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Summary of Contents for DS8000 - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Page 1: ...IBM System Storage DS8000 User s Guide V ersion 1 Release 4 SC26 7915 02 ...

Page 2: ......

Page 3: ...IBM System Storage DS8000 User s Guide V ersion 1 Release 4 SC26 7915 02 ...

Page 4: ...onmental notices and Notices This edition replaces SC26 7915 01 and all previous versions of SC26 7623 Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2004 2008 All rights reserved US Government Users Restricted Rights Use duplication or disclosure restricted by GSA ADP Schedule Contract with IBM Corp ...

Page 5: ... configuration overview 32 Chapter 2 Installing the simulated DS8000 Storage Manager interface 35 Installing the DS Storage Manager on the Windows operating system using the graphical mode 36 Installing the IBM System Storage DS Storage Manager on the Windows operating system using unattended silent mode 43 Removing the DS Storage Manager from a Windows operating system 50 Removing the DS Storage ...

Page 6: ... Services functions across a 2105 and 2107 242x 133 Copy Services functions with i5 OS 133 Adding a Copy Services 2105 domain to a storage complex 135 Creating a Metro Mirror volume pair between a 2107 242x and a 2105 136 Creating remote FlashCopy transactions 138 Chapter 9 Migrating data to a storage unit 141 How to select a data migration method 141 Considerations for replacing existing storage ...

Page 7: ...ormance statement 181 Japanese Voluntary Control Council for Interference VCCI class A statement 182 Korean Ministry of Information and Communication MIC statement 183 Taiwan class A compliance statement 183 Taiwan Contact Information 183 Glossary 185 185 Index 215 Contents v ...

Page 8: ...vi DS8000 User s Guide ...

Page 9: ...tor panel 21 7 Logical configuration sequence 34 8 DS8300 default LPAR resource allocation 98 9 Storage image resource allocation in the processor complexes of the DS8300 99 10 Refreshing target volume reverse restore 110 11 Metro Global Mirror configuration 119 12 Metro Global Mirror volume configuration 120 13 Metro Global Mirror configuration with master and subordinate storage units 121 14 For...

Page 10: ...viii DS8000 User s Guide ...

Page 11: ...chart 6 2 Comparison of licensed functions 29 3 User Group capabilities 92 4 Failover and failback implementation 155 5 Remote mirror and copy return codes 160 6 Copy Services suspension reason codes 163 Copyright IBM Corp 2004 2008 ix ...

Page 12: ...x DS8000 User s Guide ...

Page 13: ...stalling the DS8000 Storage Manager on a Windows or Linux operating system v Using the management console to access the DS8000 Storage Manager v Using the optional features supported on the storage unit v Migrating data to or between storage units v Handling disaster recovery v Analyzing problems Note For additional information on analyzing problems and troubleshooting see Troubleshooting on page ...

Page 14: ...xii DS8000 User s Guide ...

Page 15: ...e potential of causing moderate or minor personal injury 1001 2 Find the number that matches in the IBM System Storage Solutions Safety Notices for IBM Versatile Storage Server and IBM System Storage Enterprise Storage Server GC26 7229 Environmental notices This section identifies the environmental guidelines that pertain to this product Product recycling and disposal This unit contains recyclable...

Page 16: ...ant to minimize any potential effects of EEE on the environment and human health due to the potential presence of hazardous substances in EEE For proper collection and treatment contact your local IBM representative Battery return program This product may contain a sealed lead acid nickel cadmium nickel metal hydride lithium or lithium ion battery Consult your user manual or service manual for spe...

Page 17: ... or mixed case command names italics Text in italics is used to emphasize a word In command syntax it is used for variables for which you supply actual values monospace Text in monospace identifies the data or commands that you type samples of command output or examples of program code or messages from the system svc00064 svc00065 svc00066 Notices and publication information xv ...

Page 18: ...application provides a set of commands that you can use to write customized scripts for a host system SC26 7916 IBM System Storage DS8000 Host Systems Attachment Guide This guide provides information about attaching hosts to the DS8000 storage unit The DS8000 provides a variety of host attachments so that you can consolidate storage capacity and workloads for open systems hosts and System z or S 3...

Page 19: ... design and implement a new installation or migrate from an existing one This publication also discusses the architecture and components of the DS8000 and provides useful information for anyone who will manage the DS8000 SG24 6786 Implementing Copy Services on S 390 This publication from the IBM International Technical Support Organization tells you how to install customize and configure Copy Serv...

Page 20: ...ch with Telnet and the Simple Network Management Protocol SC26 7349 IBM SAN Fibre Channel Switch 2109 Model S16 Installation and Service Guide This publication describes how to install and maintain the IBM SAN Fibre Channel Switch 2109 Model S16 It is intended for trained service representatives and service providers SC26 7352 IBM SAN Fibre Channel Switch 2109 Model S16 User s Guide This guide int...

Page 21: ...architecture It describes how to define install and configure the channels or channel paths control units and I O devices on the ES 9000 processors and the IBM ES 3090 Processor Complex GC38 0097 IOCP User s Guide IBM e logo server zSeries 800 and 900 This publication describes the Input Output Configuration Program that supports the zSeries 800 and 900 servers This publication is available in PDF...

Page 22: ...nyone concerned with the functional details of z Architecture will find this publication useful SA22 7832 SAN IBM OS 390 Hardware Configuration Definition User s Guide This guide explains how to use the Hardware Configuration Data application to perform the following tasks v Define new hardware configurations v View and modify existing hardware configurations v Activate configurations v Query supp...

Page 23: ...our environment SG24 5420 Storage management Device Support Facilities User s Guide and Reference This publication describes the IBM Device Support Facilities ICKDSF product used with IBM direct access storage device DASD subsystems ICKDSF is a program that you can use to perform functions that are needed for the installation the use and the maintenance of IBM DASD You can also use it to perform s...

Page 24: ...in a new browser window by right clicking on the link and selecting Open in New Window Web sites The following Web sites provide information about the IBM System Storage DS8000 series and other IBM storage products Type of Storage Information Web Site Concurrent Copy for System z and S 390 host systems http www storage ibm com software sms sdm DS command line interface DS CLI http www 1 ibm com su...

Page 25: ...k Technical notes on the Troubleshooting tab z OS Global Mirror formerly XRC for System z and S 390 host systems http www storage ibm com software sms sdm How to send your comments Your feedback is important to help us provide the highest quality information If you have any comments about this information or any other DS8000 series documentation you can submit them in the following ways v e mail S...

Page 26: ...xxiv DS8000 User s Guide ...

Page 27: ...when you use the simulated DS Storage Manager Here are some things to consider as a result of this change v You do not need to perform a stand alone installation to use the real time DS Storage Manager v You must manually enter the URL for the DS Storage Manager into the browser on the HMC and create your own bookmarks or you must provide the IBM System Storage Productivity Center Element Manager ...

Page 28: ...rnet Protocol Version 6 IPv6 was added See Internet Protocol Conventions for IPv4 and IPv6 on page 89 for more information v Support for RAID 6 was added See RAID 6 overview on page 22 for more information v Support for larger volumes on z Series was added through the use of CKD Extended Address Volumes 3390 Model A See CKD extended address volumes 3390 Model A on page 30 v Support for a variable ...

Page 29: ... an animated presentation about installation and configuration service and support and management tasks Overview of the DS8000 series models The DS8000 series offers various choices of base and expansion models so you can configure storage units that meet your performance and configuration needs DS8100 The DS8100 Models 921 and 931 features a dual two way processor complex and support for one expa...

Page 30: ...up to 128 disk drives 3 All base models contain one management console a keyboard and display The management console is the focal point for configuration copy services management and maintenance activities 4 All base models contain two processor enclosures The Model 921 and 931 processor enclosures have 2 way processors Processor enclosures on Models 922 932 9A2 and 9B2 have 4 way processors 5 All...

Page 31: ...imum configuration each expansion model can hold 256 disk drives 3 Expansion models can contain I O enclosures and adapters if they are the first expansion models that are attached to a Model 922 932 9A2 or 9B2 The second third or fourth expansion model in a 922 932 9A2 or 9B2 configuration cannot have I O enclosures and adapters nor can any expansion model that is attached to a Model 921 or 931 I...

Page 32: ...version to a Model 922 Model 932 Model 9A2 or Model 9B2 There are no available model conversions from Models 92x 9Ax to Models 93x 9Bx Figure 3 shows the maximum configuration of a Model 921 or Model 931 which is the 921 or the 931 base model plus one 92E expansion model Fans Plenum Fan Sense RPC Fan Sense PPS PPS Disk Drive Set Disk Drive Set Disk Drive Set Disk Drive Set Processor 2 way Processo...

Page 33: ...g expanded capacity and number of adapters Up to 384 disk drives for a maximum capacity of 192 TB Up to 32 fibre channel FICON or ESCON host adapters v With two expansion models you can support the following expanded capacity Up to 640 disk drives for a maximum capacity of 320 TB v With three expansion models you can support the following expanded capacity Up to 896 disk drives for a maximum capac...

Page 34: ... PPS Battery Disk Drive Set Disk Drive Set Disk Drive Set Disk Drive Set Processor 4 way Processor 4 way I O Enclosures Adapters I O Enclosures Adapters I O Enclosures Adapters I O Enclosures Adapters Battery Battery Fans Plenum PPS PPS Battery Disk Drive Set Disk Drive Set Disk Drive Set Disk Drive Set Disk Drive Set Disk Drive Set Disk Drive Set Disk Drive Set I O Enclosures Adapters I O Enclosu...

Page 35: ...Up to 256 GB Up to 32 host adapters With 4 expansion models 92E 4 way Up to 1024 disks maximum capacity of 512 TB Up to 256 GB Up to 32 host adapters Model 9A2 9B2 2 images None 4 way Up to 128 disks maximum capacity of 64 TB Up to 256 GB Up to 16 host adapters With 1 expansion model 9AE 4 way Up to 384 disks maximum capacity of 192 TB Up to 256 GB Up to 32 host adapters With 2 expansion models 9A...

Page 36: ...932 v Model 931 to 9B2 will be first converted to a 932 and then to a 9B2 v Model 9A2 to 922 v Model 922 to 9A2 v Model 932 to 9B2 v Model 9B2 to 932 v Model 92E to 9AE v Model 9AE to 92E DS8000 physical footprint The physical footprint dimensions caster locations and cable openings for a DS8000 unit help you plan your installation site Figure 5 on page 9 shows the overall physical footprint of a ...

Page 37: ...hout covers 8 Depth of frame with covers 9 Minimum dimension between casters and outside edges of frames 84 7 33 3 64 5 25 4 5 1 2 0 58 9 23 2 76 2 30 0 45 7 18 0 34 8 13 7 16 6 3 90 0 35 4 Cable Opening 85 3 33 6 106 7 42 0 118 3 46 6 121 9 48 0 1wnto5 8 55 3 4 9 37 3 7 7 8 9 6 5 5 1 2 3 3 4 2x Figure 5 DS8000 physical footprint Dimensions are in centimeters inches Chapter 1 Introduction to IBM S...

Page 38: ...al feature in the 92x 9Ax models Industry standard fibre channel disk drives The DS8000 series offers a selection of fibre channel disk drives including 300 GB fibre channel drives and 500 GB fibre channel ATA FATA disk drives that allow a DS8100 to scale up to a capacity of 192 TB and a DS8300 to scale up to a capacity of 512 TB The 500 GB FATA disk drives are lower cost disk drives that are desi...

Page 39: ...ize the topics for which you might require more information It provides information regarding user assistance for tasks concepts reference user scenarios tutorials and other types of user information Because the information is all in one place rather than across multiple publications you can access the information that you need more efficiently and effectively For the latest version of the online ...

Page 40: ...your system has already been configured The DS command line interface The IBM System Storage DS command line interface CLI allows a user to create delete modify and view Copy Services functions and the logical configuration of a storage unit These tasks can be performed either interactively in batch processes operating system shell scripts or in DS CLI script files A DS CLI script file is a text f...

Page 41: ...plications to communicate with a storage unit The DS Open API supports the IBM System Storage DS8000 and the IBM System Storage DS6000 series and the IBM TotalStorage Enterprise Storage Server It is available for the AIX Linux and Windows operating system environments and must be used on storage units that have fibre channel ports IBM TotalStorage Productivity Center for Disk IBM TotalStorage Prod...

Page 42: ...l interface that you can use for configuring and managing Copy Services functions across the DS8000 DS6000 and Enterprise Storage Server ESS storage units These data copy services maintain consistent copies of data on source volumes that are managed by Replication Manager IBM TotalStorage Productivity Center for Replication V3 1 for FlashCopy Metro Mirror and Global Mirror support provided automat...

Page 43: ...e or more racks with associated power supplies batteries and cooling Storage server A storage server consists of two processor complexes four or more I O enclosures and a pair of rack power control cards Processor complex A processor complex controls and manages the storage unit to perform the function of the storage server The two processor complexes form a redundant pair such that if either proc...

Page 44: ...that are attached to the storage unit in more than one zone This enables multiple host adapters to share access to the storage unit fibre channel ports Shared access to a storage unit fibre channel port might come from host platforms that support a combination of bus adapter types and the operating systems Open systems host attachment with fibre channel adapters You can attach a DS8000 series to a...

Page 45: ...stem z and S 390 hosts With ESCON adapters the storage unit provides the following configurations v A maximum of 32 host ports for DS8100 Models 921 and 931 and a maximum of 64 host ports for DS8300 Models 922 932 9A2 and 9B2 v A maximum of 64 logical paths per port v Access to 16 control unit images 4096 CKD devices over a single ESCON port on the storage unit v Zero to 64 ESCON channels two per ...

Page 46: ...ther fabric or point to point topologies v A maximum of 64 host adapter ports on DS8100 Models 921 and 931 and a maximum of 128 host adapter ports on DS8300 Models 922 932 9A2 and 9B2 v A maximum of 509 logins per fibre channel port v A maximum of 8192 logins per storage unit v A maximum of 1280 logical paths on each fibre channel port v Access to all 255 control unit images 8000 CKD devices over ...

Page 47: ...itch initiates a storage unit power on sequence or a storage unit force power off sequence This switch is applicable only when the local remote switch is set to local You can access this switch by opening the rear cover of the unit Planning requirements None Note To activate this switch press and hold it for 8 seconds v Unit emergency power off switch Available on all models Use this switch only i...

Page 48: ...ect Power Control The Control mode page is displayed 3 To enable the power on and off button for the following steps set the Current power control mode to Remote and set the Set remote power control mode to Remote management console manual 4 Click Apply and then click on the Power on off option in the left navigation pane The Power on off page is displayed 5 The button label depends on the current...

Page 49: ...at is found on a Model DS8000 machine type 2107 242x The following identifies the LED indicators that are referenced in the graphic 1 Line Cord 1 LED for power system 1 2 Line Cord 2 LED for power system 2 3 Attention LED Data management features The DS8000 storage unit is designed with the following management features that allow you to securely process and access your data according to your busi...

Page 50: ...ata protection is provided by parity which is stored throughout the drives in the array If a drive fails the data on that drive can be restored using all the other drives in the array along with the parity bits that were created when the data was stored RAID 6 overview RAID 6 is a method of increasing the data protection of arrays with volume data spread across multiple disk drives The DS8000 seri...

Page 51: ...different versions of microcode and can be used for completely separate production test or other unique storage environments within this single physical system Where separate storage subsystems were previously required this capability enables storage consolidation which increases management efficiency and cost effectiveness Typically the different machine code levels of a common release are compat...

Page 52: ...rovide support for virtually unlimited distance between the local and remote sites with the distance typically limited only by the capabilities of the network and the channel extension technology IBM System Storage Metro Global Mirror a combination of Metro Mirror and Global Mirror Metro Global Mirror is a three site remote copy solution which uses synchronous replication to mirror data between a ...

Page 53: ...d to the target volume The amount of time that it takes to complete the background copy depends on the following criteria v The amount of data being copied v The number of background copy processes that are occurring v The other activities that are occurring on the storage units The FlashCopy function supports the following copy options Consistency groups Creates a consistent point in time copy of...

Page 54: ...th the DS6000 series ESS Model 750 and ESS Model 800 The remote mirror and copy feature provides synchronous Metro Mirror and asynchronous Global Copy data mirroring The main difference is that the Global Copy feature can operate at very long distances even continental distances with minimal impact on applications Distance is limited only by the network and channel extenders technology capabilitie...

Page 55: ...le use of the available bandwidth The updates are tracked and periodically copied to the target volumes As a consequence there is no guarantee that data is transferred in the same sequence that was applied to the source volume To get a consistent copy of your data at your remote site you must periodically switch from Global Copy to Metro Mirror mode then either stop the application I O or freeze d...

Page 56: ...ontains a group of source volumes that are mirrored asynchronously to provide a consistent copy of data at the remote site Sessions are associated with Global Mirror relationships and are defined with an identifier session ID that is unique across the enterprise The ID identifies the group of volumes in a session that are related and that can participate in the Global Mirror consistency group Metr...

Page 57: ...irroring configurations in System z environments z OS Global Mirror Multiple Reader helps maintain constant data consistency between mirrored sites and promotes efficient recovery This function is supported on the DS8000 series running in a System z environment with version 1 7 or later at no additional charge Comparison of licensed functions A key decision that you must make in planning for a dis...

Page 58: ...orage unit and operating system to use PAVs You can use the logical configuration definition to define PAV bases PAV aliases and their relationship in the storage unit hardware This unit address relationship creates a single logical volume allowing concurrent I O operations For System z or S 390 hosts the storage unit supports concurrent or parallel data transfer operations to or from the same vol...

Page 59: ... near line applications that require large amounts of data at low cost They are not intended for use in applications that require drive duty cycles greater than 20 To intermix the FATA disk drive sets and fibre channel disk drive sets is not supported within a disk enclosure or at creation However intermixing on the same DA loop of enclosures with different drive types is supported if the drives w...

Page 60: ...ement code Are the storage units different In which case you want to ensure that the new configuration is large enough to accommodate the existing data You also want to ensure that the virtual disks are similar in configuration to the disk drives that they are replacing v Time and complexity involved Typically data migration requires that updates or changes cease while the movement occurs Also dep...

Page 61: ...ies a set of logical volumes By identifying different volume groups for different uses or functions for example SCSI target FICON ESCON control unit remote mirror and copy secondary volumes FlashCopy targets and Copy Services access to the set of logical volumes that are identified by the volume group can be controlled Volume groups map hosts to volumes Figure 7 on page 34 shows a graphic represen...

Page 62: ...an use the Simulated Manager to create or import a configuration This lets you export a configuration that you have already created to a system when it reaches your site Disk Array Site Array Rank Extents CKD Mod1 Extent in IBM System z environments FB 1GB in an Open systems Host Virtualization Extent Pool E x t e n t s Logical Volume Volume Group Volume Groups Map Hosts to Volumes f2d00137 Figure...

Page 63: ...on in your browser if you want to observe the installation progress bars that are associated with the DS Storage Manager installation Animations are supported by default in Mozilla Firefox Use the following instructions for Internet Explorer a From the Tools menu select Internet Options b Select the Advanced tab and scroll down to the Multimedia section c Check Play animation in web pages Supporte...

Page 64: ...n save it and then apply it to a network attached DS8000 at a later time Attention The simulated DS Storage Manager is designed to assist you in creating an initial configuration for your system Do not attempt to upload a configuration file if your system has already been configured Installing the DS Storage Manager on the Windows operating system using the graphical mode Complete this task to ins...

Page 65: ...BM System Storage DS Storage Manager software Readme file recommended selection Provides updated product information that was not provided in these installation instructions User s guide Provides specific installation instructions DS8000 Storage Manager Web site Provides information from the product Web site Installation wizard Starts the IBM System Storage DS Storage Manager installation program ...

Page 66: ...ck it and click OK The directory path is displayed in the Directory Name field 8 Observe the message on each of the next two Installation Checking windows and click Next on each window to continue If the servers have not been installed the Server Parameters window is displayed with default values in the input fields Go to Step 9 to proceed with the Server Parameters window For a typical installati...

Page 67: ...ame in the form as localhost v HTTP Port The port number that the DS Storage Manager Server uses It is recommend that the port numbers specified in this section not be changed from the defaults Doing so might compromise remote support The port number must be a port that is not being used by another process on the system After the DS Storage Manager Server is installed you must include this port nu...

Page 68: ...ficates the Installation Confirmation window is displayed Note When you select Generate self signed certificates during installation and the key files already exist on the system at the specified location clicking Next causes a message to display It asks you to designate whether you want to have the system keep existing application server certificates if they exist on the location The default is Y...

Page 69: ...ers DS Storage Manager Server and DS Network Interface Server are already installed on your system they are stopped in the following order 1 The Embedded IBM WebSphere Application Server Express server part of the DS Storage Manager Server 2 The DS Network Interface Server 3 The WS Help System part of the DS Storage Manager Server if it was not stopped before by the Embedded IBM WebSphere Applicat...

Page 70: ...splayed containing the post installation tasks Use these instructions to complete the setup tasks Note If the Finish window indicates that the installation fails you must exit the installation process and check the installation log for error messages The installation log is located in xxx logs install log where xxx is the destination directory where the IBM System Storage DS Storage Manager is ins...

Page 71: ...customize a response file and to issue a command from a command prompt window The response file is a template on the IBM System Storage DS Storage Manager CD Perform the following steps to install the IBM System Storage DS Storage Manager in your Windows environment using the unattended silent mode 1 Log on to your Windows system as an administrator 2 Insert the IBM System Storage DS Storage Manag...

Page 72: ... not set these values the installation process fails 5 Save the modifications to the response file 6 Type the following command at the command prompt and press the Enter key on your keyboard to start the installation process in unattended silent mode setup exe options responsefile path responsefile silent where v responsefile path represents the path where the response file resides v responsefile ...

Page 73: ...ptions files are used with options on the command line to modify wizard settings The settings that can be specified for the wizard are listed below To use this template follow these steps 1 Enable a setting below by removing leading characters from the line search for to find settings you can change 2 Specify a value for a setting by replacing the characters value Read each setting s documentation...

Page 74: ...or the bootstrap function and the port number for the Java Remote Method Invocation RMI connector in the application server This value must not conflict with existing port assignments on the system W wasExpressConfig bootstrapPort value User Input Field soapPort The address for the Simple Object Access Protocol SOAP connector in the application server This value must not conflict with existing por...

Page 75: ...e file W wasSslConfiguration keystoreFileName value User Input Field keystorePassword The password for the keystore file W wasSslConfiguration keystorePassword value value User Input Field confirmedKeystorePassword The password confirmation of the keystore file On silent mode the password confirmation is NOT necessary W wasSslConfiguration confirmedKeystorePassword value User Input Field truststor...

Page 76: ...ificate in each keystore file you can assign any value to the label However it is good practice to use a unique label related to the server name W CertificateParams keystoreAlias value User Input Field keySize The key size That must be between 512 and 1024 and must be multiple of 64b The only two allowed values are 512 or 1024 If you enter other values it takes the default value 1024 W Certificate...

Page 77: ...cial CAs might require them W CertificateParams localityName value User Input Field state The state or province if applicable For a self signed certificate these fields are optional However commercial CAs might require them W CertificateParams state value User Input Field country The two letter identifier of the country region in which the server belongs For a self signed certificate these fields ...

Page 78: ...if not used removes it from the system Otherwise the DS Storage Manager Server is not removed from your system v A check of your system to detect if DS Network Interface Server is used by other programs on the system and if not used removes it from the system Otherwise the DS Network Interface Server is not removed from your system v A check to determine whether any of the files to be removed are ...

Page 79: ...ram Files IBM directory Upgrading the DS Storage Manager on a Windows operating system using the graphical mode Complete this task to upgrade the DS Storage Manager to the latest level using the graphical mode for a Windows operating system You must have the latest DS Storage Manager CD ROM or you must download the latest version from the Web site It is recommended that you upgrade the level of co...

Page 80: ...the IBM System Storage DS Storage Manager LaunchPad program 3 If you are installing from a CD click the Readme file selection on the LaunchPad to check for updated information 4 Click the Installation wizard selection on the LaunchPad to start the upgrade program Note The LaunchPad window remains open behind the installation wizard so that you can access product information during the upgrade proc...

Page 81: ...lly qualified name of the two server key files generated before or during the DS Storage Manager installation 11 Follow the instructions on the SSL Configuration window a Select either Generate the Self signed Certificates during installation or select Use Existing SSL Certificates The most likely selection when you are installing for the first time is Generate the Self signed Certificates The sel...

Page 82: ...s selection Validity period days Specifies the lifetime of the certificate in days The information that you provide is used to build a profile for the certificate This information is used during identity processing to ensure validation of any processing that is occurring It is part of the security measures that are used during SSL connectivity 14 Click Next to continue or click Cancel to exit the ...

Page 83: ...tem restart is required the system starts both servers first the DS Network Interface Server and then the DS Storage Manager Server Wait for the servers to be started before proceeding to the next step When the servers have been started the Installer Finish window opens with the result of the installation process successful or unsuccessful If a system restart is required the Installer Finish windo...

Page 84: ... special characters It could cause the installation to fail 2 The DS Storage Manager is not supported on any Windows 64 bit operating system Using the unattended silent mode upgrade option allows you to run the upgrade program unattended Use this method of upgrade to issue a command from a command prompt window in the root directory of the IBM System Storage DS Storage Manager CD Perform the follo...

Page 85: ...en behind the installation windows or shutting down the power source To interrupt the installation process normally use the Windows application Cancel button Perform the following steps to install the IBM System Storage DS Storage Manager 1 Log on as a user with root authority 2 Create a mount point or choose an existing mount point 3 Determine where you want to mount the DS8000 Storage Manager CD...

Page 86: ...sure that you have the latest installation information The README file can provide additional information that supersedes information in this guide Note You can also access the README txt file located in the doc subdirectory on the IBM System Storage DS8000 Storage Manager CD 8 Click the Installation wizard selection on the LaunchPad to start the installation Note The LaunchPad window remains open...

Page 87: ...window is displayed if the DS Storage Manager server is already installed on your system A message is displayed on the window that indicates which version of the server is installed and whether the installation process installs a newer version of the server To continue the installation process you must click Next or click Cancel to exit the installation process When you click Next the DS Network I...

Page 88: ...me plus the fully qualified host name plus the port plus DS8000 Console An example is http myhost com 8451 DS8000 Console c HTTPS Port The port that DS Storage Manager Server uses for secure HTTP transport HTTPS d Bootstrap RMI Port The port that DS Storage Manager Server uses for bootstrap port e SOAP Port The port that DS Storage Manager Server uses for Simple Object Access Protocol SOAP f Serve...

Page 89: ...identifies the certificate within the keystore file It is a good practice to use a unique name that is related to the server name Key size Two key sizes are available 512 and 1024 1024 is the default Common name This name is the primary universal identity for the certificate If your system contains the secured WebSphere environment this name must be valid in the configured user registry Organizati...

Page 90: ...Network Interface Server Installation Progress window Note You can click Cancel not recommended during the DS Network Interface Server installation process The process does not stop immediately when the Cancel button is clicked Rather the process continues to install all the files that are associated with this part of the installation These files remain installed and are not reinstalled upon react...

Page 91: ... The postinstallation txt file is displayed immediately after the installation of the DS Storage Manager finishes processing If the postallation txt file does not display click the Post installation tasks link on the LaunchPad window to access these instructions These instructions provide reminders and the steps to help you start using the DS Storage Manager 23 Exit the LaunchPad program by clicki...

Page 92: ...ollowing guidelines a Open the response file using a text editor Remember that you must enclose all values in double quotation marks value b Replace the parameters values with the appropriate values for each uncommented option c For the port values ensure that they are free for use not used or reserved for use by other applications on your system Use the command netstat an to verify the ports that...

Page 93: ... where the DS8000 Storage Manager was installed The install log file contains a trace of the installation actions 12 Perform the postinstallation tasks after the installation has completed You can read the instructions for the postinstallation tasks in the postinstallation txt in the doc directory on the product CD The following is an example of the template response file that is created when you ...

Page 94: ...TP transport in the application server will use This value must not conflict with existing port assignments on the system W wasExpressConfig httpPort 8451 User Input Field httpsPort The port number that the HTTPS transport in the application server will use for secure HTTP transport This value must not conflict with existing port assignments on the system W wasExpressConfig httpsPort 8452 User Inp...

Page 95: ...ng the SSL certificates Legal values are generate the default value Generate the self signed certificates during installation use Use existing certificatesFor example to specify that the generate option is selected use W wasSslConfigurationPanel certificateOption generate W wasSslConfiguration certificateOption generate User Input Field keystoreFileName The absolute path of the keystore file W was...

Page 96: ...s in order to delete application server certificates if they exist on the location and to generate others or no the default value in order to keep the existing application server certificates G deleteCertificates yes User Input Field keystoreAlias The alias for the self signed digital certificate which is used to uniquely identify the certificate within the keystore file If you have only one certi...

Page 97: ...es frequently represent server principals and the common convention is to use common names of the form host_name and server_name The common name must be valid in the configured user registry for the secured WebSphere environment W CertificateParams commonName User Input Field organizationName The name of your organization W CertificateParams organizationName IBM User Input Field organizationUnit T...

Page 98: ...d User Input Field localityName The location city For a self signed certificate these fields are optional However commercial CAs might require them W CertificateParams localityName User Input Field state The state or province if applicable For a self signed certificate these fields are optional However commercial CAs might require them W CertificateParams state User Input Field country The two let...

Page 99: ...h to complete the removal process and exit the uninstallation program Removing the DS8000 Storage Manager from a Linux operating system using the unattended silent mode You can remove the IBM System Storage DS Storage Manager from your Linux operating system by using the unattended silent mode 1 Log on as root to the system where the DS8000 Storage Manager is installed 2 Type dest_path _uninst uni...

Page 100: ... LaunchPad facility provides links for you to view various text files such as DS8000 Storage Manager overview Provides information about the IBM System Storage DS Storage Manager software Readme file recommended selection Provides last minute product information that was not provided in these upgrade instructions User s guide Provides the instructions in HTML format associated with installing and ...

Page 101: ...on of the DS Storage Manager Server that is already installed on your system and the action the wizard will perform If you agree click Next or click Cancel to exit the upgrade process When you click Next the DS Network Interface Server Installation Checking window is displayed if the DS Network Interface service is installed on your system 13 Observe the information that is displayed on the Linux ...

Page 102: ...nformation Keystore alias This is the alias for the self signed certificate It uniquely identifies the certificate within the keystore file It is a good practice to use a unique name related to the server name Key size Two key sizes are available 512 and 1024 1024 is the default Common name This name is the primary universal identity for the certificate If your system contains the secured WebSpher...

Page 103: ...s that are associated with this part of the installation These files remain installed and are not reinstalled upon reactivation of the installation process A confirmation message is displayed asking you to confirm that you want to cancel the installation c The Components Installation Progress displaying the installation or upgrade progress of the DS Storage Manager product applications is displaye...

Page 104: ... the DS Storage Manager 23 Exit the LaunchPad program by clicking Exit on the LaunchPad window 24 Type the following command when you are finished using the IBM System Storage DS Storage Manager CD and you want to remove the CD from your computer umount mnt cdrom where mnt cdrom is where the CD is mounted Upgrading the IBM System Storage DS8000 Storage Manager on the Linux operating system in unat...

Page 105: ...ct This can take 5 10 minutes 8 Review the log file for any possible error messages after the installation program completes If there are no errors the installation program completed successfully The log file is located in xxx logs install log where xxx is the destination directory where the DS8000 Storage Manager was installed The install log file contains a trace of the installation actions 9 Pe...

Page 106: ...78 DS8000 User s Guide ...

Page 107: ... Internet Options On the Security tab select Internet and click Custom level Under Miscellaneous enable Allow META REFRESH Under Scripting enable Active scripting 2 When running the DS8000 Element Manager from the IBM System Storage Productivity Center with a combination of Internet Explorer 6 and SSL HTTPS mode intermittent connection problems are seen These problems can cause some usability inco...

Page 108: ...ers depending on your choice of action Wait for the servers to start up or completely stop before proceeding The DS Storage Manager server will stop first and then the DS Network Interface server The servers start in the opposite order They can be stopped and started separately but they must follow this order 4 Click Stop or Start for the action that you want to complete Stopping and starting the ...

Page 109: ...ls then Services Log on to your Windows operating system and use the following steps to access the DS Storage Manager Note If you have not already done so you must select the appropriate browser security settings to open DS Storage Manager in a browser In Internet Explorer on the Tools menu click Internet Options On the Security tab select Internet and click Custom level Under Miscellaneous enable...

Page 110: ...000 Storage Manager console the IBM System Storage DS8000 Signon window is displayed Enter your user name and password to access the program Getting started with the DS Storage Manager Configuration capabilities and the use of the Copy Services features after the initial installation are dependant on the Operating Environment License storage amounts that you purchased The following components are ...

Page 111: ...ur system has already been configured Real time component preinstalled on 2107 242x Use the real time component selections of the DS8000 Storage Manager to work with the logical configuration and Copy Services features when your storage unit is attached to a DS8000 network The real time DS Storage Manager is available at the management console or through IBM System Storage Productivity Center Acti...

Page 112: ...into a file Use the diskette if you cannot access the IBM System Storage DS Storage Manager from the system that you are using to access the DSFA Web site Instead of using a diskette you can also write down the activation codes and then manually enter them into the system that runs the DS Storage Manager v The machine serial number model and signature To obtain your activation codes perform the fo...

Page 113: ...r paper that contains the written activation codes before you begin the following steps 1 Ensure that the Import activation codes page is not open You cannot have both the Apply activation codes page and the Import activation codes page open at the same time You must close one in order to access the other 2 In the navigation select Real time manager Manage Hardware Storage images On the Storage im...

Page 114: ...ect Real time manager Manage Hardware Storage images On the Storage images main page select the storage image that you want to import the activation code for 2 From the Select Action menu select Apply activation codes The Apply Activation codes Real time page is displayed 3 Click Import key file The Import page is displayed 4 In the Select file to import field specify the target file Use the Brows...

Page 115: ...anagement console of the first 2107 242x The management console is the workstation the DS Storage Manager software is installed on This console is used to configure and manage the DS8000 series system Logging onto the management console The management console must always be left operational The real time DS Storage Manager is available at the management console or through the IBM System Storage Pr...

Page 116: ...ullifies the use of the predefined password Thus if you forget your new password you must contact your IBM service representative to have the password reset v Passwords are case sensitive v After entering your new password ensure that you record it for your personal retrieval 1 Select Change HMC password The change user password window is displayed with three input fields 2 Type your old current p...

Page 117: ...r bits are the network identifier and lower order bits are the host identifier The number of bits in a network identifier is defined by a subnet mask which looks like an IP address with all 1s in high order bits and all 0s in low order bits for example 255 255 255 0 An IP address with the host identifier set to all 1s is a broadcast address for all hosts on the network An IP address can also inclu...

Page 118: ...r a message to all interfaces with that multi cast address The first 8 bits of a multi cast addresses is limited to B 1111 1111 for example FF01 1 Transient addresses Addresses that can also be dynamically assigned for special purposes Special addresses Unspecified address Indicates the absence of an address Loop back address The loop back address is 1 the host sends a message to itself Imbedded I...

Page 119: ... for all account roles including Administrators The user must be assigned to at least one group or role Users can be assigned to multiple groups or combinations of groups Groups with the label No Access only cannot be selected in combination with another group Administrators can make the following user group assignments Table 3 on page 92 provides specific capabilities for each user group Administ...

Page 120: ...cal Operator Logical Operator Copy Services Operator Monitor No Access User account management X Access audit log X Update storage complex X X Power on off storage image X X Update storage unit X X Update storage image X X Warmstart storage image X X Manage arrays ranks extent pools X X I O port configuration X X Configuration recovery services unfence volumes discard pinned tracks repair ranks X ...

Page 121: ...unt If you do not have Administrator level privileges Add does not display in the Select Action drop down box of the User administration Main page You can also add a user account with the mkuser DS Command Line Interface command See DS CLI documentation for more information 1 Under Monitor system select User administration In User administration Main page select Add in the Select Action drop down ...

Page 122: ...fy user page is displayed 2 To modify the user name enter up to 16 characters If you do not have Administrator level privileges your user name appears in the User name box by default and you are not able to modify it 3 Specify the user account password Passwords must contain at least 5 alphabetic characters and at least one numeric character with an alphabetic character in the first and last posit...

Page 123: ...dministrative password There might be times when administrative users forget the password that they use to access the DS Storage Manager Beyond the set number of allowable attempts with the wrong password the account is locked If the administrative account is locked the administrator must use the security recovery utility tool to reset the password to the default administrative You cannot unlock a...

Page 124: ...ks list and then highlight the storage facility 6 Navigate to Selected Get HMCs and then highlight the HMC 7 Navigate to Selected Start Stop ESSNI and then select Reset under the Security Recovery Options 8 Click Apply 96 DS8000 User s Guide ...

Page 125: ...ts will be evaluated and approved based on the feasibility with your particular configuration The default resource allocation for processors memory and I O slots in the two storage system logical partitions on the DS8300 is divided into a fixed ratio of 50 50 percent If variable partitions are required the resource allocation for processors and memory can be changed to 25 75 percent or 75 25 perce...

Page 126: ...dependence and efficient work load balancing The factory default configuration is a 50 50 percent split Variable LPAR implementations can be re configured into a 75 25 percent or 25 75 percent split The reconfigured split applies to the following hardware resources v Processors v NVS Cache memory Available memory of NVS and cache is split between images Processor memory equal to installed processo...

Page 127: ...be shared between the LPARs Each storage image has two physical disk drives in each processor complex Each disk drive contains three logical volumes the boot volume and two logical volumes for the memory save dump function These three logical volumes are Storage Image 1 S HMC Processor complex 0 Processors 2 Processors Memory 2 Processors Memory I O drawer 0 HA DA HA HA HA DA RIO G interface SCSI ...

Page 128: ... GB 64 GB per processor complex 64 GB per storage image v 256 GB 128 GB per processor complex 128 GB per storage image RIO G interconnect separation Each RIO G loop is dedicated to a given storage image All I O enclosures on the RIO G loop with the associated host adapters and drive adapters are dedicated to the storage image that owns the RIO G loop As a result of the strict separation of the two...

Page 129: ...hCopy v Remote Mirror and Copy previously known as Peer to Peer Remote Mirror PPRC Metro Mirror previously known as Synchronous PPRC Global Mirror previously known as Asynchronous PPRC Global Copy previously known as PPRC Extended Distance Metro Global Mirror a combination of Metro Mirror and Global Mirror functions v z OS Global Mirror previously known as Extended Remote Copy XRC Note z OS Global...

Page 130: ...oup ID IBM HyperPAV is only supported on FICON channel paths PAV can improve the performance of large volumes You get better performance with one base and two aliases on a 3390 Model 9 than from three 3390 Model 3 volumes with no PAV support With one base it also reduces storage management costs that are associated with maintaining large numbers of volumes The alias provides an alternate path to t...

Page 131: ...ing so provides an accurate representation of the I O configuration The operating system for the System z or S 390 host requires that the input output definition file IODF that the hardware configuration definition HCD creates specifies base and alias devices The operating system dynamically discovers which base and alias devices are associated with each other HCD invokes IOCP to build an IOCDS th...

Page 132: ...NUMBR 7001 PATH 70 71 72 73 UNITADD 00 128 LINK 24 2D 34 3D CUADD 1 UNIT 2107 DEFINE 3390 9 BASE AND ALIASES ADDRESS ON LOGICAL CONTROL UNIT 1 16 BASE ADDRESS 3 ALIASES PER BASE IODEVICE ADDRESS 9100 016 CUNUMBR 7001 STADET Y UNIT 3390B IODEVICE ADDRESS 9150 048 CUNUMBR 7001 STADET Y UNIT 3390A DEFINE 2107 9A2 LOGICAL CONTROL UNIT 2 CNTLUNIT CUNUMBR 7002 PATH 70 71 72 73 UNITADD 00 256 LINK 24 2D ...

Page 133: ...d the following information in order to define the logical control unit LCU v Which devices arrays are 3380 format and which are 3390 format v Which devices have PAVs and which do not v How many devices you define to a given LCU Notes 1 An LCU is equivalent to a logical subsystem LSS Like an LSS an LCU can have a maximum of 256 logical devices or volumes 2 Every device has a single unit address in...

Page 134: ...ss range that is being modified 2 Vary the address range offline This causes any associated parallel access volumes PAVs to become unbound 3 Issue Devserv DS QP xxxx nnnn using the alias addresses to confirm aliases are unbound 4 Undefine the raid rank to allow the configuration of larger capacity volumes 5 Reassociate the PAVs 6 Vary the base address range online 7 Issue Devserv DS QP xxxx nnnn u...

Page 135: ...with the copies immediately available for read or write access It allows you to perform the following types of operations Reverse FlashCopy relationships FlashCopy to Metro Mirror source volumes Multiple relationship FlashCopy Persistent FlashCopy Resynchronization of FlashCopy volume pairs v Remote mirror and copy These functions constantly update a target copy of a volume so that it matches chan...

Page 136: ...rom the time that you initiate a FlashCopy operation until the storage unit copies all data from the source volume to the target volume or you delete the FlashCopy relationship if it is a persistent FlashCopy When the data is physically copied a background process copies tracks from the source volume to the target volume The amount of time that it takes to complete the background copy depends on t...

Page 137: ...data that has changed is copied to the volume previously defined as the source You can reverse a FlashCopy relationship if you want to restore a source volume Volume A to a point in time before you performed the FlashCopy operation In effect you are reversing the FlashCopy operation so that it appears as though no FlashCopy operation ever happened Keep in mind that the background copy process of a...

Page 138: ...he remote site requiring less time for the remote mirror and copy volumes to be synchronized again When you create a FlashCopy operation and the logical copy finishes the corresponding Metro Mirror volume pairs turn to the duplex pending status as long as the FlashCopy data is being transferred to the Metro Mirror remote site The time it takes to complete the copy of the FlashCopy data until all r...

Page 139: ...tay active until it is explicitly withdrawn Normally a FlashCopy relationship is automatically withdrawn when the background physical copy ends Designating that a FlashCopy relationship be persistent can help protect against inadvertent updates of recently created target volumes For example if a source volume is regularly copied to alternating target volumes thereby ensuring that a complete copy o...

Page 140: ... source volume to the target volume the FlashCopy relationship between the volumes is not automatically deleted Rather it remains to allow the volumes to be resynchronized The next time that you want to update the information on your target volume you can resync your target volume again Note If you perform a resync operation it is sent to any source and volume pair All source and target volume pai...

Page 141: ...pairs at different time this consistency might be lost For example if one of the target volumes cannot be updated because a path fails the corresponding source volume normally goes into a suspended state but still allows updates However these updates are no longer transferred to the target volume Only the bitmap of changed tracks is created and maintained So the consistency across volumes is lost ...

Page 142: ...o the recovery site is lost whenever the two storage units can no longer communicate Be aware that the use of Global Copy functions do not guarantee against data loss Global Mirror functions on the other hand provide recoverable copies of production data at a long distance recovery site by continually forming consistent sets of data with no significant performance impact This allows a quick restar...

Page 143: ...nology This unlimited distance enables you to choose your remote site location based on business needs and enables site separation to add protection from localized disasters v A consistent and restartable copy of the data at the remote site created with minimal impact to applications at your local site v Data currency where your remote site might lag behind your local site by 3 to 5 seconds minimi...

Page 144: ...he steps are repeated according to the defined time intervals Fast restore operations The fast reverse option allows you to reverse a FlashCopy relationship without waiting for the background copy of a previous FlashCopy to finish In disaster recovery situations when you use Global Mirror you must use volumes with consistent data at the target site Part of the setup requires that you enable the fa...

Page 145: ...point The default is 50 milliseconds Because host write I O is delayed while the consistent point is being set performance might be affected by allowing too much time for this interval If the time set for the maximum coordination interval expires before formation of the consistent data point is complete the consistency group fails Maximum time writes are inhibited to the remote site Indicates the ...

Page 146: ...d and unplanned outages Metro Global Mirror is a three site high availability disaster recovery solution which uses synchronous replication to mirror data between a local site and an intermediate site and asynchronous replication to mirror data from an intermediate site to a remote site DS8000 storage units support the Metro Global Mirror function on open systems and System z or S 390 hosts You ca...

Page 147: ...ing Metro Mirror Data from the B volumes at the intermediate site is asynchronously replicated to the C volumes at the remote site using Global Copy FlashCopy relationships are created with the C volumes at the remote site as the FlashCopy source volumes and the D volumes at the remote site as the FlashCopy target volumes maintaining the consistent disaster recovery volumes using Global Mirror As ...

Page 148: ... Metro Mirror secondary or target volumes and Global Mirror primary volumes at the same time These volumes are referred to as the B volumes If additional volumes are used at the intermediate site as FlashCopy target volumes they are referred to as E volumes v One set of volumes at the remote site are the Global Mirror secondary volumes and FlashCopy source volumes at the same time These volumes ar...

Page 149: ...igured are designated as subordinates The master sends commands to its subordinate storage units over fibre channel protocol FCP links and coordinates the consistency group formation process over all the subordinate storage units The FCP links also enable the Global Mirror master storage unit to communicate the FlashCopy commands to the remote site All status is then relayed back to the master sto...

Page 150: ...te a consistent point in time copy of multiple volumes with negligible host impact If there is a disaster at the local site data consistency must be maintained across multiple volumes This requires ensuring that consistency groups form successfully at the remote site and are valid to use A consistency group keeps data consistent across multiple volumes in multiple storage units There are two metho...

Page 151: ...e remote site using Global Copy Application writes for the next consistency group are recorded in the change recording bitmap The master storage unit coordinates the consistency group formation for all volumes that belong to a Global Mirror session over FCP links that are based on user specified parameters It also coordinates I O with optional subordinates to all primary volumes to form consistenc...

Page 152: ... the remote site might only be partially formed In either case you must verify the consistency group on the remote site and determine whether the changes need to be rolled forward committed or rolled backward discarded Consistency group tunable values As part of the consistency group formation the master storage unit must communicate with the subordinate storage units to determine a consistent dat...

Page 153: ...s for Metro Global Mirror The Metro Global Mirror function has a number of supported automated management offerings for disaster recovery solutions IBM offers a portfolio of automated solutions that are available to help you implement a disaster recovery plan that best fits your IT environment These solutions require some sort of automation that can react to a failure in a timely manner Automated ...

Page 154: ...sites requires a full volume resynchronization To maintain data integrity a full volume copy is performed because there is no guarantee that data that was written to the local Metro Mirror volumes was secured at the remote site when the outage occurred There is also no guarantee that Global Mirror formed successful consistency groups of consistent data at the remote site before the outage occurred...

Page 155: ...ediate site failure the procedure to restart the recovery environment running Global Mirror from the local site to the remote site is simplified and a full volume copy is not required The following sections describe starting the incremental resynchronization function with initialization in a Metro Global Mirror configuration and in some very specific situations without initialization Information i...

Page 156: ...econdary volumes If you started the incremental resynchronization function with initialization and an outage occurs at the intermediate site you can restart a recovery configuration with Global Mirror running between the local and remote sites Starting the incremental resynchronization function without initialization Starting incremental resynchronization without initialization means that the chan...

Page 157: ...nc disable command or the rmpprc command at the DS CLI command prompt Path connections Before you can create source and target remote mirror and copy pair relationships you must establish logical paths between a logical subsystem LSS in a source storage unit and an LSS in a target storage unit When you implement a remote mirror and copy configuration the definition of paths that remote mirror and ...

Page 158: ...sites for open systems and System z data using asynchronous technology DS8000 storage complexes support the z OS Global Mirror function only on System z hosts The Global Mirror function mirrors data on the storage unit to a remote location for disaster recovery It protects data consistency across all volumes that you have defined for mirroring The volumes can reside on several different storage un...

Page 159: ...hange this value by accessing Copy Services functions from the Web interface DS Storage Manager and navigating to the Paths page and then to the LSS options page The default value for this parameter is set to two minutes Note The consistency group option is not required for Global Mirror or for Global Copy The Global Copy target volumes at the recovery site are likely to be inconsistent Consistenc...

Page 160: ...ypical remote mirror and copy environment processing will temporarily failover to the storage unit at your recovery site if an outage occurs at the production site Through use of failover operations the state of a storage unit in your target configuration changes As a result the storage unit is recognized as the source storage unit in the pair Because the failover process puts the volumes into a s...

Page 161: ...user name and password that was created with the ESS Specialist Therefore the existing user name and password that was created with the ESS Specialist for the 2105 Copy Services domain for which you will be working must match the user name and password on the management console that is connected to the 2107 242x Otherwise you must add them using either the DS Storage Manager or DS CLI as part of t...

Page 162: ...configured your DS8000 for i5 OS you can perform FlashCopy and remote mirror and copy operations to create copies of System i disk pools within a single DS8000 or to a distant DS8000 using remote mirror and copy functions You can save this data and back it up to tape You can install and run the DS CLI on i5 OS to allow you to perform Copy Services functions that are supported on the DS8000 You can...

Page 163: ...ables you to track all of your backup media from creation to expiration You no longer have to keep track of which backup items are on which volumes or worry that you will accidentally write over active data The BRMS implementation of FlashCopy provides a way to perform a backup on a system that was copied using the FlashCopy function BRMS history appears like the backup was performed on the produc...

Page 164: ...e Manager on your own workstation 3 Add a connection for a 2105 Copy Services domain a To add a connection for the 2105 Copy Services domain expand the Manage Hardware section click Storage Complexes and click Add 2105 Copy Services Domain b Add the IP address of the 2105 Copy Services IP address and click OK This is the IP address that you identified in Step 1 If the user name and password on the...

Page 165: ...the suspension occurs at the target domain Perform the following steps to create a Metro Mirror pair between a 2107 242x and a 2105 For this task the source domain is a 2105 Model 800 or 750 and the target is a 2107 242x 1 In the navigation select Real time Manager Copy Services Metro Mirror 2 Select the 2105 Copy Services domain from the list of storage complexes This option is enabled if you inc...

Page 166: ...fter data is completely copied to the target volume of the volume pair the target volume goes into the suspended state 12 On the Verification page review the attributes and values to verify that they are correct 13 If the attributes and values are not correct click Back to return and specify the correct values Otherwise click Finish to complete the process Creating remote FlashCopy transactions Co...

Page 167: ...me 2A00 IBM 2107 1300871 0001 from LSS22 3 Enable a Remote FlashCopy operation at the target site using volume B as the source volume and volume C as the target volume Assume that the target site network connection is lost You can create the FlashCopy relationship from volume B to volume C both volumes at the target site However you cannot use the DS Storage Manager for this step because connectio...

Page 168: ...140 DS8000 User s Guide ...

Page 169: ...for Intel v OS 400 v System i i5 OS v System z z OS z OS e z VM VSE ESA UNIX and TPF1 v TRU64 UNIX v Windows Server 2000 and Advanced Server with SP4 v Windows Server 2003 v Windows Server 2008 v Windows XP with SP1 Data migration is a service offered through IBM Global Services Contact your IBM representative for more information How to select a data migration method Your system administrator sel...

Page 170: ... must be large enough to accommodate the existing data Note You might want to take advantage of this opportunity to do some remapping The allocation and distribution of data does not have to be a straight one to one relationship although that is possible For instance you can take advantage of using a maximum of 255 logical subsystems whereas the prior limitation was 32 logical subsystems Reformatt...

Page 171: ...are provides complete control over all disks and file systems The primary tasks involved in migrating data using the LVM rely upon the use of LVM commands that affect the following functions v Copying v Mirroring v Migrating Direct copy is another method to migrate data While this method uses LVM its main focus is on the use of the UNIX find command and the cpio command Copying a complete logical ...

Page 172: ...ate a mirror copy of a logical volume using the mklvcopy command mklvcopy e m s y k datalv 2 hdisk3 hdisk7 splitlvcopy y splitlv datalv 1 The mklvcopy command options specify the following values e m To use minimum inter disk allocation policy s y To strictly allocate mirror copies on separate physical volumes k To synchronize new copies immediately datalv The name of the logical volume where you ...

Page 173: ...cal volumes that you are moving v Synchronizing the logical volumes v Removing the original logical volume You can use the migratepv command to move data from one physical volume to another physical volume within the same volume group The following usage parameters apply to this command migratepv i l LVname SourcePV DestinationPV Note You can specify more than one destination physical volume First...

Page 174: ...d to migrate data There are times when you must use the direct copy method to migrate data While this method uses the logical volume manager the primary focus is on the use of the UNIX find command and the cpio command The find command generates the list of files to be migrated The cpio command migrates the files on the list The easiest way to produce the list of files is with the UNIX find comman...

Page 175: ...ta from archives AIX provides a pair of commands backup and restore The backup command has two different methods of creating archives either by file name or by the i node Use the restore command to read any archive that is created by the backup command Solaris and HP UX provide the dump and restore commands which backup and restore data by the i node The tar command is available on all UNIX system...

Page 176: ...otected volume This creation enables you to see the protected and unprotected models Unprotected models can be software mirrored Migrating data from an IBM System z host system to the DS8000 storage unit You can use various methods to migrate data from a System z host system to a DS8000 storage unit The correct method depends on your environment and system The following table highlights a few of t...

Page 177: ...MDISK A DIRMAINT command used to move minidisks from any device types that VM supports to any other type v COPYFILE A CMS command used to copy files or minidisks between devices with the same or different track modes v PTAPE A Control Program CP command used to dump spool files to tape and to load files from tape to disk Data migration from a UNIX based host system to a DS8000 storage unit For UNI...

Page 178: ...volumes The migratepv method This is an ideal method for moving data without disrupting users Use the migratepv command to create a mirror of each logical volume that is contained within the physical volume Issuing this command also synchronizes both copies The benefit of this command is that you can run it on an active system You might notice some performance degradation due to the automatic natu...

Page 179: ...t system Use the following information as a guide for how to migrate data from a Windows Server 2000 2003 or 2008 You can migrate data from a Windows host system into an storage unit by mirroring the data and splitting the mirrors similar to the method described for UNIX systems Create a full backup of the data before attempting any data migration Migrating data maintains file ownership permission...

Page 180: ...ror and copy paths 7 Establish remote mirror and copy paths from the Site B storage units to the Site A storage units 8 Establish all IBM System Storage Metro Mirror pairs from the Site B storage units to the Site A storage units 9 Suspend all remote mirror and copy pairs This causes the storage units to maintain a changed track bitmap for all suspended remote mirror and copy primary volumes 10 Re...

Page 181: ... on which device the Failback command is issued to Recovery procedures that include failover and failback modes use remote mirror and copy functions such as Metro Mirror Global Copy Global Mirror Metro Global Mirror and FlashCopy Note See the IBM System Storage DS8000 Command Line Interface User s Guide for specific disaster recovery tasks Data consistency can be achieved using the following metho...

Page 182: ...over operation to your recovery site to continue operations After your production site is operational you can perform a subsequent failback operation to move production back to its original location Moving production to Site B after planned outages failover When you schedule a planned outage at your production site Site A you can switch production to your recovery site Site B allowing the processi...

Page 183: ...ce storage unit becomes available You need the paths in the opposite direction because you want to transfer the updates back to Site A 4 Rescan this is dependant on your operating system your fibre channel devices The rescanning removes device objects for the site A volumes and recognizes the new source volumes 5 Mount your target volumes now the new source volumes on the target storage unit at Si...

Page 184: ...rational production can continue at Site B Failback Site B Volume B Volume A Volume B1 Volume A1 Volume B1 Volume A1 Volume B1 Volume A1 3b prepare to return to production Site A from production Site B Failover Site A Volume A Volume B Volume A1 Volume B1 Volume A1 Volume B1 Volume B1 Volume A1 Suspended state the volume pair might display full or pending state if host write operations have stoppe...

Page 185: ...production to your local site after initiating a planned outage 1 Perform a failback operation at Site B As a result data that has been modified at Site B for the specified volumes is sent from Site B to Site A Data that was modified at Site A after the switch to Site B is overwritten by the data from Site B 2 Quiesce your application still updating volumes at Site B to cease all write I O from up...

Page 186: ...ps summarize the actions you must take to move production to Site B as the result of an unplanned outage and then return production to Site A after it recovers 1 Perform a failover recovery operation to Site B After the failover operation has processed successfully the volumes at Site B transition from target to source volumes 2 Mount your target volumes on your server at Site B 3 Start your appli...

Page 187: ... whenever the SNMP agent is reinitializing Configuration data might change Generic trap 4 authenticationFailure Issued whenever an SNMP message was received but could not be authenticated Generic trap 6 Problem notification and Copy Services traps The storage unit generates the following specific traps in combination with generic trap 6 Specific trap 3 Problem log entry created This trap displays ...

Page 188: ...LSS number in hexadecimal format aaaaa is ESCON or FIBRE bbbb is the primary I O port number cccccc is the primary link address in hexadecimal format dddd is the secondary port number for ESCON direct connection or FIBRE this value is XXXX if you are connected through an ESCON switch eeeeee is the secondary link address in hexadecimal format gg is the reason code in hexadecimal format see Table 5 ...

Page 189: ...is a direct connection X 14 The fibre channel path link is down X 15 The maximum number of fibre channel path retry operations has been exceeded X 16 The fibre channel path secondary adapter is not remote mirror and copy capable This could be caused by one of the following conditions v The secondary adapter is not configured properly or does not have the current firmware installed v The secondary ...

Page 190: ...ondary logical subsystem pair becomes operational after previously being inoperable All other established paths between the two logical subsystems are operational The following information is shown for specific trap 102 ssEventDescr yyyy MM dd hh mm ss tzn error_description UNIT Mnf Type Mod SerialNm LS PRI xxx tttt ooo pp zzzzz ll SEC xxx tttt ooo pp zzzzz ll Path Type PP PLink SP SLink RC 1 aaaa...

Page 191: ...sion reason code SRC in hexadecimal format The suspension reason codes explain the cause of the error that suspended the remote mirror and copy group Table 6 explains the suspension reason codes Table 6 Copy Services suspension reason codes Suspension reason code SRC SRC explanation X 03 The host system sent a command to the primary volume of a remote mirror and copy volume pair to suspend copy op...

Page 192: ... if a primary volume was queried Specific trap 202 Primary remote mirror and copy devices on the LSS were suspended because of an error This trap displays when one or more primary remote mirror and copy devices become suspended because of an error that occurs over a 5 second period The trap information indicates first pair to suspend as well as all of the primary devices on the primary logical sub...

Page 193: ...e following information is shown for specific trap 211 ssEventDescr yyyy MM dd hh mm ss tzn error_description UNIT Mnf Type Mod SerialNm xxx tttt ooo pp zzzzz Session ID qqqq where yyyy MM dd hh mm ss tzn is the time that the alert was sent year month day hour minute second and time zone error_description is the event description xxx is the manufacturer tttt ooo is the machine type and model numbe...

Page 194: ...minute second and time zone error_description is the event description xxx is the manufacturer tttt ooo is the machine type and model number pp zzzzz is the serial number a combination of the plant of manufacture and the sequence number and qqqq is the session identifier Specific trap 215 Global Mirror FlashCopy at remote site unsuccessful This trap displays when the FlashCopy operation at the rem...

Page 195: ...ombination of the plant of manufacture and the sequence number and qqqq is the session identifier Specific trap 218 Global Mirror number of consistency group failures exceed threshold This trap displays when Global Mirror has exceeded the allowed threshold for failed consistency group formation attempts The following information is shown for specific trap 218 ssEventDescr yyyy MM dd hh mm ss tzn e...

Page 196: ...is trap is displayed when the Repository has reached the user defined warning watermark or when physical space is completely exhausted The following information is shown for specific trap 221 ssEventDescr yyyy MM dd hh mm ss tzn error_description UNIT Mnf Type Mod SerialNm xxx tttt ooo pp zzzzz Volume Type v Reason Code r Extent Pool ID ee Percentage Full ff where yyyy MM dd hh mm ss tzn is the ti...

Page 197: ...vent status is either Open or Closed Problem status designations The designations explain where the problem resides in the resolution process Open A problem has occurred that requires service The status will remain in open prior to and during the repair Closed The repair was completed and that changed the status to closed Managing product specific alert traps Product specific alert traps provide i...

Page 198: ...nts the time zone data Provides the following detailed information about the trap v Storage unit machine type v Model v Serial number v Problem ID v Severity partnumber Provides the resource unit and part number Product specific alert traps 3 100 101 102 200 202 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 and 217 These alert traps generate the following information yyyy mm dd hh mm ss zzz Provides the time and da...

Page 199: ...t to help you describe the problem to your service representative Managing informational messages from the storage unit Informational messages are issued through the storage unit as special events occur Your system administrator determines how these messages should be handled Type of informational message An informational message is issued when your service provider runs the customer notification ...

Page 200: ...s this problem ID to access detailed problem information SRN SRC A detailed error code that the service provider uses Problem status The problem status state Description A description of the problem Additional message Any additional information that is available Reporting resource The coded resource name that the service provider uses during the repair process Failure occurred The date and time wh...

Page 201: ...e provider Failure cause Information for the service provider The following fields are the most useful to you in identifying DDM failures v Description v Reporting resource v Last occurrence Appendix Troubleshooting and analyzing problems 173 ...

Page 202: ...174 DS8000 User s Guide ...

Page 203: ...e mouse Navigating by keyboard You can use keys or key combinations to perform operations and initiate menu actions that can also be done through mouse actions You can navigate the IBM System Storage DS8000 information from the keyboard by using the shortcut keys for your browser or screen reader software See your browser or screen reader software Help for a list of shortcut keys that it supports ...

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Page 205: ...THER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF NON INFRINGEMENT MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE Some states do not allow disclaimer of express or implied warranties in certain transactions therefore this statement may not apply to you This information could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors Changes are periodically made to th...

Page 206: ...ay reproduce these Publications for your personal non commercial use provided that all proprietary notices are preserved You may not distribute display or make derivative work of these Publications or any portion thereof without the express consent of IBM Commercial Use You may reproduce distribute and display these Publications solely within your enterprise provided that all proprietary notices a...

Page 207: ... v DFSMS VM v DS4000 v DS6000 v DS8000 v e logo v eServer v Enterprise Storage Server v ES 9000 v ESCON v FICON v FlashCopy v GDPS v Graphically Dispersed Parallel Sysplex v HACMP v i5 OS v iSeries v IBM v IntelliStation v MVS ESA v Netfinity v NetVista v OpenPower v Operating System 400 v OS 400 v pSeries v RS 6000 v Seascape v SNAP SHOT v SP v S 390 v System 390 v System i v System i5 v System p...

Page 208: ...r countries or both Intel Intel logo Intel Inside Intel Inside logo Intel Centrino Intel Centrino logo Celeron Intel Xeon Intel SpeedStep Itanium and Pentium are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group in the United States and other countries Other company product and serv...

Page 209: ...et appareil numérique de la classe A est conform à la norme NMB 003 du Canada European Union EMC Directive conformance statement This product is in conformity with the protection requirements of EU Council Directive 2004 108 EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility IBM cannot accept responsibility for any failure to satisfy the protection r...

Page 210: ... verursachen in diesem Fall kann vom Betreiber verlangt werden angemessene Maßnahmen zu ergreifen und dafür aufzukommen Deutschland Einhaltung des Gesetzes über die elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit von Geräten Dieses Produkt entspricht dem Gesetz über die elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit von Geräten EMVG Dies ist die Umsetzung der EU Richtlinie 89 336 EWG in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Zula...

Page 211: ... you find this is not suitable for your use you may exchange it for one of residential use Taiwan class A compliance statement Taiwan Contact Information This topic contains the product service contact information for Taiwan IBM Taiwan Product Service Contact Information IBM Taiwan Corporation 3F No 7 Song Ren Rd Taipei Taiwan Tel 0800 016 888 VS07171L f2c00790 Notices 183 ...

Page 212: ...184 DS8000 User s Guide ...

Page 213: ... more related terms Contrast with Refers the reader to a term that has an opposite or substantively different meaning Numerics 750 A model of the Enterprise Storage Server featuring a 2 way processor with limited physical storage capacity This model can be updated to the model 800 800 A model of the Enterprise Storage Server featuring a standard processor or an optional Turbo processor The Model 8...

Page 214: ...n from one to the other access any mode One of the two access modes that can be set for the storage unit during initial configuration It enables all fibre channel attached host systems with no defined access profile to access all logical volumes on the storage unit With a profile defined in DS Storage Manager for a particular host that host has access only to volumes that are assigned to the WWPN ...

Page 215: ...unit of computer information which has two possible states that are represented by the binary digits 0 or 1 See also byte block A string of data elements recorded or transmitted as a unit The elements may be characters words or physical records GC A group of consecutive bytes used as the basic storage unit in fixed block architecture FBA All blocks on the storage device are the same size fixed siz...

Page 216: ... the program and any attached control units channel subsystem image In mainframe computing the logical functions that a system requires to perform the function of a channel subsystem With ESCON multiple image facility EMIF one channel subsystem image exists in the channel subsystem for each logical partition LPAR Each image appears to be an independent channel subsystem program but all images shar...

Page 217: ... to retrieve sense data that is associated with the unit check status on the channel path associated with the allegiance GC control path The route that is established from the master storage unit to the subordinate storage unit when more than one storage unit participates in a Global Mirror session If there is only one storage unit the master in the Global Mirror session no control path is require...

Page 218: ... cyclic redundancy check CU See control unit CUIR See control unit initiated reconfiguration custom volume A volume in count key data CKD format that is not a standard volume which means that it does not necessarily present the same number of cylinders and capacity to its assigned logical control unit as provided by one of the following standard System z volume types 3390 2 3390 3 3390 9 3390 2 33...

Page 219: ...re they can be demoted See also destage destage To move data from an online or higher priority to an offline or lower priority device The storage unit stages incoming data into cache and then destages it to disk device For System z a disk drive device adapter DA A physical component of the DS8000 that provides communication between the clusters and the storage devices The DS8000 has eight device a...

Page 220: ...etwork dotted decimal notation A convention used to identify IP addresses The notation consists of four 8 bit numbers written in base 10 For example 9 113 76 250 is an IP address that contains the octets 9 113 76 and 250 drawer A unit that contains multiple device drive modules and provides power cooling and related interconnection logic to make the device drive modules accessible to attached host...

Page 221: ...IM provides the error information for the ERDS error recovery procedure Procedures designed to help isolate and where possible to recover from errors in equipment The procedures are often used in conjunction with programs that record information on machine malfunctions ESA 390 See Enterprise Systems Architecture 390 ESCD See ESCON director ESCON See Enterprise System Connection ESCON channel A Sys...

Page 222: ...el Protocol and Fibre Channel standard fibre channel ATA FATA A hard drive that combines a fibre channel interface with an ATA drive FATAs which provide the high performance and capacity of an ATA drive can be used wherever fibre channel drives can connect Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop FC AL An implementation of the Fibre Channel Standard that uses a ring topology for the communication fabric Refe...

Page 223: ...stem can access them independently fixed block device An architecture for logical devices that specifies the format of the logical data units on the device The logical data unit is a block All blocks on the device are the same size fixed size the subsystem can access them independently This is the required format of the logical data units for host systems that attach with a SCSI or fibre channel i...

Page 224: ...m hardware resources and to debug input output processors IOP input output adapters IOA and devices HCD See Hardware Configuration Data HDA See head disk assembly HDD See hard disk drive hdisk An AIX term for storage space head disk assembly HDA The portion of an HDD associated with the medium and the read write head heartbeat A status report sent at regular intervals from the DS8000 storage unit ...

Page 225: ... on all logical paths with a given path group ID IBM HyperPAV is only supported on FICON channel paths i5 OS The IBM operating system that runs the System i family of products IBM HyperPAV See HyperPAV IBM product engineering PE The third level of IBM service support Product engineering is composed of IBM engineers who have experience in supporting a product or who are knowledgeable about the prod...

Page 226: ...ftware into a computer typically an operating system that controls the computer initiator A SCSI device that communicates with and controls one or more targets Contrast with target i node The internal structure in an AIX operating system that describes the individual files in the operating system It contains the code type location and owner of a file input output I O Pertaining to a input output o...

Page 227: ...eal and virtual storage and channel volume 210 or 1024 bytes 2 For disk storage capacity and communications volume 1000 bytes Korn shell Interactive command interpreter and a command programming language KPOH See thousands of power on hours L LAN See local area network last in first out LIFO A queuing technique in which the next item to be retrieved is the item most recently placed in the queue A ...

Page 228: ...on an operating system to create the virtual machine environment DS8000 series only logical path 1 The relationship between a channel image and a control unit image that designates the physical path to be used for device level communications between these images The logical path is established as part of the channel and control unit initialization procedures by the exchange of link level frames 2 ...

Page 229: ... IBM support server or RETAIN These records might include such information as feature code information and product logical configuration information mainframe A computer usually in a computer center with extensive capabilities and resources to which other computers may be connected so that they can share facilities T maintenance analysis procedure MAP A hardware maintenance document that gives an ...

Page 230: ...he rules that define how subsystems and adapters use the Micro Channel bus in a computer The architecture defines the services that each subsystem can or must provide Microsoft Internet Explorer Web browser software manufactured by Microsoft migration The replacement of a system or subsystem with a different type of system or subsystem such as replacing a SCSI host adapter with a fibre channel hos...

Page 231: ...at have common access to a main storage For the DS8000 the multiprocessors operate in parallel MVS See multiple virtual storage N name server A server that stores names of the participating DS8000 clusters near line A type of intermediate storage between online storage which provides constant rapid access to data and offline storage which provides infrequent data access for backup purposes or long...

Page 232: ...llegiance parity A data checking scheme used in a computer system to ensure the integrity of the data The RAID implementation uses parity to re create data if a disk drive fails path group In System z architecture a set of channel paths that are defined to a control unit as being associated with a single logical partition LPAR The channel paths are in a group state and are online to the host See a...

Page 233: ... computer a generic term for software that controls the operation of the computer Typically the program is a logical assemblage of software modules that perform multiple related tasks program controlled interruption An interruption that occurs when an I O channel fetches a channel command word with the program controlled interruption flag on program temporary fix PTF A temporary solution to or byp...

Page 234: ...s storage space redundant array of independent disks RAID A methodology of grouping disk drives for managing disk storage to insulate data from a failing disk drive refresh FlashCopy target volume An option previously called incremental FlashCopy of the DS8000 that creates a point in time data copy without copying an entire volume for each point in time copy Remote Mirror and Copy A feature of a s...

Page 235: ...used in protocols on the SCSI interface to identify or select the device The number of data bits on the SCSI bus determines the number of available SCSI IDs A wide interface has 16 bits with 16 possible IDs SDD See IBM Subsystem Multipathing Device Driver secondary control unit The DS8000 to which a Remote Mirror and Copy secondary device is physically attached self timed interface STI An interfac...

Page 236: ...S8000 to support shortwave fibre channel communication SIM See service information message Simple Network Management Protocol SNMP In the Internet suite of protocols a network management protocol that is used to monitor routers and attached networks SNMP is an application layer protocol Information on devices managed is defined and stored in the application s Management Information Base MIB GC See...

Page 237: ...nders and capacity to the host as provided by the native System z volume type of the same name STI See self timed interface storage area network A network that connects a company s heterogeneous storage resources storage capacity The amount of data that a storage medium can hold usually expressed in kilobytes megabytes or gigabytes storage complex A configuration of one or more storage units that ...

Page 238: ... processors configured in a way that any subset of the set of processors is capable of continuing the operation of the computer TheDS8000 contains four processors set up in SMP mode synchronous write A write operation whose completion is indicated after the data has been stored on a storage device System 390 See S 390 system adapter identification number SAID The unique identification number that ...

Page 239: ...ferred to as R0 transaction processing facility TPF A high availability high performance IBM operating system designed to support real time transaction driven applications The specialized architecture of TPF is intended to optimize system efficiency reliability and responsiveness for data communication and database processing TPF provides real time inquiry and updates to a large centralized databa...

Page 240: ... z the information recorded on a single unit of recording medium Indirectly it can refer to the unit of recording medium itself On a nonremovable medium storage device the term can also indirectly refer to the storage device associated with the volume When multiple volumes are stored on a single storage medium transparently to the program the volumes can be referred to as logical volumes volume gr...

Page 241: ...oducts z OS Global Mirror Remote mirror and copy feature for System z environments A function of a storage server that assists a control program to maintain a consistent copy of a logical volume on another storage unit All modifications of the primary logical volume by any attached host are presented in order to a single host The host then makes these modifications on the secondary logical volume ...

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Page 243: ...dows host systems 151 logical volume management software 143 migratepv commands 145 mirroring 144 moving workloads when migrating data between storage units 152 offloading workloads when migrating data between storage units 152 preparing for 141 reformatting existing disk drive modules 142 replacing existing storage considerations 142 selecting method 141 142 DDM formatting 142 defining the logica...

Page 244: ... mode install 63 unattended silent mode upgrade 76 logical control unit LCU 105 logical partition 97 98 logical volume manager software 143 LPAR 97 implementation 97 variable 98 lslv l commands 145 lsvg p rootvg commands 145 M management console changing the password 88 dual 89 multiple units 87 overview 87 Metro Mirror overview write sequence 113 Metro Global Mirror cascaded relationship 120 Copy...

Page 245: ...P trap messages 159 specific alert trap 159 SRC 159 SRN 159 storage area network connections with fibre channel adapters 16 storage system logical partition overview 97 storage unit error messages 171 powering on and off 20 switch unit emergency power off UEPO 20 synchronous data mirroring 113 System z host ESCON attachment overview 17 FICON attachment overview 18 System z hosts parallel access vo...

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Page 248: ...velopment Department 61C 9032 South Rita Road Tucson Arizona 85775 4401 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ...

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