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(Revised 2012-05-01                                                                                                                                                                                  

Page 106 of 170

 

N-Link – Status, Continued… 

 
Below is an example of N-Link Status from an N-Link Master and Slave where the Standby Coupler link is 
broken: 
 

 

 
 
 
Below is an example of N-Link Status from an N-Link Master and Slave where the Control link is broken: 
 

 

 

Summary of Contents for 710FX2 Series

Page 1: ...710FX2 Managed Industrial Ethernet Switch User Manual Installation Guide ...

Page 2: ...BLESHOOTING 24 Web Software Configuration 25 Web Management 25 Web Management Home 26 Administration System 28 Administration SNMP 32 Administration Fault 34 DHCP Server Setup Profiles 36 DHCP Server Setup IP Maps 38 DHCP Server View Bindings 43 DHCP Relay Local IP Setup 44 LLDP Configuration 47 LLDP Ports 48 LLDP Status 49 LLDP Statistics 50 Ports Configuration 51 Ports MAC Security Learning 54 P...

Page 3: ...N Link 132 Help CIP 133 Help Firmware Config 134 Help Rate Limiting 135 Help User Management 136 Help Other 137 CLI Commands 138 Help 138 Logout 139 Show Add or Delete ARL Entries 140 Configuration Device Operations 141 Show or Set CIP Configuration 142 Save or Reset the Configuration Settings 143 Show or Set IGMP Configuration 143 Show or Set Mirror Configuration 144 Show or Set N Ring Configurat...

Page 4: ...ybrid VLANs 160 Example 5 Basic understanding of Overlapping VLANs 161 Example 6 Basic understanding of VLANs with Multicast Filtering 162 KEY SPECIFICATIONS 710FX2 163 KEY SPECIFICATIONS 710FX2 HV 165 Appendix A XML Settings File Example 166 N TRON Limited Warranty 170 ...

Page 5: ...ial Ethernet Switch Installation Guide The N TRON 710FX2 Industrial Ethernet Switch offers outstanding performance and ease of use It is ideally suited for connecting Ethernet enabled industrial and or security equipment and is a fully managed switch ...

Page 6: ...V for High voltage Blank for Standard voltage E Singlemode Blank Otherwise MANAGEMENT FEATURES SNMP v1 v2 v3 and Web Browser Management SNMP based image or config download and config upload Configuration backup via Optional Configuration Device NTCD EtherNet IP CIP Messaging Detailed Ring Map and Fault Location Charting N Ring Technology with 30ms Healing Web Browser Management with detailed ring ...

Page 7: ...ss area is known to be non hazardous Connection or disconnection in an explosive atmosphere could result in an explosion NTCD 128 Configuration Device Ideal for saving or restoring switch configuration parameters quickly without the need for a computer or software One configuration device per switch is recommended The configuration device is inserted in the back of the 710FX2 ...

Page 8: ...arranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose In no event shall N Tron Corp be liable for any incidental special indirect or consequential damages whatsoever included but not limited to lost profits arising out of errors or omissions in this manual or the information contained herein Warning Do not perform any services on the unit unless qualified to do so Do not substitute unau...

Page 9: ...it may become very hot to the touch in high temperature environments so extreme caution should be exercised in handling when energized The unit should be disconnected from power and allowed to cool for approximately 5 minutes before touching in high temperature applications ELECTRICAL SAFETY Must be powered by a Class 2 source only WARNING Disconnect the power cable before removing the top cover W...

Page 10: ...live unless area is known to be non hazardous 4 WARNING Explosion Hazard do not replace the device unless power has been switched off or the area is known to be non hazardous 5 Use 90 C or higher rated Copper wire 0 22Nm 2lb in Tightening torque for field installed conductors Please make sure the 710FX2 Series Ethernet Switch package contains the following items 1 710FX2 Series Switch 2 Product CD...

Page 11: ... Revised 2012 05 01 Page 11 of 170 CLEANING Clean only with a damp cloth ...

Page 12: ...15 angle as shown Rotate the bottom of the unit to the back away from you until it snaps into place To remove the unit from the 35mm industrial DIN rail pull forward on the unit until it disengages from the bottom of the DIN rail Rotate the bottom of the unit towards you and up at an approximate 15 upward angle to completely remove the unit URMK CPMA Most N Tron products are designed to be mounted...

Page 13: ...J45 data port has two LEDs located on each connector The left LED indicates LINK status and the right LED indicates ACTIVITY LEDs The table below describes the operating modes LED Color Description GREEN Power is ON RED Power is ON and a fault condition exists OFF Power is OFF LNK GREEN 10 100Mb Link between ports OFF No Link between ports ACT GREEN Data is active between ports OFF Data is inactiv...

Page 14: ...raw current from both sources simultaneously Use 16 28 gauge wire when connecting to the power supply The Fault pins on the power connector can be used for an alarm contact The current carrying capacity is 1A at 24VDC It is normally open and the relay closes when a fault condition occurs These pins can be used to connect an external warning device such as a light in order to provide an external al...

Page 15: ...ted To connect any port to another device end node Switch or Repeater use a standard Category 5E straight through or crossover cable with a minimum length of one meter and a maximum length of 100 meters N Tron recommends the use of pre manufactured Cat5E cables to ensure the best performance If this is not an option and users must terminate their own ends on the Cat5E cables one of the two color c...

Page 16: ...nate users can run a drain wire shown in green lug from any of the Din Rail screws or empty PEM nuts on the enclosure When using an unused PEM nut to connect a ground lug via a machine screw care should be taken to limit the penetration of the outer skin by less than 1 4 in Failure to do so may cause irreversible damage to the internal components of the switch Note Before applying power to the gro...

Page 17: ... Revised 2012 05 01 Page 17 of 170 RJ45 CONNECTOR CRIMP SPECIFICATIONS Please reference the illustration below for your Cat5 cable specifications ...

Page 18: ...the bottom of the 710FX2 USB Cable Connect the USB port of your PC and the Switch using a standard USB cable You will require a cable with a Type A connector for the PC end and a Type B connector for the Switch end Standard USB cables are readily available from a variety of computer stores HyperTerminal The following configuration should be used in HyperTerminal Port Settings 115200 Data Bits 8 Pa...

Page 19: ... there is no contention for a shared medium in this mode Auto Negotiation In Auto Negotiation mode the port hardware detects the mode of operation of the station that is connected to this port and sets its mode to match the mode of the station Port Mirroring A Mirroring Port is a dedicated port that is configured to receive the copies of Ethernet frames that are being transmitted out and also bein...

Page 20: ...AN because that is the most common operation But if desired the port can be included in VLAN 1 by configuring VLAN 1 last If switch ports are configured to transmit and receive untagged frames end devices are able to communicate throughout the LAN Using Tagged VLANs the switch has the ability to take non tagged packets in some ports add a VLAN tag to the packet and send it out tagged ports on the ...

Page 21: ... Traps The 710FX2 Series switch supports up to 5 SNMP Trap Stations to which SNMP Traps will be sent The switch supports five standard traps Link Up Link Down Cold Start Warm Start Authentication Errors and power supply failure SNMP Traps will be sent to all the trap stations configured on the switch when the corresponding trap is enabled IGMP Snooping IGMP Snooping is enabled by default and the s...

Page 22: ...hen a problem is detected on the Primary Coupler link the Primary Coupler link will block network traffic and the Standby Coupler link will forward network traffic While the N Link Master and Slave are in communication via the Control link only one Coupler link Primary or Standby will forward network traffic while the other Coupler link will block network traffic CIP The CIP Common Industrial Prot...

Page 23: ...mic range of IP addresses available to any client device or specific IP addresses based on the clients MAC address Client ID Option 61 or Relay Agent connection Option 82 LLDP Link Layer Discovery Protocol LLDP is a Layer 2 discovery protocol that allows devices attached to an IEEE802 LAN to advertise to other devices the major capabilities they have and to store information they discover in a MIB...

Page 24: ...rotection against harmful interference in a residential installation This equipment generates uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions may cause harmful interference to radio communications Operation of this device in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the...

Page 25: ...2 05 01 Page 25 of 170 Web Software Configuration Web Management Enter the switch s IP address in any web browser and login to the web management feature of the 710FX2 Series Default User Name admin Password admin ...

Page 26: ...figurable settings that the 710FX2 Series switch will support This section of the manual will go through each and every choice listed on the left hand side of the screen and explain how to configure those settings In the center of the main home page the administrator can see some basic information like what firmware revision the switch is running The firmware can be upgraded at a later time in the...

Page 27: ...there is a menu which is shown fully opened below The pages opened by each of the individual selections are described in the rest of this section The use of each of these pages is also described in this section In most of the descriptions only the right side of the page is shown ...

Page 28: ...witch was turned ON or RESET Name It shows the name of the product which allows alphanumeric and special characters _ only Contact The person to contact for system issues which should be someone within your organization Location The physical location of the switch Temperature The calculated ambient temperature near the switch This calculation is only valid after a warm up period Upper Threshold Th...

Page 29: ...HCP clients to specify their unique identifier The identifier may be the MAC address switch name or entered as a text string or hex characters Fallback IP Address Contains the configured Fallback IP Address of the device Fallback Subnet Mask Contains the configured Fallback Subnet Mask of the device Fallback Gateway Contains the configured Fallback Gateway of the device ...

Page 30: ...s Subnet Mask Gateway Name Contact information and the Location of the switch through the web management features depending on the IP Configuration It is recommended to change the TCP IP information through the Command Line Interface CLI initially but it defaults to the following IP Configuration Static IP Address 192 168 1 201 Subnet Mask 255 255 255 0 Gateway 192 168 1 1 ...

Page 31: ...changed from the default IP address then the switch will use the Fallback addresses if the IP configuration isn t received from a DHCP server in 2 minutes after initial boot If Fallback address is used DHCP Client will stop sending requests If the IP Configuration is received from a DHCP server it will never fallback even if the lease is lost ...

Page 32: ...d Write and Trap Community Names are also shown here By selecting the Modify button you will be able to change any of the fields listed This allows the user to set an IP address for a Trap station or change the Community Names If the SNMP Notification Trap is enabled systems that are listed as a Trap station will be sent the corresponding notification trap To restore a Trap to Value Not Configured...

Page 33: ... Revised 2012 05 01 Page 33 of 170 Administration SNMP Continued ...

Page 34: ...ns Show Web Show LED and Contact Power signal faults consist of V1 and V2 N Ring Manager signal faults consist of Broken Partial Break Low Partial Break High and Multiple Managers N Link Faults are reported by the N Link Master and by the N Link Slave Port Usage Fault if enabled triggers when actual usage is below the Usage Alarm Low setting or above the Usage Alarm High setting see Port Configura...

Page 35: ... fields for the Fault configuration The fault relay contacts can be configured to open on fault or to close on fault with the latter being the default Once these fields are filled in to meet the needs of the administrator s network the changes may be updated by clicking the Update button at the bottom of the page ...

Page 36: ...y processing a broadcast message Server ID Descriptive name of the DHCP server Profile Name Descriptive name of the network profile Address Pool Range of IP addresses which the profile can use Subnet Address The most restrictive subnet address calculated from the address pool range Subnet Mask The most restrictive subnet mask calculated from the address pool range Domain Name The domain name to be...

Page 37: ... Revised 2012 05 01 Page 37 of 170 DHCP Server Setup Profiles Continued ...

Page 38: ...n is required Network Profile An existing network profile to which the IP map applies Low IP The starting IP address of a range High IP The ending IP address of a range The Static Range type of mapping is used to create a range of static IP addresses dedicated to specific ports on a relay agent switch There are two different data entry formats available according to whether the relay agent type is...

Page 39: ...ature Remote ID A unique identifier that designates the N TRON relay agent switch Add Checkbox used to add an IP map for the corresponding port Port No The actual port number Port Name Descriptive name of the port VLAN VLAN ID that the port is a member of Circuit ID Auto generated string based on the port name and VLAN ID IP Address IP address to assign to the IP map ...

Page 40: ...40 of 170 DHCP Server Setup IP Maps Continued DHCP Server Setup IP Maps Continued To create a range of static IP addresses on a generic relay agent switch Network Profile An existing network profile to which the IP map applies ...

Page 41: ...to add an IP map for the corresponding port Port No The actual port number Remote ID The identifier that corresponds to an Option 82 Remote ID sub option used by the particular relay agent switch Circuit ID The identifier that corresponds to an Option 82 Circuit ID sub option used by the particular relay agent switch IP Address IP address to assign to the IP map ...

Page 42: ...individual client The following information is required Network Profile An existing network profile to which the IP map applies IP The static IP address to offer to a client Unique ID The unique identifier that must match either the client identifier Option 61 or the client s hardware address MAC Format Designates how the Unique ID is interpreted ...

Page 43: ...ifier The client associated with the binding entry Client Hardware Address MAC The client s MAC address Client IP Address The actual IP address assigned to the binding entry Status Indicates the current status of the binding entry Release Removes the corresponding binding WARNING By releasing an IP address it is possible to end up with two physical devices with the same IP address which may cause ...

Page 44: ... Setup tab under the DHCP Relay Local IP category shows the current state of the relay agent By selecting the Modify button you can configure general settings of the relay agent as well as configure settings on a per port basis The following describes these settings ...

Page 45: ...ther the port will perform relay agent functionality The choices are Disabled The port will function without relay agent processing Enabled The port will relay DHCP client originated broadcast packets to the DHCP servers Assign Local IP The port will not relay DHCP client originated broadcast packets Instead the relay agent will offer the port s locally assigned IP address to the client Other Data...

Page 46: ... Revised 2012 05 01 Page 46 of 170 DHCP Relay Local IP Setup Continued ...

Page 47: ... between Disabled and Enabled on LLDP Port settings Default 2 Seconds Notification Interval Specifies the interval between successive Notifications generated by the switch If a port sends out a notification and another port tries to send out a notification the notification will not be sent until the interval expires Default 5 Seconds Note A redundant network topology will have one or more blocking...

Page 48: ... LLDP Transmission on the switch Receive Enables or Disables Receiving of LLDP Frames from neighbor switches Allow Management Data Allow the Transmission of Management type information For example IP Address of switch Port Description System Name and Vlan information Allow Notifications Notifications are transmitted when local or remote data changes ...

Page 49: ...ich the neighbor information was received Neighbor MAC MAC address of neighbor switch Corresponds to the LLDP Chassis ID TLV Neighbor IP IP address of neighbor switch Corresponds to the LLDP Management Address TLV Neighbor Port Description Description of the neighbor Port from which the LLDP frame was sent Neighbor System Name The system s administratively assigned name on the neighbor switch Neig...

Page 50: ...otal number of LLDP frames received by the local switch Discarded Frames The total number of frames discarded due to incorrect TLV s in frame Error Frames Total count of all LLDP frames received with one or more detectable errors Neighbor Age Outs Total count of the times that a neighbor s information has been deleted from the switch because the Time to Live TTL has expired LLDP Port Status Local ...

Page 51: ...ate This configurable field displays the existing flow control status of each port When enabled the individual port supports half duplex back pressure and full duplex flow control The default is Disabled Port State The current RSTP status of a port It may contain Disable Discarding Learning Forwarding PVID This configurable field displays the existing port VLAN ID setting The allowable range is 1 ...

Page 52: ... Revised 2012 05 01 Page 52 of 170 Ports Configuration Continued ...

Page 53: ...e User can click on the Port Number to configure each port individually This will allow the user to change the port s settings for the following fields which are explained above Admin Status Speed and Duplex Cross Over Flow Control PVID Usage Alarm Low Usage Alarm High ...

Page 54: ... The Learning tab allows the administrator to control the learning or locking modes for the ports Locked is the secure mode Learning builds an internal list of authorized MAC addresses based on an approved LAN When the current mode is Learning no ports are secured ...

Page 55: ...age 55 of 170 Ports MAC Security Learning Continued In Locked mode Secured Ports shows the ports that are presently secured Note when N Ring and or N Link are used the N Ring N Link ports will not have MAC Security enabled ...

Page 56: ... current mode and select the ports to be secured When transitioning from Learning to Locked the Address Resolution Logic ARL table represents the authorized MAC addresses with the addition of any manually entered addresses refer to Authorization List section below Transitioning from Locked to Learning clears the ARL for all ports ...

Page 57: ...zation Configuration page which allows the administrator to add new entries delete existing entries or edit authorized ports of existing entries Selecting Delete removes the associated entry Selecting Add displays the MAC Authorization Entry page showing default values for the administrator to modify see below When an entry number hyperlink is selected this same page is displayed except it shows t...

Page 58: ...ccurrence of the intruder is listed The log is ordered by most recent first based on the system time The maximum number of entries is 100 If more than 100 intruders are detected the oldest entries are deleted The log is not saved through a power cycle An entry can be individually removed from the log by selecting the associated Delete button All entries or entries specific to a port can also be re...

Page 59: ...d to receive the copies of Ethernet frames that are being transmitted out and also being received in from any other port that is being monitored The Mirroring tab under the Ports category displays the status including the list of Source Ports and the Destination Port that the Sources are being mirrored to ...

Page 60: ...12 05 01 Page 60 of 170 Ports Mirroring Continued Following the Modify button you can enable the status of port mirroring and select source ports and the destination port that the source ports will be mirrored to ...

Page 61: ...oring Continued Mirrored Data Only If this checkbox is selected only mirrored data will be transmitted by the destination port That is data that was to be transmitted from the Destination Port itself other than by mirroring will not be transmitted ...

Page 62: ...tton you can select a trunk group Note RSTP must be disabled in order to use the Trunking feature Two ports of the same speed can constitute a valid trunk Only 1 Trunk per switch can be created All trunk ports must be at the same speed and duplex mode If a port is not linked there could be difficulty as to similar speed and duplex mode It is best to hard code speed and duplex mode for each trunkin...

Page 63: ...s included when evaluating traffic priority Include 802 1p This field displays the status of whether or not to include the IEEE 802 1p COS Class of Service in the TQ decision When enabled the IEEE 802 1p COS is included when evaluating traffic priority Force High Priority This field displays the Force High Priority status When enabled the port based priority is included in the TQ decision for all ...

Page 64: ...he Modify button the administrator can independently configure the ports for different QOS functionality Once these fields are filled in to meet the needs of the administrator s network the changes may be updated by clicking the Update button at the bottom of the page ...

Page 65: ...t of MIB parameters Each port has a separate counter for each parameter This gives users the ability to see what kind of packets are going over which ports At the bottom of the page for each port there are two buttons Refresh will update the statistics for that port number and Clear will reset all the counters for that port number ...

Page 66: ...ws all the ports on the switch and will display a bar graph showing the percentage of bandwidth being used These figures and bars are for a general feeling of what the bandwidth usage is N Tron recommends the use of N View in order to get a more precise bandwidth usage figure The scale can be adjusted for the task at hand ...

Page 67: ...s when a VID violation is detected Discard Non Tagged for Ports Specifies whether or not non tagged ingress frames are dropped by the selected ports Note that for convenience in most frequent use Ports are deleted from group1 as each port is added to another group Ports are added to group1 if a deletion leaves a port with no group If it is desired to have a port on group1 and also on other group s...

Page 68: ...acters _ only Allow Management Specifies whether or not all ports in this VLAN are management ports Change PVID of Member Ports Specifies whether or not the PVID of the member ports is set to this VLAN ID Port No This is the port index Port Name Descriptive name of the port Group Member Specifies whether or not the port is included in the group Untag on Egress Specifies whether or not egress frame...

Page 69: ...is page allows users to modify this variable to meet their needs After selecting the Modify button the user will be presented with a page that allows the number to be entered and updated The default aging time is 20 seconds Note If the switch is an active participant of an N Ring then the N Ring Aging Time will be used instead of the Bridging Aging Time ...

Page 70: ...re associated with each respective port number This can be used to statically assign a MAC address access to a single port on the switch Following the Add button on the page above the administrator must enter a valid MAC address and associate it with a port number on the switch Once the administrator hits the Add button the changes will take effect instantly ...

Page 71: ...will be displayed in a list on the main page under Unicast MACs tab Following the Remove button on the example above an administrator can select a static MAC address from the list using a pull down menu After selecting the MAC address the administrator needs to press the Remove button on the page to remove the entry ...

Page 72: ...nter a valid Multicast Group Address and associate it with a port number or list on the switch Once the administrator clicks on the Add button the changes will take effect instantly Note If there are multiple ports on different VLANs the 710FX2 will apply the static multicast address to the lowest VLAN ID that is associated with one of the ports assigned to the static multicast address So if the l...

Page 73: ...switch Using the pull down menu the administrator should select the desired address to be removed Then click on the Remove button at the bottom of the page Note If there are multiple ports on different VLANs the 710FX2 will apply the static multicast address to the lowest VLAN ID that is associated with one of the ports assigned to the static multicast address So if the lowest VLAN ID contains all...

Page 74: ...enerates no ethernet traffic for this purpose but can still present some information gathered passively The IP field shows an Auto detected or manually entered IP address If there is a MAC address for the port and an IP address was not discovered there is an Assign IP button to allow the user to enter an IP address If Active IP Probe is enabled manually entered IP values are underlined and validat...

Page 75: ...Revised 2012 05 01 Page 75 of 170 When an IP has been manually entered a button is provided to Delete IP and invoking it will allow the administrator to delete the manual association of an IP to that MAC ...

Page 76: ...ory will display the RSTP information for the first VLAN Using the pull down menu at the top of the page an administrator can choose which VLAN to configure RSTP on Once the VLAN is selected the administrator may configure the bridge by clicking on the Configuration link in the middle of the page ...

Page 77: ...N The administrator or user can see the current RSTP status of the ports on that VLAN by clicking on the here link to view RSTP Port Configuration at VLAN Note It is recommended that RSTP rings consist of RSTP capable switches Trunking must be disabled in order to use RSTP Do not create redundant links unless either RSTP or N Ring is enabled RSTP on overlapping VLANs is not supported and the syste...

Page 78: ...nt RSTP status of the ports on that VLAN This will show information such as the Path Cost and the Port State If the switch sees a redundant path it will put the port with the highest Path Cost into Blocking mode where it will discard packets coming in on that port In the example below TX2 is a redundant port with port TX1 therefore TX1 is forwarding and TX2 is discarding ...

Page 79: ...2 05 01 Page 79 of 170 RSTP Configuration Continued If the administrator selects one of the ports on the previous screen he or she can change the Port s Path Cost Priority and the status of Admin Edge and Auto Edge ...

Page 80: ...c configuration settings By default IGMP is enabled Following the Modify button the administrator will see a list of configurable fields for the IGMP configuration Once these fields are filled in to meet the needs of the administrator s network the changes may be updated by clicking the Update button at the bottom of the page ...

Page 81: ... 81 of 170 IGMP Configuration Continued The IGMP Status pull down allows the user to enable or disable IGMP completely The Query Mode pull down allows the user to set query mode for Automatic the default On always or Off never ...

Page 82: ...nly for manually set router ports None allows no router ports If Remove Unused Groups is checked then unused IGMP Groups will be removed and traffic with those multicast addresses will be treated as normal multicast If unchecked then unused IGMP Groups are not removed and traffic with those multicast addresses will be limited The default is checked Note that IGMP Groups are not retained through a ...

Page 83: ... Revised 2012 05 01 Page 83 of 170 The user can specify the manual router ports ...

Page 84: ...oups tab under the IGMP category will display a list of IGMP groups based on the Group IP and the port number that it is associated with The Show Routers tab under the IGMP category will display a list of Auto detected Router IPs and the port numbers that they are associated with ...

Page 85: ...tions The factory default is that the Router Multicast Data Filter is enabled for all ports so any router ports do NOT get DATA frames with KNOWN multicast destination addresses unless a join to a specific multicast address has been received on that port Joins override an rfilter If rfilter is disabled router ports do get DATA frames with KNOWN multicast destination addresses Rfilter can be set fo...

Page 86: ... Revised 2012 05 01 Page 86 of 170 IGMP RFilter Continued Modifying rfilter port settings ...

Page 87: ...and the interval between packets Following the Modify button on the above example the administrator can modify the variable to change the frequency with which N View reports information Increasing the interval will slow the update rate Decreasing the interval will allow N View to report more frequently Additionally you may Disable or Enable N View altogether ...

Page 88: ... 01 Page 88 of 170 N View Ports The Ports tab under the N View category will display a list of all the configured ports on the 710FX2 unit along with the ports transmitting multicast packets and MIB stats respectively ...

Page 89: ...e 89 of 170 N View Ports Continued Following the Modify button on the above example the administrator can modify these two variables to enable or disable multicast out of the port and if MIB stats are sent out for those ports ...

Page 90: ... for example Switch is currently using N Ring Aging Time 20 Seconds Once these fields are filled in to meet the needs of the administrator s network the changes may be saved by clicking the Update button at the bottom of the page NOTES 1 N Ring Manager cannot have RSTP or Trunking enabled 2 RSTP N Ring are different modes and cannot share links or segments along those lines See the examples in the...

Page 91: ...05 01 Page 91 of 170 N Ring Configuration Continued The N Ring Mode is one of three as below If N Ring Mode is Manager then a pull down allows selection of available ports TX1 TX2 or FX1 FX2 on 710FX2 as N Ring ports ...

Page 92: ...nges It is up to the administrator to ensure that VLANs are configured correctly on the N Ring manager and all N Ring members 2 When the N Ring manager and all N Ring Members are in defaults changing the N Ring manager to use a Tagged VLAN requires no user interaction to allow non ring traffic to pass through the ring This works because changing to a Tagged VLAN does not remove the ring ports from...

Page 93: ...ial sign on information from ring members The default is 1000 Sign On Match Packets The number of times the switch count must match before starting the sign on process The default is 3 Sign On Interval The interval of time to wait in milliseconds before requesting subsequent sign on information from ring members when the ring is broken The default is 3000 Sign On Info Spacing Multiplier The amount...

Page 94: ... Revised 2012 05 01 Page 94 of 170 N Ring Advanced Configuration Continued ...

Page 95: ...the N Ring category will display the N Ring status Below is an example of N Ring Status from a switch in defaults N Ring Auto Member that is not an N Ring Manager and has not become an Active N Ring Member Below is an example of N Ring Status from an Active N Ring Member ...

Page 96: ... Revised 2012 05 01 Page 96 of 170 N Ring Status Continued Below is an example of N Ring Status from an N Ring Manager with a healthy N Ring ...

Page 97: ...atus from an N Ring Manager with a faulted N Ring The red fields on the N Ring Map show problems Ports that are red indicate that the port is not linked MAC addresses that are red indicate that there is no communication to that switch The red Ring Broken line shows where the N Ring is broken ...

Page 98: ... pair The screenshot below shows N Ring Manager Status when a Higher N Ring Port TX2 FX2 is not receiving self health frames all the way around the N Ring though the other low TX1 FX1 N Ring port is The screenshot below shows N Ring Manager Status when a Lower N Ring Port TX1 FX1 is not receiving self health frames all the way around the N Ring though the other high TX2 FX2 N Ring port is ...

Page 99: ...ber N Link Slave N Ring Member N Link Master N Ring Member Partner Link N Ring Segment Control Link N Ring Auto Member N Rng Manager N Link Coupler N Ring Member N Link Couper N Ring Member N Ring Auto Member N Ring Auto Member Primary Coupler Link Standby Coupler Link Coupler Port Default TX4 Control Port Auto Detected Coupler Port Default TX4 Control Port Default TX3 Partner Port Auto Detcted Pa...

Page 100: ...a converters or other switches is not supported There must be at least one other switch besides the Master and Slave that supports N Link on the N Ring N Link will only support a single point of failure Multiple points of failure and misconfiguration are not supported and may cause a network storm under some circumstances Configuration Steps to redundantly couple 2 N Ring networks 1 Ensure the Cou...

Page 101: ...g the Modify button on the above example the administrator will see a list of configurable fields for the N Link configuration as below The port configured as the Default Coupler Port will be used as the Standby Coupler port if the switch detects an N Link Master and becomes an N Link Slave Once these fields are filled in to meet the needs of the administrator s network the changes may be saved by...

Page 102: ...s as below If N Link mode is Master then the administrator must configure the Control Port default TX3 and the Primary Coupler Port default TX4 Once these fields are filled in to meet the needs of the administrator s network the changes may be saved by clicking the Update button at the bottom of the page ...

Page 103: ...witches is not supported This port will be detected automatically Coupler Port The port being used to establish a redundant path for ethernet data transmission Coupler Port State Blocking Forwarding Status No errors will show OK otherwise a description of the Faults detected N Link Partner Information State Current N Link mode of switch MAC The MAC Address of the N Link Partner switch Coupler Port...

Page 104: ... Revised 2012 05 01 Page 104 of 170 N Link Status Continued Below is an example of N Link Status from an N Link Coupler switch Below is an example of N Link Status from an N Link Master switch ...

Page 105: ... 01 Page 105 of 170 N Link Status Continued Below is an example of N Link Status from an N Link Slave switch Below is an example of N Link Status from an N Link Master and Slave where the Primary Coupler link is broken ...

Page 106: ... N Link Status Continued Below is an example of N Link Status from an N Link Master and Slave where the Standby Coupler link is broken Below is an example of N Link Status from an N Link Master and Slave where the Control link is broken ...

Page 107: ... Revised 2012 05 01 Page 107 of 170 N Link Status Continued Below is an example of N Link Status from an N Link Master and Slave where the Partner link is broken ...

Page 108: ...ted Packet Interval for Class 1 multicast connections in milliseconds Requests for less than this value will be rejected Default 1 second Unicast RPI The minimum Requested Packet Interval for Class 3 unicast connections in milliseconds Requests for less than this value will be rejected Default 1 second Following the Modify button on the above example the administrator can modify the variables Addi...

Page 109: ... The ODVA Device Type is Communications Adapter 0x0C hex Major Revision The Major Revision of the CIP implementation Minor Revision The Minor Revision of the CIP implementation Serial Number hex CIP Serial number unique across all N Tron CIP devices This is the last 4 octets of the base switch MAC Connection Information Number of Multicast Connections Current number of CIP Ethernet IP class 1 mult...

Page 110: ... losing their current configurations and without having to send the unit back to N Tron for updates in the future It is important not to cycle power on the switch or interrupt the data connection between the TFTP server and the switch while you are flashing or uploading downloading a config file The switch will not stop working if this does occur but the administrator will have to retransfer the f...

Page 111: ...nued For uploading a saved config to server or downloading a config from server there are checkbox choices that can be made as below The most common example is to keep the pre existing IP Gateway and Subnet Mask when otherwised downloading a config from the server ...

Page 112: ...f 170 Support Web Site and E mail If at any point in time you get confused or would like additional support directly from N Tron you may visit N Tron s web site or e mail N Tron directly with the links provided for more information ...

Page 113: ...re installed in the 710FX2 Series unit and will list the Broadcast Pass Rate Percentage for each port Broadcast Pass Rate Percentage defaults to 3 on 10 100Mbs ports A Modify button is provided to change these fields Following the Modify button on the above example the administrator can modify the Broadcast Pass Rate Percentage for each and every port ...

Page 114: ... Multicast Pass Rate Percentage for each port Multicast Pass Rate Percentage defaults to 100 on all ports A Modify button is provided to change these fields Note Unicast packets with destinations not in the ARL table will also be rate limited rather than all being Flooded Following the Modify button on the above example the administrator can modify the Multicast Pass Rate Percentage for each and e...

Page 115: ...management features of the switch and their access permissions Following the Add button on the above example the administrator can add another user and assign the user a username a password and the user s permissions user administrator A page should display after the administrator clicks the Add button indicating that the user was successfully added ...

Page 116: ... the user s name and clicking the Remove button A page should follow indicating that the user was successfully removed from the list Note There are a maximum number of 5 users per switch User permissions have the right to view switch configurations and to view current port settings but cannot make any changes to these settings Admin permissions have the right to change and view any switch configur...

Page 117: ...cal depiction of the 710FX2 series switch Ports that are linked will appear in green while ports that are not linked will appear in black The example below shows a 710FX2FX2 with ports 3 4 5 and 7 linked The other ports are currently in the down state not being used Also the logical view reveals whether the configuration device SD card is installed or not ...

Page 118: ...e configuration for use after the next power cycle The Reset button will discard all unsaved changes reset the switch and load the most recently saved configuration settings The Factory button will reload N Tron s factory default configuration settings Doing so will reconfigure the 710FX2 Series switch to factory defaults In many cases it is desirable to restore factory defaults but retain certain...

Page 119: ... Revised 2012 05 01 Page 119 of 170 If a Configuration Device is present that is presented ...

Page 120: ...elp link is clicked on you will see the Overview page that will have some basic definitions and more specific choices at the top of the screen Although this page is not as detailed as the manual it gives you a basic feel for different features the 710FX2 offers ...

Page 121: ... 170 Help Administration Following the Administration link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding the configuration options in the Administration category on the left side of the web management ...

Page 122: ...1 Page 122 of 170 Help DHCP Following the DHCP link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding the configuration options under the DHCP categories on the left side of the web management ...

Page 123: ... 01 Page 123 of 170 Help LLDP Following the LLDP link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding the configuration options in the LLDP category on the left side of the web management ...

Page 124: ...01 Page 124 of 170 Help Ports Following the Ports link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding the configuration options in the Ports category on the left side of the web management ...

Page 125: ...125 of 170 Help Statistics Following the Statistics link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding the configuration options in the Statistics category on the left side of the web management ...

Page 126: ... 01 Page 126 of 170 Help VLAN Following the VLAN link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding the configuration options in the VLAN category on the left side of the web management ...

Page 127: ...ge 127 of 170 Help Bridging Following the Bridging link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding the configuration options in the Bridging category on the left side of the web management ...

Page 128: ... 01 Page 128 of 170 Help RSTP Following the RSTP link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding the configuration options in the RSTP category on the left side of the web management ...

Page 129: ... 01 Page 129 of 170 Help IGMP Following the IGMP link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding the configuration options in the IGMP category on the left side of the web management ...

Page 130: ... Page 130 of 170 Help N View Following the N View link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding the configuration options in the N View category on the left side of the web management ...

Page 131: ... Page 131 of 170 Help N Ring Following the N Ring link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding the configuration options in the N Ring category on the left side of the web management ...

Page 132: ... Page 132 of 170 Help N Link Following the N Link link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding the configuration options in the N Link category on the left side of the web management ...

Page 133: ...05 01 Page 133 of 170 Help CIP Following the CIP link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding the configuration options in the CIP category on the left side of the web management ...

Page 134: ...170 Help Firmware Config Following the Firmware Config link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding the configuration options in the Firmware Config category on the left side of the web management ...

Page 135: ...ate Limiting Following the Rate Limiting link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding the configuration options in the Broadcast or Multicast Rate Limiting categories on the left side of the web management ...

Page 136: ...170 Help User Management Following the User Management link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding the configuration options in the User Management category on the left side of the web management ...

Page 137: ...2 05 01 Page 137 of 170 Help Other Following the Other link on the help page the administrator or user can see some information regarding other links or categories on the left hand side of the web manager as above ...

Page 138: ... CfgDev Perform configuration device operations Config Save or reset configuration settings Cip Show or set CIP configuration Idle Show or clear idle task statistics Igmp Show or set IGMP configuration Mirror Show or set the Mirror configuration NRing Show or set N Ring configuration NView Show or set N View configuration Ping Ping a host Port Show or set Port configuration Reset Reset switch Shel...

Page 139: ...dmin Show a list of all commands or get help on a specific command SYNTAX cmd OPTIONS cmd The command for which to get help NOTES Logout Command Name logout Description Log out of console interface Syntax logout Parameters None Examples N TRON Admin logout NOTES ...

Page 140: ... delete Delete MAC address add Add MAC address mac MAC Address port Port Number cpu 1 Send to CPU also static 1 This is a static address 0 Non Static vid VLAN ID 0 4095 Example N TRON Admin arl show No Val Age Pri Mod Usr Sta VLAN MAC Port s 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 00 07 af ff b8 00 CPU 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 00 19 b9 03 aa 77 TX3 N TRON Admin arl showmct No Idx Val Port Mask Port s 1 0 1 0x00000000 None 2 1 1 0...

Page 141: ...K 2 At64K and 3 card Compare Compare the configuration of the switch to the configuration device Erase Erase the switch configuration on the configuration device Example N TRON Factory cfgdev info Port A 0xd080 Board ID 0x0005 5 Configuration device information Name SDS128M Model 3 Version 1 Page Size 200 Total Size 127008768 Max Clock Hz 400000 Write Cycles ns 5000000 Flags 0x00000001 N TRON Fact...

Page 142: ...p Interval 10 ms Cache Interval 2000 ms Identity Information Product Name N TRON 710FX2 Vendor 1006 N TRON Device Type 0x0C Communications Adapter Major Revision 1 Minor Revision 2 Serial Number 0xAFFBF8F0 Connection Information Multicast Connections 0 Unicast Connections 0 N TRON Admin cip disable Changing CIP configuration CIP Configuration Status Disabled EthIp Interval 10 ms Cache Interval 200...

Page 143: ... Configuration Command Name igmp Description Show or set IGMP configuration If no parameters are specified this command will show the IGMP configuration same as show parameter Syntax igmp show status state Parameters show Show configuration status state Set the IGMP status to e nabled or d isabled Examples N TRON Admin igmp show IGMP Status Enabled IGMP Version 2 Query Mode Auto CIP Querier Status...

Page 144: ...t are transmitted rx portlist Set the source ports to mirror frames that are received Examples N TRON Admin mirror show Mirror Status Disabled Destination Port TX1 Tx Source Ports None Rx Source Ports None N TRON Admin mirror show Mirror Status Disabled Destination Port TX1 Tx Source Ports None Rx Source Ports None N TRON Admin mirror status enabled dp 6 tx 1 3 5 rx 1 3 5 Mirror Status Enabled Des...

Page 145: ...in nring show N Ring Mode Auto Member Aging Time 20 N TRON Admin nring ports ID Port Set 1 TX1 TX2 2 FX1 FX2 N TRON Admin nring mode m ports 2 Do you Want to Save Changes and Restart the System Now y n NOTES Show or Set N View Configuration Command Name Nview Description Show or set N View configuration If no parameters are specified this command will show the N View configuration same as show par...

Page 146: ...ount Number of echo requests to send w timeout Timeout in milliseconds to wait for each reply Example N TRON Admin ping 192 168 1 119 N TRON Admin ping n 6 192 168 1 119 N TRON Admin ping t 192 168 1 119 N TRON Admin ping w 2000 192 168 1 119 Reply from 192 168 1 119 time 970ms Reply from 192 168 1 119 time 10ms Reply from 192 168 1 119 time 10ms Ping statistics for 192 168 1 119 Packets Sent 4 Re...

Page 147: ...abled or d isabled 8021p state Set the 802 1p Priority for the port to e nabled or d isabled pvid Set the VLAN ID for the port The range is 1 4094 ual percent Set the usage alarm low percentage The range is 0 100 uah percent Set the usage alarm high percentage The range is 0 100 security state Set the security status for all supported ports to e nabled or d isabled Examples N TRON Admin port sd 10...

Page 148: ...ow Show configuration ro name Set the Authorized Community Name for SNMP Get requests rw name Set the Authorized Community Name for SNMP Set requests trap name Set the Authorized Community Name for SNMP Traps Examples N TRON Admin snmp ro users IP Address Trap Stn 1 Value Not Configured IP Address Trap Stn 2 Value Not Configured IP Address Trap Stn 3 Value Not Configured IP Address Trap Stn 4 Valu...

Page 149: ...Notes Show System Information Command Name Sysinfo Description Show system information Syntax Sysinfo Parameters None Example N TRON Admin sysinfo N TRON 700 7000 7500 Series Model 710FX2 Boot Loader BL 2 0 5 1 0x02000501 OS Version 3 2 1 Build Date Dec 8 2009 at 15 10 57 Copyright Copyright c 2008 2009 N TRON Corp All rights reserved Processor 66 MHz 66000000 SDRAM Size 16 MB Flash Size 8 MB File...

Page 150: ...net mask for static config mode and IP fallback g static_gateway Static gateway address for static config mode and IP fallback Example N TRON Admin sysip IP Configuration Mode Static Static IP Address 192 168 1 225 Static subnet Mask 255 255 255 0 Static gateway 192 168 1 1 N TRON Admin sysip c dhcp IP Configuration Mode DHCP has been changed Fallback IP Address 192 168 1 225 Fallback Subnet Mask ...

Page 151: ...cess status to e nabled or d isabled Examples N TRON Admin system name Private switch browser disabled IP Configuration Static IP Address 192 168 1 201 Subnet Mask 255 255 255 0 Gateway 192 168 1 1 MAC Address 00 07 af fb fa 40 System Up Time 0 days 17 hours 10 mins 56 secs Name Private switch Contact N Tron Admin Location Mobile AL 36609 Browser Access Disabled Changes have been made that have no...

Page 152: ...utton allows one to add a new VLAN When creating a new VLAN a numeric ID is required Name is entered Note that N Ring VLAN is a reserved name with a special meaning Choices such as Allow Management and Change PVID of Member Ports are made at this time as well as the ports which are going to belong to the new VLAN Additionally the ports may be Untagged on Egress ...

Page 153: ... Revised 2012 05 01 Page 153 of 170 The result of add is a New VLAN In this case it does not overlap the Default VLAN ports ...

Page 154: ...D that is associated with one of the ports assigned to the static multicast address If the lowest VLAN ID contains all the ports assigned to the static multicast address an umbrella VLAN it will function for all those ports with no problems This can be achieved with overlapping VLANs But notice that the ports in New VLAN are not marked as Untag on Egress and are thus still tagged And the New VLAN ...

Page 155: ... Revised 2012 05 01 Page 155 of 170 ...

Page 156: ... Revised 2012 05 01 Page 156 of 170 And the New VLAN is removed Note that the new configuration of the switch must be saved if the configuration must survive a power cycle ...

Page 157: ...as When used properly it will effectively isolate two or more groups from each other in a logical manner This means that Broadcast Multicast and Unicast frames in one VLAN will not interfere with another isolated VLAN group The examples in this section are shown as configured on a 708TX switch but the 710FX2 series may be configured similarly with the additional ports Example 1 Basic understanding...

Page 158: ...Port s Notes TX1 Untagged MAC on port TX2 Packet Discarded TX1 VID 2 MAC on port TX2 TX2 Unicast Traffic TX1 VID 4 MAC on port TX2 Packet Discarded TX1 VID 2 MAC on port TX5 TX2 Floods VLAN 2 TX3 Untagged MAC on port TX1 Packet Discarded TX3 VID 1 MAC on port TX6 TX6 Unicast Traffic TX3 VID 1 Unknown MAC TX5 TX8 Floods VLAN 1 TX3 VID 4 MAC on port TX8 Packet Discarded ...

Page 159: ...Untagged MAC on port TX2 TX2 Adds VID 2 to packet TX1 VID 2 MAC on port TX2 TX2 Unicast Traffic TX1 VID 4 MAC on port TX2 Packet Discarded TX1 VID 2 Unknown MAC TX2 Floods VLAN 2 TX3 Untagged Unknown MAC TX4 TX8 Adds VID 1 to packet Floods VLAN 1 TX3 VID 1 MAC on port TX6 TX6 Unicast Traffic TX3 VID 1 Unknown MAC TX4 TX8 Floods VLAN 1 TX3 VID 4 MAC on port TX7 Packet Discarded ...

Page 160: ... VID 2 in the packet TX1 VID 4 MAC on port TX2 Packet Discarded TX1 VID 4 MAC on port TX3 Packet Discarded TX1 VID 2 MAC on port TX2 TX2 Strips VID off packet TX3 Untagged MAC on port TX6 TX6 Unicast Traffic TX3 Untagged Unknown MAC TX4 TX8 Floods VLAN 1 TX3 VID 4 MAC on port TX5 Packet Discarded TX3 VID 4 MAC on port TX4 Packet Discarded TX3 VID 2 MAC on port TX4 TX4 Does not strip VID off packet...

Page 161: ... off packet Floods VLAN 4 TX2 Untagged MAC on port TX1 VID 2 TX1 Unicast Traffic TX2 Untagged MAC on port TX5 VID 2 TX5 Unicast Traffic TX2 VID 2 or 3 MAC on port TX5 VID 2 and 3 TX5 Strips VID off packet or floods if MAC is unknown for VID TX2 Untagged Unknown MAC TX1 TX3 TX8 Floods VLAN 2 TX3 Untagged MAC on port TX1 VID 3 TX2 TX4 TX8 Floods VLAN 3 TX3 Untagged MAC on port TX2 VID 3 TX2 Unicast ...

Page 162: ...0 00 00 02 TX1 TX3 TX8 Goes to ports TX1 TX3 TX8 TX3 Untagged 01 00 00 00 00 01 TX2 TX4 TX8 Goes to ports TX2 TX4 TX8 TX6 Untagged 01 00 00 00 00 02 TX8 Goes to port TX8 TX3 Untagged 01 00 00 00 00 02 TX6 TX8 Goes to ports TX6 and TX8 Note If there are multiple ports on different VLANs the 710FX2 will apply the static multicast address to the lowest VLAN ID that is associated with one of the ports...

Page 163: ...DC N TRON Power Supply NTPS 24 1 3 1 3 Amp 24VDC Environmental Operating Temperature 40 C to 70 C Storage Temperature 40 C to 85 C Operating Humidity 5 to 95 Non Condensing Operating Altitude 0 to 10 000 ft Shock and Vibration bulkhead mounting Shock 200g 10ms Vibration Seismic 50g 5 200Hz Triaxial Reliability MTBF 2 Million Hours Warranty 3 years from the date of purchase Connectors 10 100BaseTX ...

Page 164: ...ode Fiber Optic Cable Singlemode Fiber Optic Cable Regulatory Approvals Safety Suitable for use in Class I Division 2 Groups A B C and D Hazardous Locations or Nonhazardous Locations only EMI ANSI C63 4 FCC 47 CFR Part 15 Subpart B Class A ICES 003 Class A EMC EN 61000 6 2 Immunity EN 61000 6 4 Emissions IEC 61000 4 2 ESD IEC 61000 4 3 RFI IEC 61000 4 4 EFT IEC 61000 4 5 Surge IEC 61000 4 6 RF IEC...

Page 165: ...DC Input Ripple Less than 100 mV N TRON Power Supply NTPS 48 2 2 Amp 48VDC Environmental Operating Temperature 40 C to 70 C Storage Temperature 40 C to 85 C Operating Humidity 5 to 95 Non Condensing Operating Altitude 0 to 10 000 ft Shock and Vibration bulkhead mounting Shock 50g 10ms Vibration Seismic 30g 10 200Hz Triaxial Reliability MTBF 2 Million Hours Warranty 3 years from the date of purchas...

Page 166: ...ental Compliance IEC 61850 3 Electric Utility Substations IEEE 1613 Electric Utility Substations EMC Directive 2004 108 EC EN 61000 6 2 Immunity NEMA TS 2 Traffic Control Equipment Regulatory Certifications Product Safety TUV GS EN 60950 1 Emissions FCC Title 47 Part 15 Radio Frequency Devices Subpart B Class B ANSI C63 4 2003 Industry Canada ICES 003 Class B EN 61000 6 4 Class B Immunity IEC 6100...

Page 167: ...onfiguration Switch 7506GX2 Switch Switches ______________________________________________________________________________________ Administration Administration SwitchName myname SwitchName optional 255 character limit SwitchLocation mylocation SwitchLocation optional 255 character limit SwitchContact mycontact SwitchContact optional 255 character limit Administration _____________________________...

Page 168: ...to the maximum port number for the switch PVID 1 PVID PVID ranges from 1 to 4094 Port Port PortName TX6 PortName Name of port on switch PVID 26 PVID PVID ranges from 1 to 4094 Port Ports ______________________________________________________________________________________ DHCP server DHCPServer mode keep or delete mode must be keep or delete mode delete delete existing profiles before adding prof...

Page 169: ... delete mode must be keep or delete mode delete delete existing authorized MACs before adding authorized MACs default mode keep do not delete existing authorized MACs before adding authorized MACs ValidatePorts yes OR no ValidatePorts optional Must be yes default or no If no invalid ports are ignored Entry MACAddress 00 07 af ff 5b c0 MACAddress 17 character limit MAC is valid on all ports listed ...

Page 170: ...ice WARRANTIES EXCLUSIVE IF AN N TRON PRODUCT DOES NOT OPERATE AS WARRANTED ABOVE CUSTOMER S SOLE REMEDY FOR BREACH OF THAT WARRANTY SHALL BE REPAIR REPLACEMENT OR REFUND OF THE PURCHASE PRICE PAID AT N TRON S OPTION TO THE FULL EXTENT ALLOWED BY LAW THE FOREGOING WARRANTIES AND REMEDIES ARE EXCLUSIVE AND ARE IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES TERMS OR CONDITIONS EXPRESS OR IMPLIED EITHER IN FACT OR ...

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