getting Started with the Raspberry Pi 21 Connecting a Display 22 Composite Video 22 HDMI Video 23 DSI Video 24 Connec...

Page 12: ...5 Obtaining Software from the Pi Store 55 Obtaining Software from Elsewhere 57 Finding the Software You Want 58 Installing Software 59 Uninstalling Software 61 Upgrading Software 61 Shutting the Pi Do...

Page 13: ...R 7 Advanced Raspberry Pi Configuration 107 Editing Configuration Files via NOOBS 108 Hardware Settings config txt 110 Modifying the Display 111 Boot Options 114 Overclocking the Raspberry Pi 114 Disa...

Page 14: ...with the Raspberry Pi CHAPTER 11 An Introduction to Scratch 157 Introducing Scratch 158 Example 1 Hello World 159 Example 2 Animation and Sound 162 Example 3 A Simple Game 165 Robotics and Sensors 171...

Page 15: ...uide to Soldering 213 CHAPTER 14 The GPIO Port 219 Identifying Your Board Revision 220 GPIO Pinout Diagrams 220 GPIO Features 222 UART Serial Bus 222 I2 C Bus 223 SPI Bus 223 Using the GPIO Port in Py...

Page 16: ...gic Gertboard 257 Part V Appendixes APPENDIX A Python Recipes 265 Raspberry Snake Chapter 12 Example 3 266 IRC User List Chapter 12 Example 4 268 GPIO Input and Output Chapter 14 270 APPENDIX B Camera...

Page 17: ...n this toolset is not available to all children Despite the most fervent wishes of my new acquaintance at the fireworks party computers don t program themselves We need an industry full of skilled eng...

Page 18: ...m in the house and that his information and communication technology ICT classes where he shared a computer and was taught about web page design using spreadsheets and word pro cessing hadn t really e...

Page 19: ...als that you need to get started on the long smooth curve to learning how to program your Raspberry Pi are right there waiting for you as soon as you turn it on A Bit of History I started work on a ti...

Page 20: ...s There had been discussions at the University Computer Lab about the general state of com puter education and when I left the Lab for a non academic job in the industry I noticed that I was seeing th...

Page 21: ...d into learning how to program by that little bit of interaction We realised that the Raspberry Pi could work as a very capable very tiny very cheap modern media centre so we emphasised that capabilit...

Page 22: ...te port to make the Raspberry Pi work with an old cathode ray television instead since SD cards are cheap and easy to find We decided against microSD as the storage medium because the little fingernai...

Page 23: ...y 2011 video and put up a forum on the same website shortly after that That forum now has more than 60 000 mem bers between them they ve contributed nearly 400 000 posts of wit and wisdom about the Ra...

Page 24: ...n Pis were made in Chinese factories but in the last year we have managed to repatriate all of the production to the UK Your Raspberry Pi is now made in South Wales in an area of the country with a pr...

Page 25: ...ing brain waves the family who are building a robot vacuum cleaner Manuel the talking Christmas moose And I m a real space cadet so reading about the people sending Raspberry Pis into near earth orbit...

Page 26: ...R A S P B E R R Y P I U S E R G U I D E S E C O N D E D I T I O N 10...

Page 27: ...pberry Pi Chapter 2 Getting Started with Raspberry Pi Chapter 3 Linux System Administration Chapter 4 Troubleshooting Chapter 5 Network Configuration Chapter 6 The Raspberry Pi Software Configuration...

Page 28: ......

Page 29: ...Chapter 1 Meet the Raspberry Pi...

Page 30: ...next chapter to find out how to connect your Raspberry Pi to a display keyboard and mouse install an operating system and jump straight in to using the Pi A Trip Around the Board The Raspberry Pi is...

Page 31: ...output GPIO header which can be used to connect the Pi to other hardware The most common use for this port is to connect an add on board A selection of these is described in Chapter 16 Add on Boards T...

Page 32: ...notification respectively are present on all boards Model A The least expensive of the Raspberry Pis the Model A shown in Figure 1 2 is designed to be affordable yet flexible As well as its lower cos...

Page 33: ...the same time you ll need to buy a USB hub to add more ports to the Model A or alternatively a key board with built in mouse functionality Model B The Raspberry Pi Model B shown in Figure 1 3 is more...

Page 34: ...RAM It also has a slightly different GPIO header which looks identical to those of later revisions but has certain features assigned to different pins as explained in Chapter 14 The GPIO Port This is...

Page 35: ...nboard micro USB port It s also the reason why you won t find any metal heat sinks on the device the chip s low power draw directly translates into very little waste heat even during complicated proce...

Page 36: ...veral versions of Linux known as distributions have been ported to the Raspberry Pi s BCM2835 chip including Raspbian Pidora and Arch Linux The different distributions cater to different needs but the...

Page 37: ...Chapter 2 Getting Started with the Raspberry Pi...

Page 38: ...lightly from some of the images in the book as new features and options become available Connecting a Display Before you can start using your Raspberry Pi you re going to need to connect a display The...

Page 39: ...lable on the screen If you re hoping to use the Pi with an existing computer monitor you may find that your display doesn t have an HDMI input That s not a disaster the digital signals present on the...

Page 40: ...pur chase and are typically reserved for engineers looking to create a compact self contained system A DSI display can be connected by inserting a ribbon cable into the matched connec tor on the Pi b...

Page 41: ...RCA phono cable is useful This provides the two white and red RCA phono connec tions that sit alongside the video connection each carrying a channel of the stereo audio signal to the TV For those con...

Page 42: ...red USB hub passive models are cheaper and smaller but lack the ability to run current hungry devices like CD drives and external hard drives TIP If you want to reduce the number of power sockets in u...

Page 43: ...of laptop or an add on device To begin insert the SD card into the card reader If you have previously used your SD card with another device such as a digital camera or games console follow the link on...

Page 44: ...he Pi s SD card slot Figure 2 4 Extracting NOOBS to the SD card Connecting External Storage While the Raspberry Pi uses an SD card for its main storage device known as a boot device you may find that...

Page 45: ...Model A the same networking capabilities as its more expensive Model B coun terpart you ll need a USB connected Ethernet adapter This connects to a free USB port on the Raspberry Pi or a connected hub...

Page 46: ...ires a special cable known as a crossover cable In a crossover cable the receive and transmit pairs are swapped so that the two devices are prevented from talking over each other a task usually handle...

Page 47: ...ss the Internet when it loads its operating system through the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP This assigns the Pi an Internet Protocol IP address on your network and tells it the gateway it...

Page 48: ...the encryption type used by your wireless network Most modern USB wireless adapters support all forms of encryption but if you re buying a second hand or older model you may find it won t connect to y...

Page 49: ...ng the Operating System If you purchased your Raspberry Pi with a bundled SD card featuring a preloaded operating system or followed the instructions for installing NOOBS earlier in this chapter you c...

Page 50: ...he options until you find one that works for you The chosen display mode will also be passed to the installed operating system automatically Using the keyboard or mouse browse through the list of oper...

Page 51: ...chosen or the first in the list if you haven t booted into an OS before will automatically boot after 10 seconds For more information on using NOOBS after the operating system is installed to either...

Page 52: ...ution you choose to download is up to you Instructions in the rest of the book will be based on the Raspbian Raspberry Pi distribution a good choice for beginners Where possible we ll give you instruc...

Page 53: ...te the device address dev sdX where X is a letter identifying the storage device Some systems with integrated SD card readers may use the alternative format dev mmcblkX if this is the case remember to...

Page 54: ...magefilename img with the actual name of the file extracted from the Zip archive This step takes a while so be patient Flashing from Windows If your current PC is running Windows things are slightly t...

Page 55: ...ick the Write button to flash the image file to the SD card This process takes a while so be patient WARNING No matter which operating system you re writing from it s important to ensure you leave the...

Page 56: ......

Page 57: ...Chapter 3 Linux System Administration...

Page 58: ...a collection of tools created by a group called GNU The resulting system known as GNU Linux was basic but powerful Unlike many mainstream operating systems of the era it offered facilities like multi...

Page 59: ...NU A free software project which provides many of the tools used in Linux distri butions GRUB The GRand Unified Bootloader created by GNU and used to load the Linux kernel GUI A graphical user interfa...

Page 60: ...cd boot will move you straight to the boot directory wherever you are mv The move command has two purposes in Linux it allows a file to be moved from one directory to another and it also allows files...

Page 61: ...h a GUI Additional software can be quickly installed through the use of the distribution s package manager apt or pur chased through the Raspberry Pi Store link on the desktop Raspbian includes a desk...

Page 62: ...r for files stored on the Pi or any connected storage device Galculator An open source scientific calculator offering a variety of functions for both quick and complex sums Image Viewer The GPicView l...

Page 63: ...A graphical user interface for configuring a Raspberry Pi with optional USB Wireless Adapter to connect to a Wireless Protected System WPS encrypted network Programming IDLE An integrated development...

Page 64: ...ich can be adjusted here Using this tool you can apply new themes to change the GUI s appearance or alter how certain aspects of the interface operate Preferred Applications A tool for changing which...

Page 65: ...st can be installed easily using NOOBS as described in Chapter 2 Getting Started with the Raspberry Pi Next to Raspbian the most common distributions installed are RaspBMC and OpenELEC which both turn...

Page 66: ...perating system needs to know about them In Linux this process is known as mounting If you re running a version of Linux with a desktop environment loaded like the recommended Raspbian distribution s...

Page 67: ...t Unlike many desktop operating systems which were originally designed for use by a single individual Linux is at heart a social operating system designed to accommodate numerous users By default Rasp...

Page 68: ...supplementary group memberships A user can be a member of as many groups as he or she pleases although only one of these can be the user s primary group This is usu ally a self named group matching t...

Page 69: ...the SD card for storing files while others are virtual directories for accessing different portions of the operating system or hardware Figure 3 3 A directory listing for the Pi s root file system The...

Page 70: ...uite of security utilities originally developed by the US National Security Agency sbin This stores special binary files primarily used by the root superuser account for system maintenance sys This di...

Page 71: ...e The default software installed with the Raspbian distribution is enough to get you started but chances are you re going to want to customise your Pi according to your own requirements Obtaining Soft...

Page 72: ...pecialist IndieCity if you already have an account on IndieCity s own website you can use this by clicking the Log In option at the top right of the Pi Store win dow and entering your email address an...

Page 73: ...pecially if you re learning to program you may find yourself writing software of your own Whether it s a game a productivity application or even a tutorial you can quickly and easily list it for downl...

Page 74: ...ructions A package manager s job is to keep track of all the software installed on the system It doesn t just install new software it also keeps tabs on what is currently installed allows old soft war...

Page 75: ...t few results for an apt cache game search TIP If your search term brings up too many different packages to see on a single screen display you can tell Linux that you want it to pause on each screenfu...

Page 76: ...es in order to operate A programming language may depend on a compiler a game engine on graphics files or an audio player on codecs for play ing back different formats These are known in Linux terms a...

Page 77: ...e got yourself into a mess customising a particular package and it no longer works purge is the command to use For example to purge nethack console you would just type this sudo apt get purge nethack...

Page 78: ...ut when you re finished Even when it doesn t appear to be doing anything the Pi is often reading from or writing to the SD card and if it loses power while this is happening the contents of the card c...

Page 79: ...Chapter 4 Troubleshooting...

Page 80: ...umentation for your keyboard or the label on its underside to see if it has a power rating given in milliamps mA This is how much power the keyboard attempts to draw from the USB port when it s in use...

Page 81: ...ter but it can sometimes lead to the Pi failing to load or crashing at random intervals If you re looking to buy a new mouse an up to date list of models known to work with the Pi is available at the...

Page 82: ...reating a short circuit which can damage the device Be especially careful around exposed header pins The two test points are small copper clad holes known as vias which are connected to the Pi s 5 V a...

Page 83: ...black and white or even missing entirely First check the type of device to which the Pi is connected This is especially important when you re using the composite RCA connection to plug the Pi into a T...

Page 84: ...ikiathttp elinux org RPi_SD_cards Sadly if you have an incompatible card you will probably need to replace it with a different card in order for the Pi to work As the Pi s software base is developed h...

Page 85: ...onfig is split into the following sections Link encap The type of encapsulation used by the network which on the Model B will either read Ethernet for the physical network port or Local Loopback for t...

Page 86: ...tems on the network try to talk at the same time you get a colli sion which requires them to retransmit their packets Small numbers of collisions aren t a problem but a large number here indicates a n...

Page 87: ...uration Figure 4 3 The result of a successful test of the network using the ping command The Emergency Kernel The Linux kernel is the heart of the operating system that drives the Pi It s responsible...

Page 88: ...altered This way if the changes to the standard kernel cause stability problems a user can simply tell the Pi to load the emergency kernel instead There are two ways to boot into the emergency kernel...

Page 89: ...Chapter 5 Network Configuration...

Page 90: ...information about how they should be configured is stored in a file called interfaces located in the folder etc network This is a file only the root user can edit because removing a network interface...

Page 91: ...ols the size of the connected network in what is known as dotted quad format If you re using a home network this is typically 255 255 255 0 For gateway you should enter the IP address of your router o...

Page 92: ...The list of DNS servers known as nameservers in Linux parlance is stored in etc resolv conf When the system gets its details through DHCP this file is automatically filled in but when you set an addre...

Page 93: ...eless Networking Although no current models of the Raspberry Pi include Wi Fi networking hardware onboard it s possible to add wireless connectivity with a simple USB Wi Fi adapter However you will ne...

Page 94: ...d or connecting an external storage device such as a USB flash drive To find the correct firmware file to download you ll need to know what type of wireless adapter you have Although various companies...

Page 95: ...cantly clearer Type the following at the terminal dmesg t grep usb The symbol is known as a pipe and it tells Linux to send the output of one program which would normally go to a file or the screen to...

Page 96: ...be apt cache search ralink If apt cache fails to find the firmware you may need to make a guess based on the firm ware packages in the following list Don t worry if you install the wrong one any firmw...

Page 97: ...e distribution you re using and its version If you re using the recommend Raspbian distribution the firmware for the Ralink RT2x00 chipset from the example can be found by searching for firmware ralin...

Page 98: ...ccessed from the desktop by double clicking on the icon labelled WiFi Config The main wpa_gui window has two drop down lists labelled Adapter and Network see Figure 5 4 The first should be already fil...

Page 99: ...nnect see Figure 5 6 For an unencrypted network which is a bad thing to be running as it allows anybody within range to use your network wpa_gui will require no additional settings just click the Add...

Page 100: ...router or access point and then click the WPS button in wpa_gui to connect automatically When you have filled in the details of your network click Add This will close the window and return you to the...

Page 101: ...out having to remove the wireless dongle physically Simply click the Disconnect button at the bottom of the main window and after a few seconds your Pi should be removed from the network To reconnect...

Page 102: ...can check the current status of the network using the iwconfig command Like ifconfig the iwconfig command allows you to check the status of a network interface and issue configuration commands Unlike...

Page 103: ...gnal strength Secondary A subset of the Repeater mode which forces the wireless card to act as a backup repeater Access Point The address of the access point to which the wireless adapter is cur rentl...

Page 104: ...ines into the etc net work interfaces file For full details on how this file is laid out see the Wired Networking section earlier in this chapter First open the file in the nano text editor sudo nano...

Page 105: ...ple accordingly The last line of the interfaces file makes reference to a configuration file wpa conf which does not yet exist This file is used by a tool known as wpasupplicant designed to provide Li...

Page 106: ...s network you are configuring The following subsections provide instructions for completing the configuration for unencrypted WEP and WPA networks No Encryption If your wireless network has no encrypt...

Page 107: ...ion Figure5 11 shows an example configuration for a wireless network with the SSID Private_Router and the WPA pass phrase Private Wireless Network Save the file with CTRL O and then exit nano with CTR...

Page 108: ...llowing the installation of a USB wireless adapter it could be due to a conflict with other USB devices Some adapter models are known to cause problems with certain USB keyboards For an up to date lis...

Page 109: ...Chapter 6 The Raspberry Pi Software Configuration Tool...

Page 110: ...take advantage of this most useful of configuration tools WARNING Although raspi config is designed to be safe some settings in particular the overclock option can leave your Raspberry Pi unable to b...

Page 111: ...ply press the Right arrow key twice followed by Enter to exit back to the console or terminal Otherwise choose the option corresponding to the feature you re trying to enable or change as per the foll...

Page 112: ...ight this option by moving the red bar with the cursor keys and then press Enter When prompted enter a new password and then confirm the change by entering the password again To exit raspi config pres...

Page 113: ...r keys and Enter provides a list of all the languages avail able to the Pi The list is extensive and includes most common languages Use the cursor keys to scroll through the list that appears and pres...

Page 114: ...oosing the Change Timezone menu option with the cursor keys and pressing Enter will present you with a third menu listing geographic areas like the Indian Ocean the US and Europe Use the cursor keys t...

Page 115: ...is an interactive map of Raspberry Pi created by Ryan Walmsley It is designed to help enthusiasts in close proximity to find each other and to demonstrate areas of the world that have a large concentr...

Page 116: ...configured overclock settings see Figure 6 3 that are known to be safe for use with most Raspberry Pis Figure 6 3 The pre set overclock options included in raspi config WARNING While the overclock set...

Page 117: ...best performance but has been linked to SD card corruption where files become unreadable on certain Raspberry Pi models If you wish to make use of the Turbo mode make sure you have backed up any impo...

Page 118: ...hen using the Pi s composite video output see Chapter 2 Getting Started with the Raspberry Pi with an older TV set To adjust the overscan setting highlight the Overscan option with the cursor keys and...

Page 119: ...hlight Finish and press Enter You ll be prompted to reboot the Pi press Enter to confirm A3 Memory Split Depending on your Raspberry Pi model you will have either 512MB or 256MB of memory available to...

Page 120: ...In the window that appears choose either Enable or Disable to turn SSH on or off Even if you don t need it it s a good idea to keep SSH enabled for future troubleshooting a better way of improving se...

Page 121: ...oduces the tool Choosing this option with the cursor keys and pressing Enter will launch a window explaining the purpose of the tool see Figure 6 5 and will make no changes to the system The message c...

Page 122: ......

Page 123: ...Chapter 7 Advanced Raspberry Pi Configuration...

Page 124: ...t way to restore them is to use the NOOBS software see Chapter 2 Getting Started with the Raspberry Pi If your operating system was installed via NOOBS you can use the tool to edit the configuration f...

Page 125: ...C H A P T E R 7 A D V A N C E D R A S P B E R R Y P I C O N F I G U R A T I O N 109 Figure 7 1 The Edit Config button in NOOBS Figure 7 2 Editing configuration files in NOOBS...

Page 126: ...make changes and the file isn t there just create a new text file called config txt and fill in the settings you want to change The config txt file can control almost all aspects of the Pi s hardware...

Page 127: ...en as the number of pixels to skip overscan_right This setting does the same job as overscan_left but on the right side of the screen overscan_top Again this setting ignores a certain number of pixels...

Page 128: ...atio common on older sets 2 14 9 aspect ratio common for smaller widescreen TVs 3 16 9 aspect ratio common for modern widescreen TVs hdmi_mode In addition to setting the video mode for the analogue co...

Page 129: ...Forces the Pi to use a pre set collection of HDMI settings designed to provide maximum compatibility with displays connected to the HDMI port Setting this to a value of 1 is the equivalent of setting...

Page 130: ...be loaded This can be used as a way to load the emergency kernel see Chapter 4 Troubleshooting ramfsfile The name of the initial RAM file system RAMFS to be loaded This should rarely be modified unles...

Page 131: ...o the chip s lifespan The BCM2835 is rated by its manufacturer Broadcom to operate at a speed of 700 MHz Increasing the speed above this officially rated level may work but it will also have a deleter...

Page 132: ...corruption As an example to overclock the CPU to 800 MHz the GPU to 280 MHz and the RAM to 420 MHz enter the following options into config txt one per line arm_freq 800 gpu_freq 280 sdram_freq 420 As...

Page 133: ...rried out using values relative to the Pi s stock 1 2 V set ting For each whole number above zero the voltage is increased by 0 025 V from stock For each whole number below zero the voltage is decreas...

Page 134: ...ia processor targeted at set top boxes this L2 cache is designed to be used by the GPU portion of the chip alone Unlike a traditional processor the CPU doesn t have any L2 cache of its own Using confi...

Page 135: ...be disabled again by removing the line in config txt deleting the file alto gether or replacing the 1 with a 0 Memory Partitioning Although the Raspberry Pi has either a 256 MB or 512 MB memory chip t...

Page 136: ...256 MB on the Model A 512 MB on the Model B should be given to the GPU with the remainder going to the CPU The value can be set to 16 MB as a minimum or 128 MB as a maximum The setting should be adju...

Page 137: ...bps bits per second If the Pi is being used to communicate with older devices this can be reduced accordingly The kgdboc kernel option enables debugging of the Linux kernel over the serial console cr...

Page 138: ...n will include a list of options very similar to those of cmdline txt Typically you should leave the cmdline txt file alone It s created by the distribution maintainers specifically for that version o...

Page 139: ...Part II Building a Media Centre Productivity Machine or Web Server Chapter 8 The Pi as a Home Theatre PC Chapter 9 The Pi as a Productivity Machine Chapter 10 The Pi as a Web Server...

Page 140: ......

Page 141: ...Chapter 8 The Pi as a Home Theatre PC...

Page 142: ...ity of music playback software being aimed at desktop use it can be a quiet experience but it doesn t have to be The Pi supports a powerful text based music playback package called moc which stands f...

Page 143: ...goes back one directory level The right pane shows the current playlist Figure 8 1 The standard interface of the mocp console based music player Where the power of mocp becomes apparent is when you ex...

Page 144: ...redmediacentresystem completewithvideoandmusicplayback photoviewing and Internet streaming capabilities It s based on the popular Xbmc distribution which has been chosen by several device manufacturer...

Page 145: ...loaded Raspbmc automatically starts the Xbmc service see Figure 8 2 This provides a custom user interface specifically designed for living room use Everything is accessible through the keyboard or mou...

Page 146: ...download the add on from the Internet and automatically install it into Xbmc Watch out for add ons listed as Broken these have been reported as not working correctly and should not be installed until...

Page 147: ...ed in most modern mobile phones games consoles and network attached storage NAS devices for sharing and streaming videos music and pictures Many laptops and desktops also come with support for UPnP or...

Page 148: ...vices which are highlighted with a red icon Choose the type of server you re try ing to connect to from the list and then click on the server that appears Figure 8 5 Choosing a network source in Xbmc...

Page 149: ...8 7 where network settings software upgrade settings and various system settings can be adjusted Normally this menu can be ignored however if you re having problems connecting to the Internet or the R...

Page 150: ...matters worse This same screen allows you to switch between differ ent versions of XMBC making it easy to test the nightly build and return to the default ver sion if a problem is found Finally the S...

Page 151: ...Chapter 9 The Pi as a Productivity Machine...

Page 152: ...memory for general purpose use and less for the graphics processor To learn how to change this split see Chapter 6 The Raspberry Pi Software Configuration Tool Using Cloud Based Apps If you use your P...

Page 153: ...paid account You can access the service at http www zoho com Office 365 If you re a Microsoft Office user Office 365 is a great choice Based on the same user interface as the current editions of the...

Page 154: ...the Chromium browser under Raspbian open a terminal and type the following sudo apt get install chromium browser TIP Make sure you install the chromium browser package and not the chromium package th...

Page 155: ...bian distribution has less free space available on the SD card than LibreOffice requires For more information on the partition layout of the Raspbian distribution see the File System Layout section in...

Page 156: ...e Math A small yet powerful package designed to make it easy to create and edit scientific formulae and equations for embedding in other LibreOffice programs LibreOffice Writer The word processor appl...

Page 157: ...ffice Draw is a powerful tool for illustrative work unfortunately you can t use it to touch up digital photographs These are known as bitmapped images and are very different to the vector images Draw...

Page 158: ...s up a not inconsiderable amount of space on the SD card If you try to access the manual by pressing the F1 key or choosing Help from the Help menu you ll be prompted to read an online web based versi...

Page 159: ...C H A P T E R 9 T H E P I A S A P R O D U C T I V I T Y M A C H I N E 143 Figure 9 4 Exporting a file from The Gimp...

Page 160: ......

Page 161: ...Chapter 10 The Pi as a Web Server...

Page 162: ...ationTool and don t run a graphical user interface GUI at the same time Installing a LAMP Stack If you re running the recommended Raspbian distribution for the Raspberry Pi you re already one quarter...

Page 163: ...ally identifiable information Also make sure you pick a password you can remember You ll be asked to confirm the password to check for typing errors and then the installation will continue Figure 10 1...

Page 164: ...or the section corresponding to the network adapter in use on your Pi if you re not using the Model B s built in Ethernet port For more information on checking and adjusting network settings on the Pi...

Page 165: ...emove the phptest php file with the following command sudo rm var www phptest php TIP Although Apache is the most common web server there are others If you find the performance of Apache too slow expe...

Page 166: ...ressontheRaspberryPi typethefollowingcommandattheterminalorconsole sudo apt get install wordpress Like the LAMP stack WordPress comes with a selection of dependencies see Figure 10 5 You ll need to ma...

Page 167: ...tabase stores your user accounts posts comments and other details Once this script has completed you ll be told to visit http localhost in a browser on the Raspberry Pi to continue the installation Th...

Page 168: ...to complete and then a new page confirm ing the successful installation of WordPress will load in the browser To start using WordPress click the Log In button at the bottom of this page to log into Wo...

Page 169: ...ig 192 168 0 115 php To complete configuration for external access choose General from the Settings menu that s located on the left side of the WordPress Dashboard and change the URL to match either t...

Page 170: ...dd new features However when installed via APT WordPress lacks the permissions required to keep itself up to date To correct this type the following command at the terminal sudo chown R www data usr s...

Page 171: ...Part III Programming with the Raspberry Pi Chapter 11 An Introduction to Scratch Chapter 12 An Introduction to Python...

Page 172: ......

Page 173: ...Chapter 11 An Introduction to Scratch...

Page 174: ...d its colour ful and mouse driven user interface is a programming language that includes impressive multimedia functionality It should come as no surprise then that of the more than two and a half mil...

Page 175: ...on on the desktop or clicking on its entry in the Programming menu After a few seconds the main Scratch interface will appear see Figure 11 1 If it s off centre or small click the Maximise button the...

Page 176: ...the window labelled Scripts To obey the decades of tradition behind this type of program you can also click on the block where it says Hello and customise it to read Hello World if you so desire see...

Page 177: ...onnector that fits into the top of other bricks which indicates that more bricks can be placed underneath With the two bricks in place click the green flag icon at the top right of the screen again Th...

Page 178: ...begin start a new project in Scratch by either loading the program afresh or choosing New from the File menu As with any starter project Scratch will provide a default sprite it s this sprite that you...

Page 179: ...ion To make it so the program can be run multiple times without the cat sprite disappearing off the edge of the stage add another move 10 steps block beneath the play sound block and modify it to read...

Page 180: ...f an animated comic strip More importantly even this simple example teaches important programming concepts despite being a mere five blocks long it covers sprite movement in positive and negative dist...

Page 181: ...d Click the down arrow button next to the word space to see a list of all the keys the block can watch and then select right arrow from the list to change the block into a when right arrow key pressed...

Page 182: ...can have its own code attached and that each section of code runs simultaneously and independently of any other block Used properly these features enable you to create some quite complex programs By...

Page 183: ...w keys on the keyboard to move the cat sprite towards the Cheesy Puffs sprite now As you can see when the two sprites meet nothing happens That s because the program doesn t contain any instructions f...

Page 184: ...when this point is reached any code located within its confines will be executed if and only if the condition is met In this case the condi tion is that Sprite2 is being touched by Sprite1 With the u...

Page 185: ...click the cat sprite on the stage to return to editing its scripts The script you created for the Cheesy Puffs sprite will disappear but don t worry it s still saved but only appears when you re editi...

Page 186: ...rogramming concepts it s hardly the best way the game could be coded Scratch includes a message broadcast system that allows code attached to one object to communicate with code attached to another wh...

Page 187: ...ernal electrical devices There are currently two types of PicoBoard the original model which uses a serial connec tion and its replacement which uses a USB connection The latter is supported by the Ra...

Page 188: ...ch MIT also runs a user forum for Scratch allowing enthusiasts of the software to learn together and share solutions for common problems Membership is free and the site works well using the Midori web...

Page 189: ...Chapter 12 An Introduction to Python...

Page 190: ...on make it a valuable tool for anyone who wants to learn to program It is also the language that is recommended by the Raspberry Pi Foundation for those looking to progress from the simple Scratch des...

Page 191: ...o begin the Hello World project open IDLE from the Programming menu in the Raspbian distribution s desktop environment If you re not using IDLE create a blank document in your favourite text editor an...

Page 192: ...inal window To achieve the goal of printing out a message you should use Python s print command As its name suggests this command prints text to an output device by default to the console or terminal...

Page 193: ...tor In IDLE simply choose Run Module from the Run menu or press the F5 key on the keyboard This will switch IDLE back to the Python shell window and run the program You should then see the message Hel...

Page 194: ...system to run Python and then load the helloworld py file for execution Unlike the Python shell in IDLE Python will quit when it reaches the end of the file and return you to the terminal The result h...

Page 195: ...the following helloworld py Despite the fact that you didn t call the Python program the helloworld py program should run just the same as if you d typed python helloworld py The program can only be r...

Page 196: ...at this needs to be entered as a single line as with all code lines that end in a symbol Example 2 A Python program from the Raspberry Pi User Guide In Python anything following a hash symbol with the...

Page 197: ...elcome the user using the following line print Welcome to the program userName This line demonstrates a secondary function of the print command introduced in Example 1 the ability to print out the con...

Page 198: ...inus secondNumber equals firstNumber secondNumber print firstNumber multiplied by secondNumber equals firstNumber secondNumber Notice that while the addition and subtraction operations use the expecte...

Page 199: ...n is no longer true goAgain is no longer equal to 1 and the loop will end The finished program should look like this remembering that anything marked with should be entered onto a single line usr bin...

Page 200: ...nally written by Pete Shinners pygame is a collection of python modules designed to add new functionality to the language functionality specifically designed to make it easy to write a game in Python...

Page 201: ...lled by typing its name followed by a full stop and the name of the instruction from within the module but the second line in the preceding code tells Python to load all the instructions from the pyga...

Page 202: ...aspberry Position are set to a list of comma separated values This causes Python to create the variables as lists a number of different values stored in a single variable name Later you ll see how you...

Page 203: ...ing to evaluate Python will check to see if True is true Because that s always the case the loop will continue to run forever or at least until you tell Python to quit out of the loop by calling the g...

Page 204: ...event post pygame event Event QUIT These instructions modify the value of the changeDirection variable used to control the direction the player s snake is travelling during the game Using or with an i...

Page 205: ...s value minus the new value By way of example snakePosition 0 20 is a shorthand way ofwriting snakePosition 0 snakePosition 0 20 Thenumberinsquarebrackets following the snakePosition variable name is...

Page 206: ...ut clever it returns the oldest value from the list but also removes it making the list one item shorter In the case of the snakeSegment list it tells Python to delete the portion of the snake s body...

Page 207: ...w the snake s head and body segments in white and finally draw a raspberry in red The last line pygame display flip tells pygame to update the screen without this instruction items will be invisible t...

Page 208: ...am the game would run too quickly to play Type in the following line to finish the program fpsClock tick 20 If you think the game is too easy or too slow you can increase this number or if the game is...

Page 209: ...the shebang line along with a comment describing the purpose of the program usr bin env python IRC Channel Checker written for the Raspberry Pi User Guide by Tom Hudson Next import the modules require...

Page 210: ...nal line The host variable should be set to the fully qualified domain name FQDN of the IRC server to which the program will connect In this example chat freenode net is used but if you want to custom...

Page 211: ...port s irc sys exit 1 The try and except commands are included in this code for error handling If the system fails to connect to the server because the Pi isn t connected to the Internet for example o...

Page 212: ...e processed Initialise the buffer by typing in the following line read_buffer Note that there are two single quotes after the equals sign not one double quote Next create an empty list which will be u...

Page 213: ...nse_code RPL_NAMREPLY names_list response 3 split 1 names names_list split This runs through every line found in the lines variable and looks for the numerical IRC response code provided by the server...

Page 214: ...r n irc This tells Python to wait the namesinterval number of seconds before sending another request for user names and beginning the loop again Be careful to set namesinterval to a reasonable value i...

Page 215: ...ly in your browser is available for download at http www learnpython org Zed A Shaw s Learn Python The Hard Way Shavian Publishing 2012 offers great insight into best practice coding for Python and de...

Page 216: ......

Page 217: ...Part IV Hardware Hacking Chapter 13 Learning to Hack Hardware Chapter 14 The GPIO Port Chapter 15 The Raspberry Pi Camera Module Chapter 16 Add on Boards...

Page 218: ......

Page 219: ...Chapter 13 Learning to Hack Hardware...

Page 220: ...controlled by the Pi s GPIO port you ll need various components and tools The following list provides a sample shopping list for getting started with electronics Breadboard An electronic breadboard pr...

Page 221: ...t a component permanently into a circuit you need to solder it You don t have to spend a fortune on a soldering iron but if your budget stretches to a temperature controlled model it s a wise investme...

Page 222: ...nts cheaply Reading Resistor Colour Codes Most electronic components are clearly labelled For example capacitors will have their capac itance measured in farads printed directly on them while crystals...

Page 223: ...o the initial reading is 22 The next band is green which is the multiplier and equates to 105 or 100 000 10 followed by five zeros Multiplying 22 by 100 000 equals 2 200 000 which is the resistance va...

Page 224: ...book while considering the purchase of a Raspberry Pi you ll have ordered the device from one of the two Both RS Components and Farnell focus on business to business transactions meaning that their ma...

Page 225: ...because the company relies on mark up rather than high volume trade to make a profit In the US and other countries Radio Shack remains the most popular chain of electronics stores Founded in 1921 and...

Page 226: ...ike the larger retailers oomlout equips its components with all necessary extras such as pull up resistors for the push buttons and a circuit schematic for easy assembly Where possible sample source c...

Page 227: ...onic components placed into these holes stay in place instead you ll have to solder them onto the stripboard Stripboard is often referred to by the trade name Veroboard which is a trademark of Vero Te...

Page 228: ...use of wires to join components together electrically Stripboard can be made in different thicknesses and with different materials and one type of stripboard may be more suited to a particular projec...

Page 229: ...ief Guide to Soldering Having a soldering iron is one thing but you also need to know how to use it Soldering like any skill takes practice to become proficient If you follow the tips in this section...

Page 230: ...ne works just as well Don t be tempted to use a few sheets of cheap newspaper solder can burn through thin paper before it cools Figure 13 4 An example soldering work area with a protective antistatic...

Page 231: ...merical tempera ture read out See the operating manual that came with your soldering iron to find out how temperatures are indicated on it Once the operating temperature has been reached it s time to...

Page 232: ...ished joint will be bad 3 It takes only a few seconds for the area to heat up Count to three and then push the solder against the component and copper contact see Figure 13 6 If the solder doesn t mel...

Page 233: ...ng only one surface results in what is known as a dry joint or cold joint where the solder is not properly mated to one surface Over time these joints will fail and need to be re soldered As with any...

Page 234: ......

Page 235: ...Chapter 14 The GPIO Port...

Page 236: ...two rows of four copper plated holes the Revision 1 is solid Another method is to see how much memory is available the Model B Revision 1 had just 256 MB of memory compared to 512MB on Revision 2 boa...

Page 237: ...C H A P T E R 1 4 T H E G P I O P O R T 221 Figure 14 1 The Raspberry Pi s GPIO port and its pin definitions Figure 14 2 The original Raspberry Pi Model B Revision 1 GPIO pinout...

Page 238: ...turn other components on or off You ll learn more about this later in the chapter WARNING The Pi s internal logic operates at 3 3 V This is in contrast to many common microcontroller devices such as...

Page 239: ...bus is available on Pins 19 21 and 23 with a pair of Chip Select lines on Pin 24 and Pin 26 Pin 19 provides the SPI Master Output Slave Input MOSI signal Pin 21 provides the SPI Master Input Slave Out...

Page 240: ...rd current of your LED This is the maximum current the LED can draw before being damaged and is measured in milliamps mA You ll also need to know the forward voltage of the LED This latter value measu...

Page 241: ...w as the long leg of the LED 4 Using another jumper wire connect Pin 6 of the Raspberry Pi s GPIO port or the cor responding pin on an interface board connected to the GPIO port to the row that contai...

Page 242: ...the following line to the project import time With the libraries imported it s time to address the GPIO ports The GPIO library makes it easy to address the general purpose ports through the instructi...

Page 243: ...nite loop in the program while True Next add the following lines to switch the pin on wait two seconds and then switch it off again before waiting another two seconds Make sure each line starts with f...

Page 244: ...current limiting resistor is too large the LED won t light up Although this example is basic it s a good demonstration of some fundamental concepts To extend its functionality the LED could be replace...

Page 245: ...button switch to Pin 6 of the Raspberry Pi s GPIO port This provides the ground connection 5 Finally connect Pin 12 of the Raspberry Pi s GPIO port to the other leg of the push button switch in the sa...

Page 246: ...n t need any timing instructions Instead you can get right to enabling board mode and setting up Pin 12 as an input This is done in the same way as setting a pin as an output with just the final part...

Page 247: ...on add the following print instruction to get feedback if input_value False print The button has been pressed while input_value False input_value GPIO input 12 The last two lines the second while and...

Page 248: ...read when the pins of a separate device such as a sensor or external microcon troller have been pulled high or low By extending the code to look for multiple push buttons each on an individual GPIO pi...

Page 249: ...Chapter 15 The Raspberry Pi Camera Module...

Page 250: ...rack a user s face or hand gestures The module has even reached near space as the result of photography projects that tether a Raspberry Pi to a weather balloon and release it to gather high altitude...

Page 251: ...e Pi through a ribbon cable a thin semi rigid cable that should be inserted into the Raspberry Pi s CSI connector When you receive the camera one end of the cable will already be inserted into the mod...

Page 252: ...P A R T I V H A R D W A R E H A C K I N G 236 Figure 15 2 The Raspberry Pi s CSI connector pictured on a Model A Figure 15 3 Raising the lugs of the CSI connector prior to inserting the ribbon cable...

Page 253: ...tor WARNING The ribbon cable included with the Raspberry Pi Camera Module is reasonably robust and will prove reliable even in daily use It is however susceptible to damage if folded When inserting th...

Page 254: ...will need to change some system settings in order for the Camera Module to work cor rectly however In particular recording video requires that the graphics processing portion of the Pi s BCM2835 proc...

Page 255: ...captured images from the Raspbian console without having to load the graphical user interface is to install the framebuffer image viewer fbi To do this type the following command sudo apt get install...

Page 256: ...of the camera the file type saved and the level of compression applied to the final image If these options are left out of the command defaults will be used To test the camera simply run the raspistil...

Page 257: ...only used options adjusts the width and height of the captured image This is good for capturing low resolution stills as part of a computer vision project or simply to save space The width of the capt...

Page 258: ...istill the t option provided the time out for the preview before the image was captured in raspivid the t option provides a limit for the overall length of the recorded video If a value of 0 is given...

Page 259: ...ble options with the following command raspivid help Command Line Time Lapse Photography So far you ve learned the basics of how to use the Raspberry Pi Camera Module now it s time to find a practical...

Page 260: ...tiple programs together shell scripting is a pow erful tool To start a shell script simply create a new text file in your current directory with the follow ing command nano timelapse sh The extension...

Page 261: ...been taken Enter the following two lines to start the loop while true do Note that the second line do is indented by typing four spaces at the start this helps visu ally illustrate that the code that...

Page 262: ...ect a USB network adapter In this case the date in the filename will be wrong unless you manually set a date before running the script With the filename set it s time to tell the script to run raspist...

Page 263: ...image every 30 seconds Save the file by pressing Ctrl O and then change the file s permissions to make it executable with the following command chmod x timelapse sh For more information on file permi...

Page 264: ...ol While ffmpeg can be run on the Raspberry Pi itself it s a resource hungry program that will take a considerable time to run if you have a large number of high resolution images to convert If you ha...

Page 265: ...Chapter 16 Add on Boards...

Page 266: ...stom board The hardware market is constantly and rapidly changing and the Raspberry Pi Foundation continues to encourage developers to create more add on devices It would be impossible to create an ex...

Page 267: ...abelling on the circuit board which the GPIO header lacks and the use of female headers These allow you to use male to male jumper leads or even just lengths of trimmed wire to connect the board to a...

Page 268: ...ing the Pi in an embedded computing project When combined with a compatible trans ceiver such as an XBee RF BEE or RN XV module it allows for wireless access to the Pi s UART serial port Such access c...

Page 269: ...t can damage the Pi s 3 3 V logic circuits The labelling is also different to that used to typically describe the Raspberry Pi s GPIO pins which can lead to confusion when using a GPIO library not wri...

Page 270: ...pins see Figure 16 4 Unlike the Slice of Pi however the Prototyping Pi Plate is a full coverage board built to the same size as the Pi itself As a result the plate offers a much larger area to work w...

Page 271: ...connectivity The sec ond half of the prototyping surface does not have such tracks allowing more custom circuits to be constructed Overall the surface provided for circuit creation is significantly l...

Page 272: ...onnectors Because it only increases the height of the Pi rather than the width or length and because it includes the screw terminals for side on access to GPIO pins it s also compatible with a surpris...

Page 273: ...rful and versatile platform for electronic tinkering Unlike the Slice of Pi and Prototyping Pi Plate the Gertboard is an active add on board with numerous components designed to extend the functionali...

Page 274: ...a ribbon cable ter minated in male sockets see Figure 16 8 This cable allows the Gertboard to sit away from the Pi or to be mounted in a project permanently yet still be quickly detached from the Pi...

Page 275: ...to control surprisingly powerful motors either through instructions received from the Pi itself or from the optional Atmel microcontroller module Figure 16 9 shows an example circuit that s using the...

Page 276: ...he Pi s volume in a media centre applica tion or to alter the speed of an attached motor The DAC pins provide the opposite functional ity taking a digital signal from the Pi and converting it to analo...

Page 277: ...ertboard is designed to operate with an Atmel ATmega168 or ATmega328 microcon troller the same type of microcontroller used in the Arduino prototyping project When fitted you can write programs for th...

Page 278: ...the Slice of Pi will usually be enough However for in depth experimentation of just what is possible with the Raspberry Pi s BC2835 processor and or to ensure that you ll be able to interface almost...

Page 279: ...Part V Appendixes Appendix A Python Recipes Appendix B Camera Module Quick Reference Appendix C HDMI Display Modes...

Page 280: ......

Page 281: ...Appendix A Python Recipes...

Page 282: ...Raspberry Snake Chapter 12 Example 3 usr bin env python Raspberry Snake Written by Gareth Halfacree for the Raspberry Pi User Guide import pygame sys time random from pygame locals import pygame init...

Page 283: ...QUIT if changeDirection right and not direction left direction changeDirection if changeDirection left and not direction right direction changeDirection if changeDirection up and not direction down di...

Page 284: ...if snakePosition 0 620 or snakePosition 0 0 gameOver if snakePosition 1 460 or snakePosition 1 0 for snakeBody in snakeSegments 1 if snakePosition 0 snakeBody 0 and snakePosition 1 snakeBody 1 gameOve...

Page 285: ...user s send USER username s hostname s servername s realname s r n user s send JOIN channel s r n irc s send NAMES channel s r n irc read_buffer names while True read_buffer s recv 1024 lines read_buf...

Page 286: ...import RPi GPIO as GPIO GPIO setmode GPIO BOARD GPIO setup 11 GPIO OUT GPIO setup 12 GPIO IN GPIO output 11 False while True input_value GPIO input 12 if input_value False print The button has been p...

Page 287: ...Appendix B Raspberry Pi Camera Module Quick Reference...

Page 288: ...htness Brightness Adjusts the brightness of the captured image or video Possible values for this option are whole numbers ranging from 0 minimum brightness to 100 maximum brightness cfx or colfx Colou...

Page 289: ...a number of preconfigured special effects on the image or video Possible values for this option are none negative solarise sketch denoise emboss oilpaint hatch gpen pastel watercolour film blur satura...

Page 290: ...ues for this option are whole numbers ranging from 100 minimum sharpness to 100 maximum sharpness t or timeout Capture Timeout Controls the timeout in milliseconds that the pre view window will appear...

Page 291: ...e output of the camera s Bayer colour filter as metadata in the JPEG image and has no effect when using any other encoding for mat This extra data the output of the camera s sensor without interpolati...

Page 292: ...sk space Recording at a rate above 30 frames per second which can be turned into slow motion video with a video editing application will likely only work at lower resolutions set with the width and he...

Page 293: ...Appendix C HDMI Display Modes...

Page 294: ...40p 60Hz 16 9 aspect ratio 10 480i 60Hz Pixel quadrupling enabled 11 480i 60Hz Pixel quadrupling enabled 16 9 aspect ratio 12 240p 60Hz Pixel quadrupling enabled 13 240p 60Hz Pixel quadrupling enabled...

Page 295: ...ct ratio 37 576p 50Hz Pixel quadrupling enabled 38 576p 50Hz Pixel quadrupling enabled 16 9 aspect ratio 39 1080i 50Hz Reduced blanking 40 1080i 100Hz 41 720p 100Hz 42 576p 100Hz 43 576p 100Hz 16 9 as...

Page 296: ...85Hz 13 800 600 120Hz 14 848 480 60Hz 15 1024 768 43Hz incompatible with the Raspberry Pi 16 1024 768 60Hz 17 1024 768 70Hz 18 1024 768 75Hz 19 1024 768 85Hz 20 1024 768 120Hz 21 1152 864 75Hz 22 1280...

Page 297: ...050 85Hz 45 1400 1050 120Hz Reduced blanking 46 1440 900 Reduced blanking 47 1440 900 60Hz 48 1440 900 75Hz 49 1440 900 85Hz 50 1440 900 120Hz Reduced blanking 51 1600 1200 60Hz 52 1600 1200 65Hz 53 1...

Page 298: ...0 85Hz 72 1920 1200 120Hz Reduced blanking 73 1920 1440 60Hz 74 1920 1440 75Hz 75 1920 1440 120Hz Reduced blanking 76 2560 1600 Reduced blanking 77 2560 1600 60Hz 78 2560 1600 75Hz 79 2560 1600 85Hz 8...

Page 299: ...ard 257 262 ad hoc mode iwconfig command output 87 AES Advanced Encryption Standard mode WPA 89 alpha channel 112 and operator 168 animations Scratch 162 164 antistatic workmat 214 Apache servers 146...

Page 300: ...ournalist 5 6 central processing unit CPU 103 104 119 120 changeDirection variable Python 188 channel variable Python 194 children LEGO robotics kits 171 programming opportunities lack 1 3 Scratch pro...

Page 301: ...5 CTS Clear To Send handshaking 87 current limiting resistors 224 D daemons 148 data storage 27 date command raspistill package 245 246 dd command 36 37 38 Debian distribution 49 Debian Reference guid...

Page 302: ...VI Digital Video Interconnect monitors 23 25 dwg_otc lpm_enable option cmdline txt file 121 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP 31 74 77 E e option camera 241 electronic components sourcing 208 2...

Page 303: ...18 220 Output program example Python 223 228 270 pinout diagrams 220 222 Gertboard 257 262 GIF Graphic Interchange Format file format 241 The Gimp GNU Image Manipulation Program 141 143 GNOME desktop...

Page 304: ...txt file 112 hdmi_force_hotplug setting config txt file 112 hdmi_group setting config txt file 113 hdmi_mode setting config txt file 112 hdmi_safe setting config txt file 113 HDTV high definition tele...

Page 305: ...c variable Python 194 ircuserlist py program 193 199 ISA instruction set architecture 19 ISP in system programming 223 isp_freq setting config txt file 116 iwconfig command 86 iwlist command 85 J JPEG...

Page 306: ...output 87 Maplin Electronics website 209 mask ifconfig tool output 70 Math LibreOffice 140 maximum transmission unit 70 media streaming 129 132 Media Access Control MAC address 69 media directory 54...

Page 307: ...B Wi Fi adapters 31 32 77 78 92 wpa_gui tool 82 85 New Out Of Box Software NOOBS 27 28 33 35 108 109 NFS Network File System standard 131 nick variable Python 194 nightly build XBMC 134 non volatility...

Page 308: ...photography editing with The Gimp 142 143 still 239 242 time lapse 243 248 video 242 243 PHP scripting module 148 150 phptest php file 148 149 physical layout 54 55 pi normal user account 51 Pi Store...

Page 309: ...dule Python 185 Raspberry Pi camera module 234 248 community 7 8 damage due to careless GPIO connections 222 225 history 3 8 Linux distributions 20 36 49 61 Model A 16 17 Model B 17 18 mounting extern...

Page 310: ...mdline txt file 122 RS Components website 208 RTS iwconfig command output 87 RTS Ready To Send handshaking 87 RX ifconfig tool output 70 RX bytes TX bytes ifconfig tool output 70 S s flag 128 safety s...

Page 311: ...rface 204 223 SPI Master Input Slave Output MISO signal 223 SPI Master Output Slave Input MOSI signal 223 split function Python 197 sponge soldering 205 215 spreadsheets 140 sprites Scratch adding spe...

Page 312: ...64 65 missing files on software install 139 network 68 71 power supply 65 67 USB wireless adapters 92 try command Python 195 ttyAMA0 serial console 121 TVs composite video 22 23 DSI video 24 HDMI vide...

Page 313: ...I receive block Scratch 170 when left arrow key pressed block 165 when right arrow key pressed block 165 when space key pressed block Scratch 165 Wi Fi See wireless networking Wi Fi Protected Setup W...

Page 314: ...R A S P B E R R Y P I U S E R G U I D E 2 N D E D I T I O N 298 Y yum tool 58 Z Zeroconf standard 131 000 default file 150 Zip archive defined 27 36 Zoho 137...

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