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Page  12

                 September 1, 2008

Quadra-Fire · Sapphire · 250-7233H

Female Locking Lugs

Male Locking Lugs

Step 1. 

Determine the desired location of the appliance. Check to 
ensure that wall studs or roof rafters are not in the way when 
the venting system is attached. If this is the case, you may 
want to adjust the location of the appliance.

F.  Horizontal Termination

Figure 5.4

Step 2.  

Direct vent pipe is designed with a locking connection. To 
connect the venting system to the appliance flue outlet, a 
twist-lock adapter is built into the appliance at the factory.  
Wall thickness may vary.  Remember to include wall 
thickness in minimum clearances when figuring venting 
lengths for your installation needs.

Note

:  Female ends of direct vent pipe/elbows are designed 

to slide straight onto the male ends of adjacent pipes by 
orienting the  pipe indentations so they match and slide into 
the  entry slots on the male ends, see

 Figure 5.4

.  Push 

the pipe sections completely together, then twist-lock one 
section clockwise approximately one-quarter turn, until the 
two sections are fully locked. The female locking lugs may 
not be visible from the outside. They may be located by 
examining the inside of the female ends.

Figure 5.3   

90º Elbow

Pipe Length

Pipe Length

Wall Thimble Cover

Temination Cap 

 

Wall Thimble

This is the only venting configuration that requires the 
use of the rear vent derating orifice that comes with the 
rear vent kit. 

NOTE:

 

A Snorkel Kit is required.

Rear Installations for Use with Rear 
Vent Kit

Type B - 

Up & Out Installations for Top Vent 
Configurations

Type A -

 

CL

Wall Thimble Cover

Snorkel Kit

Pipe Length

Wall Strap 14 in. (356mm) Wide

Wall Thimble

21 in.

(533mm)

15-5/8 in.

(397mm)

Fire Risk.

Explosion Risk.

Combustion Fume Risk.
Use vent run supports per installation instructions.

Connect vent sections per installation instructions.

•  Maintain all clearances to combustibles.

•  Do NOT allow vent to sag below connection 

point to appliance.

 •  Maintain specified slope (if required).

WARNING

Improper support may allow vent to sag or separate.

Fire Hazard.

Exhaust Fume Risk.

Impaired Performance of Appliance.

WARNING

•  Ensure vent components are locked together correctly.

•  Pipe may separate if not properly joined. 

Summary of Contents for Direct Vent Room Heater 839-1390

Page 1: ...ed personnel Hearth Home Technologies suggests NFI certified or factory trained professionals or technicians supervised by an NFI certified professional DO NOT DISCARD SAPPHIRE DIRECT VENT ROOM HEATER Owner s Manual Installation and Operation Model 839 1390 839 1440 839 1460 SAPPH D CSB SAPPH D CWL This appliance may be installed as an OEM installation in manufactured home USA only or mobile home an...

Page 2: ...e de UL 307b Appareils de Chauffage Au Gaz pour les Maisons Mobiles et les Véhicules Motorisés CAN CGA 2 17 M91 Gas Fired Appliances for use at High Altitudes Cet appareil est manufacturé pour l opération avec le Gaz Naturel Pour une conversion au gaz propane les pièces du Manufacturier 844 9730 et ses instructions doivent être utilisées Cet appareil peut être utilisé dans une chambre à coucher ou...

Page 3: ... Gas Information A Fuel Conversions 23 B Gas Pressures 25 C Gas Connection 25 Section 7 Electrical Information A Recommendation for Wire 27 B Connecting to the Appliance 27 C Standing Pilot Ignition System Wiring 27 Section 8 Appliance Setup A Remove Shipping Materials 29 B Top to Rear Vent Conversion 29 C Grille Cover Installation 31 D Accessories 31 E Front Installation 32 F Hearth Legs Installa...

Page 4: ...nder water Immediately call a qualified service technician to inspect the unit and to replace any part of the control system and any gas control which has been under water Manufactured Home or Mobile Home installation may occur only after the home is site located and must conform with the Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standard Title 24 CFR Part 3280 or when such a standard is not applic...

Page 5: ...st vent terminal for the horizontally vented gas fueled heating appliance or equipment The sign shall read in print size no less than one half 1 2 inch in size GAS VENT DIRECTLY BELOW KEEP CLEAR OF ALL OBSTRUCTIONS G Requirements for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Inspection The state or local gas inspector of the side wall horizontally vented gas fueled equipment shall not approve the installa...

Page 6: ... pro tective surface Remove log set and component pack from firebox Report to your dealer any parts damaged in shipment particularly the condition of the glass Read all of the instructions before starting the instal lation Follow these instructions carefully during the installation to ensure maximum safety and benefit Keep appliance dry Mold or rust may cause odors Water may damage controls WARNING ...

Page 7: ...all clearance specifications in manual WARNING B Clearances Model A B C D E F G Sapphire Inches 6 3 1 54 36 36 23 Millimeters 152 76 25 1372 914 914 584 NOTE Flooring beneath appliance may reach 90 degrees plus room ambient temperature Check with flooring manufacturer for maximum temperature allowed on flooring surfaces It is permissable to place the appliance on carpet CAUTION Some carpet material...

Page 8: ... or other materials away from vent pipe may cause fire Roof Pitch H Min Ft Flat to 6 12 1 0 Over 6 12 to 7 12 1 25 Over 7 12 to 8 12 1 5 Over 8 12 to 9 12 2 0 Over 9 12 to 10 12 2 5 Over 10 12 to 11 12 3 25 Over 11 12 to 12 12 4 0 Over 12 12 to 14 12 5 0 Over 14 12 to 16 12 6 0 Over 16 12 to 18 12 7 0 Over 18 12 to 20 12 7 5 Over 20 12 to 21 12 8 0 3 foot minimum in snow regions 12 X TERMINATION CA...

Page 9: ... RMAX 1 cap 3 feet 2 x Q ACTUAL 2 caps 6 feet 1 x Q ACTUAL 3 caps 9 feet 2 3 x Q ACTUAL 4 caps 12 feet 1 2 x Q ACTUAL QMIN termination caps x 3 RMA X 2 termination caps xQACTUAL N 6 inches non vinyl sidewalls 12 inches vinyl sidewalls P 8 ft Alcove Applications NOTE 1 On private property where termination is less than 7 feet above a sidewalk driveway deck porch veranda or balcony use of a listed c...

Page 10: ...Diagonal runs have both vertical and horizontal vent aspects when calculating the effects Use the rise for the vertical aspect and the run for the horizontal aspect See Figure 5 1 Two 45 elbows may be used in place of one 90 elbow On 45 runs one foot of diagonal is equal to 8 1 2 in 216mm horizontal run and 8 1 2 in 216mm vertical run A length of straight pipe is allowed between two elbows See Fig...

Page 11: ... vent pipe run A single vertical to horizontal 90 elbow is already calculated into the allowable 15 ft 5m run Each additional 90 elbow reduces the maximum horizontal distance by 3 ft 914mm Notes The maximum horizontal vent run is 15 ft 5m when the vertical vent rise is 10 ft 3m The minimum horizontal vent run is 11 in 279mm Minimum wall thickness is 4 in 102mm Maximum wall thickness is 20 in 508mm...

Page 12: ...wise approximately one quarter turn until the two sections are fully locked The female locking lugs may not be visible from the outside They may be located by examining the inside of the female ends Figure 5 3 90º Elbow Pipe Length Pipe Length Wall Thimble Cover Temination Cap Wall Thimble This is the only venting configuration that requires the use of the rear vent derating orifice that comes wit...

Page 13: ... on the vent cap should be pointing up Figure 5 6 Figure 5 6 Figure 5 5 Center Line Wall Thimble Center Line Center of H Center Line Center Line Center of Hole Wall Thimble When installing the Sapphire in a rear vent configuration with no vertical rise a Snorkel Kit must be used and a derating orifice must be installed The appropriate orifice is supplied with the Rear Vent Kit 45 Elbow 14 in 356mm...

Page 14: ...termination cap WALL THIMBLE COVER WALL THIMBLE Vinyl siding standoff with siding beneath removed SCREWS Bolt horizontal top to vinyl standoff SCREWS Apply sealant to all four sides VINYL SIDING Figure 5 8 8 in 203mm 7 in 178mm 7 in 178mm 6 in 152mm Figure 5 7 NOTE Some termination caps may cause the vent pipe to be off center on flashing Ensure that proper clearances to combustible materials are ...

Page 15: ...ws Step 2 Set the gas appliance in its desired location Drop a plumb bob down from the ceiling to the position of the appliance flue exit and mark the location where the vent will penetrate the ceiling Drill a small hole at this point Next drop a plumb bob from the roof to the hole previously drilled in the ceiling and mark the spot where the vent will penetrate the roof Determine if ceiling joist...

Page 16: ...um code requirements as outlined in the current CAN CGA B149 Installation Codes in Canada the National Fuel Gas Code NFPA 54 ANSI Z223 1 in USA or local codes Note that for steep roof pitches the vent height must be increased See Roof Pitch Table Figure 4 3 on page 8 In high wind conditions nearby trees adjoining rooflines steep pitched roofs and other similar factors can result in poor draft or d...

Page 17: ...be framed and sheetrocked with standard construction materials however refer to these installation instructions for the minimum allowable clearance between the outside of the vent pipe and the combustible surfaces of the enclosure Do not fill any of the required air space with insulation Step 9 Twist lock the vent cap and seal Note For multi story vertical installations a ceiling firestop is requi...

Page 18: ... roof sheathing Step 5 Using tin snips cut the support box from the top corners down to the roofline and fold the resulting flaps over the roof sheathing Figure 5 17 Before nailing it to the roof run a bead of non hardening mastic around the top edges of the support box to make a seal between it and the roof Clean out any combustible material from inside the support box Step 6 Complete the cathedr...

Page 19: ...r the retro connector and attach it to the support box with sheet metal screws Step 7 The connection between the appliance and the retro connector may be completed with sections of direct vent pipe 3 Class A Metal Chimney Figure 5 19 Top Adapter Sheet Metal Screws Flex Pipe Figure 5 20 Step 1 Remove existing chimney cap Step 2 Measure the distance from the top of the chimney to the bottom of the c...

Page 20: ...l to Co Linear Connector 3 in 76mm Flex Liner Pipe Length Optional Showing two 30 ft 9m Sections of Flex Liner Chimney Liner Termination Cap Co Axial to Co Linear Connector 30 ft 9m of 3 in 76mm Flex Liner Exhaust Section Pipe Length Optional 4 ft 1m of 3 in 76mm Flex Liner Air Intake Section The chimney must be sealed from the 4 ft 1m section to termination using a smoke shelf or a damper The sea...

Page 21: ...o this length extended to its nominal length Be sure to leave 2 3 in 51 76mm of flex above the existing chimney to allow for connection to the termination kit Step 3 Secure the flashing to the top of the masonry chimney using a bead of non hardening sealant adhesive If the flashing is larger than the top of the chimney cut and fold flashing as needed to fit chimney Figure 5 25 Step 5 Connect the f...

Page 22: ...p 10 Slide wall thimble cover over retro connector and secure with masonry bolts Figure 5 29 If you have a framed wall in front of the masonry use wood screws to mount wall thimble cover to framed wall over retro connector and 10 in 254mm square framed opening Figure 5 24 page 21 If needed add a section of direct vent pipe to the retro connector in order to extend through the opening in the wall t...

Page 23: ...r drill a 90 handle is help ful 2 Phillips bit 5 32 Allen wrench 5 8 open end wrench Figure 6 3 Slide the burner neck support to the left Pull off pilot hood and set aside NOTE Gas conversions should only be performed by a qualified service person and or where required by state and local codes licensed installer service technician In the Commonwealth of Massachusetts installation must be performed...

Page 24: ... NOTE The orifice supplied with the con version kit is for installations with vertical rise If your appliance was fitted with the rear vent kit the correct conversion orifice was supplied WITH THE REAR VENT KIT PROPANE NATURAL GAS Top Vent 063 52 DMS 106 36 DMS Rear Vent no vertical 059 53 DMS 096 41 DMS Figure 6 5 Replace orifice with the proper size as indicated below for your gas type and venting R...

Page 25: ...the pressure is not sufficient ensure 1 the piping used is large enough 2 the supply regulator is adequately adjusted 3 that the total gas load for the residence does not exceed the amount supplied The supply regulator the regulator that attaches directly to the residence inlet or to the propane tank should supply gas at the suggested input pressure listed above Contact the local gas supplier if th...

Page 26: ...as been reduced these rules do not apply To identify the proper orifice size check with the local gas utility If installing this appliance at an elevation above 4500 feet in Canada check with local authorities NOTE A listed and Commonwealth of Massachusetts ap proved 1 2 inch 13mm T handle manual shut off valve and flexible gas connector are connected to the 1 2 inch 13mm control valve inlet If subs...

Page 27: ...thermostat see individ ual thermostat instructions to ensure proper operation of appliance 4 Use low resistance thermostat wire for wiring from igni tion system to the wall switch and thermostat 5 Use the following chart for wire sizing 6 Keep wire lengths as short as possible by removing any excess wire length 7 Low voltage and 110 VAC voltage cannot be shared within the same wall box Wire Size M...

Page 28: ...cing controls Wiring errors can cause improper and dangerous operation Verify proper operation after servicing Shock hazard Replace damaged wire with type 105O C rated wire Wire must have high temperature insulation CAUTION Red 28 in 711mm Ignitor Switch ON OFF Thermopile Gas Pilot Ignitor Thermocouple Valve Red 28 in 711mm ...

Page 29: ...wrench 5 8 in open end wrench high temp silicone sealant optional Damper Adjustment Plate Outer Flue Cover Rear Access Plate 1 Convert to Rear Vent At the REAR of the appliance Figure 8 3 Lift out the cast insert piece on top of the appli ance Remove the outer flue collar and inner collar adapter and set aside Ensure that the gasket is intact if not high temperature silicone can be used as an alter...

Page 30: ...nner collar and outer flue collar on the rear of the appliance Install the rear vent cover plate supplied iwth the kit on the back shield Reinstall the cast insert piece in the top of the appliance NOTE A grill cover plate is shipped with the appliance This plate may be placed beneath the top grille The use of the plate increases blower efficiency and also hides the interior of appliance from view S...

Page 31: ... the efficiency of the blower if a blower is installed on the appliance To prepare the part for use you will need tin snips pliers and a hammer 1 For use with top venting See Figure 8 11 below Use the tin snips to cut the straight edges 2 Gently bend the piece until the two attached sections of the circular area snap apart Discard this piece 3 Bend the tabs up towards the black painted side 4 With...

Page 32: ... hole in the door hinge and the washer with the hole in the hinge box of the face Place a gold plated hinge pin in the hole to secure Solitaire Front Quartet Front Allen head bolts on back of Quartet Face 2 per side Hinge Bar make adjustment right or left Quartet Door Alignment Doors are properly aligned at the point of manufacture However the possibility exists for them to become out of alignment...

Page 33: ...LEASE NOTE Logs have been designed to work specifically with the burner of this appliance Exact placement will ensure proper operation of your gas appliance and reduce sooting Figure 8 18 The log set is packed in the components box and consists of the following Figure 8 19 Set the rear log on the three locator pins in the back of the firebox Figure 8 20 Set left and right partial logs with butt end...

Page 34: ...nting bracket beneath appliance as seen from front Ensure these wires are BEHIND the mounting bracket Wire Harness Connector Blower from front view beneath appliance Figure 8 23 Beneath the appliance from its front side ensure that all wiring is moved behind the blower mounting bracket which already comes installed on the bottom of the appli ance Complete blower mounting by inserting two screws th...

Page 35: ...our preferences Figure 8 24 Use two screws to connect the snap disc bracket to the blower mounting bracket Route the wires from the snap disc to the right upper edge of the blower Figure 8 25 Insert the rheostat control into its opening from beneath the control panel Fit the rheostat nut on top and tighten the nut using an 11 16 in wrench Attach the black knob Gather any excess in the wiring and z...

Page 36: ...6 September 1 2008 Quadra Fire Sapphire 250 7233H SNAP DISC 6 in 152mm BLACK BLOWER 4 in 102mm WHITE CORD M F M F 34 in 864mm BLACK 34 in 864mm WHITE F M M F RHEOSTAT F F M F Figure 8 26 Blower Wiring Diagram ...

Page 37: ...in the firebox and or on the outside of a house with a horizontal termination After adjustment tighten nut to lock in place K Damper Adjustment Make adjustment Let appliance warm up before adjusting Loosen screws using a Phillips head screwdriver Pivot the vertical damper adjustor in 1 4 in 6mm incre ments while observing the flame activity Turning clockwise to open damper less flame height and more...

Page 38: ...ck the baffle adjustment Ensure that there are no gas leaks Ensure that the glass is sealed and in the proper posi tion Ensure that the flow of combustion and ventilation air is not obstructed front grilles and vent caps B Controls FAN SPEED This knob controls the speed of the blower that pushes the heated air into the room MAIN BURNER This control is used to turn the appliance on and off PILOT IGNI...

Page 39: ...door of the appliance May need to remove face front first 5 Push in gas control knob slightly and turn clockwise to the OFF position Do not force 6 Wait five 5 minutes to clear out any gas Smell for gas including near the floor If you smell gas STOP Follow B of the safety information above If you don t smell gas go to the next step 7 Push gas control knob in and turn counterclockwise to the pilot ...

Page 40: ...ke detectors Smoke and odors may be irritating to sensitive individuals CAUTION Prevent accidental appliance operation when not attended Unplug or remove batteries from remote control if absent or if appliance will not be used for an extended period of time Property damage possible from elevated temperatures CAUTION ISSUE SOLUTIONS Condensation on the glass This is a result of gas combustion and t...

Page 41: ...the thermocouple connection at the gas valve is fully inserted and tight hand tighten plus 1 4 turn Disconnect the thermocouple from the valve place one millivolt lead wire on the tip of the thermocouple and the other meter wire on the ther mocouple copper lead Start the pilot and hold the valve knob in If the millivolt reading is less than 15mV replace the thermocouple b Defective valve If the th...

Page 42: ... gases back into the system Check for proper vent connection at flue collar and all vent joints c Horizontal vent improperly pitched The horizontal vent termination cap should slope down only enough to prevent any water from entering the appliance d Bad thermopile or thermocouple Replace if necessary e Improper vent cap installation Check for proper installation and freedom from debris or blockage ...

Page 43: ...atching or slamming glass Do NOT use abrasive cleaners Use a hard water deposit glass cleaner on white film Do NOT clean glass when hot Turn off appliance after 3 4 hours of operation and ALLOW TO COOL Remove and clean glass assembly Replace glass assembly and operate appliance for additional 12 hours Refer to maintenance instructions Inspect external vent cap regularly Ensure no debris blocks cap ...

Page 44: ...paint as neces sary 2 Replace appliance if firebox has been perforated Burner Ignition and Operation 1 Verify burner is properly secured and aligned with pilot or igniter 2 Clean off burner top inspect for plugged ports corrosion or deterioration Replace burner if necessary USE CAUTION WHEN CLEANING HANDLING CERAMIC BURNER 3 Replace ember material with new dime size and shape pieces Do not block po...

Page 45: ...er to Section 3 Figure 12 1 Appliance Dimensions NOTE If appliance is equipped with Hearth Legs Kit center line dimension is reduced by 3 in 76mm C A B D F E L G I H C C L L K J Location Inches Millimeter Location Inches Millimeter A 21 1 2 546 G 6 1 4 159 B 28 5 8 727 H 14 5 8 371 C 22 1 8 562 I 8 203 D 17 1 2 445 J 22 1 4 565 E 14 3 8 365 K 14 5 8 371 F 21 1 2 546 L 8 203 TOP VENT REAR VENT ...

Page 46: ...pe 9 1 4 in 235mm 6 1 2 in 165mm 6 5 8 in 168mm 17 24 in 432 610mm 11 3 4 in 298mm 5 3 4 in 146mm 6 5 8 in 168mm 6 3 8 in 162mm 6 1 2 in 165mm 9 5 8 in 244mm 6 5 8 in 168mm 6 1 2 in 165mm 6 3 8 in 162mm 9 5 8 in 244mm SLP6M SLP12M SLP12AM SLP45 BK SLP90M 3 3 4 in 95mm 12 17 in 305 432mm 35 3 4 in 908mm 23 3 4 in 603mm 47 3 4 in 1213mm SLP4M SLP48M SLP36M SLP24M SLP6AM ...

Page 47: ...alvanized SLP48M 46 DVA 48 4DT 48 4D4 SV4L48 48 Pipe Length Black SLP48 BK 46 DVA 48B 4DT 48B 4D4B SV4LB48 Adjustable Length 3 6 Black SLP6A BK Adjustable Length 3 6 Galvanized SLP6AM Adjustable Length 3 7 Galvanized 46DVA 08A Adjustable Length 3 7 Black 46DVA 08AB Adjustable Length 3 12 Black SLP12A BK Adjustable Length 3 12 Galvanized SLP12AM Adjustable Length 3 14 5 Galvanized 46DVA 16A Adjusta...

Page 48: ...ne Roof Flashing 4 to 8 pipes 6 RF4 8M Storm Collar SLP SCM 46DVA SC 4DT SC 4DSC SV4FC Trim Plate Black 4DT TP 4DFPB SV4LA Wall Support Band SLP HVSM 46 DVA WS 4DT WS B 4DWS SV4BM Wall Thimble Support Box Ceiling Support SV4PF Wall Thimble Black SLP WSM 46DVA WT 4DT WT 4DWT SV4RSM TERMINATION CAPS KITS Basic Horizontal Termination Kit A 46DVA KHA 4DT HKA 4DHTK2 SV SHK Chimney Liner Termination Kit...

Page 49: ... Metal 12 Igniter Piezo 2 Log Support Rear 13 Switch Rocker ON OFF 3 Burner Support 14 Knob Rheostat 4 Bulkhead 15 Set Collar 1 4 in 5 Bulkhead Stop 16 Switch Plate 6 Pilot Assembly 17 Control Rod 7 Burner Pan Side 18 Adapter Valve Extension 8 Pilot Bracket 19 Back Shield Cover Plate 9 Valve Bracket 20 Back Shield 10 Valve Gas 21 Baffle Hanger 11 Valve Cover 22 Baffle 6 9 10 3 1 2 4 12 5 11 14 13 ...

Page 50: ... MBK 455 5130 PMB 455 5290 PMH 455 5300 CSB 455 5340 CWL 455 5350 17 Control Rod 455 0340 Conversion Kit LP 844 9730 Conversion Kit NG 844 9020 Door Assembly 455 5180 Door Assembly Left See page 52 Door Assembly Right See page 52 Elbow 375 ML FLR x 375 200 0720 Elbow Brass 3 8 COMP x 3 8 MPT 17524A Electrode S I T EZ Flush 842 4580 Exhaust Cover Plate 455 0730 Face Assembly Solitaire See page 52 F...

Page 51: ...455 0850 Log Top Right 455 0860 Log Top Left 455 0870 Log Rear 455 0880 2 Log Support Rear 455 0520 Magnet Round SRV7000 140 Mineral Wool 200 2550 ON OFF Valve 15697A Orifice LP 059 Rear Vent 13845 Orifice LP 063 17236 Orifice NG 096 Rear Vent 13844 Orifice NG 106 19837 6 Pilot Assembly NG 230 1781 6 Pilot Assembly NG EZ with Injector 842 4280 8 Pilot Bracket 474 0100 Pilot Hood Only 3 Flame 200 3000 ...

Page 52: ...in Green CWL Powder Coat Willow Standard Leg 26404 PMH Porcelain Mahogany DESCRIPTION PART Decorative Glass Accent for Solitaire Front Gold 844 0120 Rear Vent Kit Matte Black 844 8870 Rear Vent Kit Porcelain Mahogany 844 9760 Rear Vent Kit Porcelain Midnite Blue 844 9771 Rear Vent Kit Powder Coat Creme RV SA CCR Rear Vent Kit Powder Coat Linden Green RV SA CLG Rear Vent Kit Powder Coat Sienna Bron...

Page 53: ...September 1 2008 Page 53 Quadra Fire Sapphire 250 7233H F Service and Maintenance Log Date of Service Performed By Description of Service ...

Page 54: ...onditions Exclusions and limitations 9 01 08 CONDITIONS EXCLUSIONS LIMITATION OF LIABILITY This warranty applies to the original owner and is transferable up to two years from date of purchase to the new homeowner provided the purchase was made through an authorized dealer or distributor of HHT and the appliance remains in its original place of installation The maximum amount recoverable under thi...

Page 55: ...orine fluorine or other damaging chemicals the appliance is subject to prolonged periods of dampness or condensation or there is any damage to the appliance or other components due to water or weather damage which is the result of but not limited to improper chimney or venting installation HHT s liability under this warranty is limited to the replacement and repair of defective components or workma...

Page 56: ...n R This product may be covered by one or more of the following patents United States 4593510 4686807 4766876 4793322 4811534 5000162 5016609 5076254 5113843 5191877 5218953 5263471 5328356 5341794 5347983 5429495 5452708 5542407 5601073 5613487 5647340 5688568 5762062 5775408 5890485 5931661 5941237 5947112 5996575 6006743 6019099 6048195 6053165 6145502 6170481 6237588 6296474 6374822 6413079 64...

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