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10714303;a3

Figure 7.17 Overheating in a circuit breaker

The overheating of this circuit breaker is most probably caused by bad contact in the
near finger of the contactor. Thus, the far finger carries more current and gets hotter.
The component in the infrared image and in the photo is not the same, however, it is
similar).

7

34

Publ. No. 1558439 Rev. a156 – ENGLISH (EN) – February 28, 2006

7 – Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations

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Summary of Contents for TermaCAM E45

Page 1: ...ivatelsk p ru ka Gebruikershandleiding User s manual Benutzerhandbuch Manual del usuario Manuel de l utilisateur Manuale dell utente Manual do utilizador Felhas zn l i k zik nyv K ytt j n opas Betjeni...

Page 2: ......

Page 3: ...rview 5 Connecting system components 6 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations 7 Tutorials 8 Camera overview 9 Camera program 10 Electrical power system 11 Maintenance cl...

Page 4: ......

Page 5: ...Thermographic measurement techniques 16 History of infrared technology 17 Theory of thermography 18 Emissivity tables 19...

Page 6: ......

Page 7: ...ThermaCAM EX300 User s manual Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006...

Page 8: ...ory Copyright FLIR Systems 2006 All rights reserved worldwide No parts of the software including source code may be reproduced transmitted transcribed or translated into any language or computer langu...

Page 9: ...Pending Japan PCT SE01 00983 Application PCT PCT SE01 00984 Application PCT PCT SE02 00857 Application PCT PCT SE03 00307 Application PCT PCT SE 00 00739 Application PCT 0302837 0 Application Sweden 6...

Page 10: ...Reg No Status Designation 29 233 400 Pending U S x Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006...

Page 11: ...ment 22 7 3 2 Temperature measurement 24 7 3 3 Comparative measurement 25 7 3 4 Normal operating temperature 26 7 3 5 Classification of faults 28 7 4 Reporting 30 7 5 Different types of hot spots in e...

Page 12: ...ng language 47 8 6 2 Changing temperature unit 47 8 6 3 Changing date format 47 8 6 4 Changing time format 48 8 6 5 Changing date time 49 8 7 Working with the camera 49 8 7 1 Removing the lens 50 8 7...

Page 13: ...ations 85 14 7 Physical specifications 85 14 8 Communications interfaces 85 14 9 Pin configurations 85 14 9 1 RS 232 USB connector 86 14 9 2 Power connector 86 14 9 3 CVBS connector 87 14 10 Relations...

Page 14: ...Boltzmann s law 118 18 3 4 Non blackbody emitters 121 18 4 Infrared semi transparent materials 123 19 Emissivity tables 123 19 1 References 123 19 2 Important note about the emissivity tables 123 19...

Page 15: ...a precision instrument and uses a very sensitive IR detector Pointing the camera towards highly intensive energy sources such as devices emitting laser radiation or reflections from such devices may a...

Page 16: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 1 2 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 1 Warnings cautions...

Page 17: ...he packing list is subject to specific customer configuration and may contain more or less items FLIR Systems reserves the right to discontinue models parts and accessories and other items or change s...

Page 18: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 2 4 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 2 Important note about this manual...

Page 19: ...It is operated by using a few buttons which are con veniently placed on the camera allowing fingertip control of major functions A built in menu system also gives easy access to an advanced simple to...

Page 20: ...ted portable IR scanner for industrial applications predictive maintenance Model 750 1975 1st TV compatible system Model 525 1978 1st dual wavelength scanning system capable of real time analog record...

Page 21: ...nality 2004 1st camera models specially designed for building thermography B1 B2 and B20 10401603 a3 Figure 3 3 LEFT FLIR Systems Thermovision Model 661 The photo is taken on May 30th 1969 at the dist...

Page 22: ...s 10401303 a1 Figure 3 4 LEFT Development of system electronics RIGHT Testing of an FPA detector 10401403 a1 Figure 3 5 LEFT Diamond turning machine RIGHT Lens polishing 3 8 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 E...

Page 23: ...10401503 a1 Figure 3 6 LEFT Testing of IR cameras in the climatic chamber RIGHT Robot for camera testing and calibration 3 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 9 3 Welcome...

Page 24: ...features and specifications have changed since the time of printing Please let us know about any errors you find as well as your suggestions for future editions by sending an e mail to documentation...

Page 25: ...be reported to the local FLIR Systems representative immediately Qty Part Number Description 2 1 195 106 Battery 1 1 195 102 Battery charger 1 1 195 221 Hand strap 1 1 120 987 Lens cap for camera bod...

Page 26: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 4 12 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 4 Packing list...

Page 27: ...stem overview This system overview shows all accessories that are possible to order for a Therma CAM EX300 10582303 a2 Figure 5 1 System overview 5 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006...

Page 28: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 5 14 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 5 System overview...

Page 29: ...gure 6 1 How to connect system components Figure 6 2 Explanations of callouts Explanation Callout Power supply cable 11 16 VDC 1 USB RS 232 cable 2 Video cable CVBS i e composite video 3 6 Publ No 155...

Page 30: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 6 16 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 6 Connecting system components...

Page 31: ...able It all began in 1964 more than 40 years ago The technique is now established throughout the whole world Industrialized countries as well as developing countries have adopted this technique Thermo...

Page 32: ...that the healthy part is taking the entire load and therefore becomes overheated A similar example is shown in section 7 5 7 Overheating in one part as a result of a fault in another on page 33 Defect...

Page 33: ...thin an area in the image or the difference between the maximum temperature in the chosen area and a reference which can be chosen by the operator for example the ambient temperature 10712703 a3 Figur...

Page 34: ...trical components safely with the equipment under normal oper ating conditions there are many other sources of information the maintenance or the production manager has to consider The priority of rep...

Page 35: ...heduled IR survey represents an unnecessary risk for the plant Besides increasing the efficiency of the maintenance cycle measured in terms of lower risk for the plant the immediate control of the rep...

Page 36: ...etting the temperature scale values 7 3 2 Temperature measurement Some cameras today can automatically find the highest temperature in the image The image below shows how it looks to the operator 1071...

Page 37: ...However the real hot spot is most probably hidden inside the box see the in yellow encircled area This fault is reported as a 23 0 C 41 4 F excess temperature but the real problem is probably essenti...

Page 38: ...t materials at increasing or decreasing conductor areas or on circuit breakers where the current path is encapsulated The image below shows three fuses the temperatures of which are very close to each...

Page 39: ...temperature given the load and the ambient temperature Consider the following definitions Operating temperature the absolute temperature of the component It depends on the current load and the ambien...

Page 40: ...ndoor substa tions the operating temperatures vary a lot more This fact is clearly shown by the bottom image as well Here the left phase is the one which shows an excess temperature The operating temp...

Page 41: ...ible but think about the load situa tion before a decision is made 5 30 C 9 54 F II Acute overheating Must be re paired immediately but think about the load situation before a decision is made 30 C 54...

Page 42: ...tion site address city and so on Date of inspection Date of report Name of thermographer Signature of thermographer Summary or table of contents Inspection pages containing IR images to document and a...

Page 43: ...10713603 a3 Figure 7 10 A report example 7 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 29 7 Introduction to thermographic inspections of electrical installations...

Page 44: ...ee is a reflection or not is for you to move Look at the target from a different angle and watch the hot spot If it moves when you do it is a reflection Measuring temperature of mirror like details is...

Page 45: ...agnetic fields which will eventually heat up the weight The overheating in the image is less than 5 C 9 F This however need not necessarily always be the case 7 5 4 Load variations 3 phase systems are...

Page 46: ...bout 5 C 9 F hotter than those which do not No fault to be reported in these examples 7 5 5 Varying cooling conditions 10714103 a3 Figure 7 15 An infrared image of bundled cables When for example a nu...

Page 47: ...image to the right shows another overheating situation this time again due to a loose connection It is an outdoor connection hence it is exposed to the cooling effect of the wind and it is likely that...

Page 48: ...ad contact in the near finger of the contactor Thus the far finger carries more current and gets hotter The component in the infrared image and in the photo is not the same however it is similar 7 34...

Page 49: ...nd is stronger than 8 m s 16 knots There are many windy places in the world islands mountains and so on but it is important to know that overheated components found would have shown a considerably hig...

Page 50: ...tance to 20 meters 66 ft which was done afterwards is shown in the image to the right where the corrected temperature is 38 8 C 101 8 F The difference is not too crucial but may take the fault into a...

Page 51: ...is not possible to measure correct values if the object is too small Distance was properly set to 10 meters 33 ft 10714603 a3 Figure 7 20 Temperature readings from a blackbody at 85 C 185 F at increa...

Page 52: ...fect is due to imperfections in the optics and to the size of the detector elements It is typical for all infrared cameras and can not be avoided 7 38 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2...

Page 53: ...the plastic cover Some camera models have a separate External optics transmission entry 7 7 3 Emissivity You have to determine the emissivity for the material which you are measuring Mostly you will...

Page 54: ...5 Object too far away Are you in doubt that the camera you have is measuring correctly at the actual dis tance A rule of thumb for your lens is to multiply the IFOV by 3 IFOV is the detail of the obj...

Page 55: ...compartment 1 Press PWR NO to switch on the camera 2 8 1 2 Switching off the camera Action Step To switch off the camera press and hold down PWR NO until the message Shutting down appears Briefly pres...

Page 56: ...press and hold down SEL for more than one second to autoadjust the camera 2 Briefly pressing SAVE FRZ will display a confirmation box To save the image press YES To leave the confirmation box without...

Page 57: ...lete one or several images 3 8 2 5 Opening an image Action Step Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar 1 Point to File on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES 2 Point to Images to display...

Page 58: ...spot by pressing the navigation pad left right or up down 4 The temperature will be displayed in the top right corner of the LCD 5 8 3 2 Laying out a measurement area The camera needs a warm up time o...

Page 59: ...rature by moving the navigation pad up down 4 Press MENU YES to confirm and leave the dialog box 5 8 4 1 2 Setting a color alarm without using the menu system Action Step Press SEL until the color ala...

Page 60: ...vel see section 10 4 3 Manual adjust Automatic adjust on page 65 8 5 2 Changing span Action Step Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar 1 Point to Manual adjust on the vertical menu bar and p...

Page 61: ...d left right to change the temperature unit 4 Press MENU YES to confirm your changes and leave the dialog box 5 8 6 3 Changing date format Action Step Press MENU YES to display the vertical menu bar 1...

Page 62: ...l menu bar 1 Point to Date time on the Setup menu and press MENU YES 2 Press the navigation pad up down to select year month day hour minute and second 3 Press the navigation pad left right to change...

Page 63: ...Removing an IR lens will expose very sensitive camera parts Do not touch any exposed parts Please note what is the locking ring and what is the focus ring in the figure below Trying to remove the len...

Page 64: ...in figure 8 1 on page 49 Trying to adjust the focus by rotating the locking ring will remove the lens Action Step To adjust the focus rotate the focus ring clock wise or counter clock wise 1 8 7 3 In...

Page 65: ...he front end of the camera 2 Replace the lid of the battery compartment 3 8 7 3 2 Removing the battery 10396503 a2 Figure 8 4 Removing the battery Action Step Remove the lid of the battery compartment...

Page 66: ...For more information about the battery system see section 11 Electrical power system on page 73 8 52 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 8 Tutorials...

Page 67: ...ew 9 1 Camera parts 10581503 a1 Figure 9 1 Camera parts front view Description of part Callout LCD 1 2 Lid of the battery compartment 3 Ring for hand strap 4 9 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN Febr...

Page 68: ...and the image center will vary by the target distance Laser LocatIR should only be used as an aiming aid Always check the LCD to make sure the camera captures the desired target Do not look directly i...

Page 69: ...3 a1 Figure 9 2 Camera parts view from below Description of part Callout Tripod mount 1 Trigger 2 Lid of the battery compartment 3 9 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 55 9 Camera ov...

Page 70: ...s functions on page 57 2 Navigation pad For more information about the functionality of the navigation pad see section 9 2 Keypad buttons functions on page 57 3 LED indicator 4 MENU YES button For mor...

Page 71: ...og boxes Press MENU YES to display the graphics if you have previously selected Hide graphics on the vertical menu bar MENU YES button Press PWR NO when the camera is switched off to switch on the cam...

Page 72: ...f the Laser LocatIR Autoadjust the camera The function of the trigger depends on the trigger settings in the Settings dialog box For more information about trigger settings see section 10 4 9 1 Settin...

Page 73: ...D to make sure the camera captures the desired target Do not look directly into the laser beam When not in use the Laser LocatIR should always be protected by the lens cap For more information about t...

Page 74: ...en light Battery charging in standby mode Flashing green light 0 25 sec switched on 0 25 sec switched off Battery charging in power on mode Flashing green light 3 sec switched on 0 06 sec switched off...

Page 75: ...in the result table Explanation Icon Spot Area maximum temperature Max Area minimum temperature Min Area average temperature Color alarm above 1 Color alarm below 1 The symbol indicates uncertain res...

Page 76: ...me Please wait Message is displayed when the software is restarted i e after Fac tory default Restarting Message is displayed while an image is being saved Saving as 10 2 2 Warning messages Warning me...

Page 77: ...ay the cursor again When an object is selected you can use the navigation pad to change its value or where applicable change its position 10 3 2 Examples of selected screen objects 10383303 a4 Figure...

Page 78: ...wn at this stage to increase decrease the color alarm temperature 10383803 a3 Figure 10 7 A selected emissivity field Press the navigation pad up down at this stage to increase decrease the emissivity...

Page 79: ...rm the choice press MENU YES To cancel any changes press PWR NO To set the color alarm Off Above Below press the navigation pad left right To confirm the choice press MENU YES To cancel any changes pr...

Page 80: ...he emissivity press the navigation pad right left To confirm the choice press MENU YES To cancel any changes press PWR NO To change T Refl reflected ambient temperature press the navigation pad right...

Page 81: ...n pad left right To confirm the choice press MENU YES To cancel any changes press PWR NO 10 4 7 Hide graphics Show graphics Point to Hide graphics on the vertical menu bar and press MENU YES to hide a...

Page 82: ...10568903 a1 Images Point to Delete image and press MENU YES to delete a recalled image This choice will display a confirmation box where you can either confirm or cancel the deletion Delete image Poin...

Page 83: ...e reflected ambient temperature On Off On TRefl Info field Select Laser to activate the laser when pulling the trigger Select Save to save the current image when pulling the trigger Select Disabled to...

Page 84: ...right None 30 sec 60 sec 2 min Display power off For protective reasons the LCD will be switched off if the detector temperature exceeds 60 C 149 F and the camera will be switched off if the detector...

Page 85: ...nheit Temp unit YYYY MM DD YY MM DD MM DD YY DD MM YY Date format 24 hour AM PM Time format 10 4 9 4 Camera info The camera info panel shows information about memory usage battery status serial number...

Page 86: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 10 72 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 10 Camera program...

Page 87: ...matically be charged You can still use the camera during charging Please note the following The camera is shipped with charged batteries To increase the battery life the battery should be fully discha...

Page 88: ...operation time of approx 1 5 2 hours When Battery low is displayed on the screen it is time to charge the battery The operation time of the camera when run on a battery is substantially shorter in lo...

Page 89: ...ed into the camera 1 Connect the power cable to the camera 2 While charging the battery status symbol will pulse until the battery is fully charged When the battery is fully charged the battery symbol...

Page 90: ...ts Color mode LED indicator no Situation Fixed red light 1 The charger is under power but no battery is inserted Fixed green light 1 The charger is under power and a battery is inserted Flashing green...

Page 91: ...ediately seek medical care If left untreated the battery fluid could cause damage to the eye When charging the battery only use a specified battery charger Do not attach the batteries to a power suppl...

Page 92: ...be discharged is 15 45 C 18 8 113 F Use of the battery outside of this temperature range may damage the performance of the battery or may reduce its life expectancy 11 78 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGL...

Page 93: ...l alcohol C2H5OH may be used to clean the lenses The lenses should be wiped once with the solution then the cotton wool should be discarded If ethyl alcohol is unavailable DEE i e ether diethylether C...

Page 94: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 12 80 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 12 Maintenance cleaning...

Page 95: ...rly plugged in into a mains supply Verify that the mains cable is properly plugged in If you are using the power supply the mains cable may not be properly plugged in into the power supply Change the...

Page 96: ...appears Verify that the video connec tor is properly inserted The video cable connector may not be properly inserted into the video connector on the external monitor Change the video format The camer...

Page 97: ...l range 14 2 Image presentation 2 5 color LCD 16 bit colors Display Composite video CVBS ITU R BT 470 PAL SMPTE 170M NTSC Video output 14 3 Temperature range Temperature range is subject to customer c...

Page 98: ...digit camera type number is the three first digits in the camera S N Operating temperature range 40 70 C 40 158 F Storage temperature range Operating storage 10 95 non condensing IEC 359 Humidity IP 5...

Page 99: ...nsfer to PC USB Rev 2 0 full speed 12 Mbit USB Image transfer to PC RS 232 optional 14 9 Pin configurations 14 9 1 RS 232 USB connector 10384403 a4 Figure 14 1 Pin configuration RS 232 USB on camera o...

Page 100: ...al name CENTER PIN POWER 12V CHASSIS POWER GND 14 9 3 CVBS connector 10402503 a1 Figure 14 4 Pin configuration for CVBS connector on camera operator s side A Center pin B Chassis RCA PHONO Connector t...

Page 101: ...nce 10583303 a4 Figure 14 5 Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 46 2 mm lens camera type 252 14 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 8...

Page 102: ...Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 27 4 mm lens camera type 252 14 88 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specificatio...

Page 103: ...Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 14 7 mm lens camera type 252 14 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 89 14 Technical specificatio...

Page 104: ...Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 46 2 mm lens camera type 301 14 90 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specificatio...

Page 105: ...Horizontal vertical and instantaneous fields of view for certain distances to targets 27 4 mm lens camera type 301 14 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 91 14 Technical specificatio...

Page 106: ...lens camera type 301 Figure 14 11 F number and close focus limits for various lenses 14 7 mm 27 4 mm 46 2 mm IR lens 0 20 0 30 0 50 Close focus limit m 0 66 0 98 1 64 Close focus limit ft 1 5 1 5 1 5...

Page 107: ...a dimensional drawings 10583203 a2 Figure 14 12 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 46 2 mm IR lens 14 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 93 14 Technical specifications dimension...

Page 108: ...10583003 a2 Figure 14 13 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 27 4 mm IR lens 14 94 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications dimensional drawings...

Page 109: ...10583103 a2 Figure 14 14 Overall dimensions of the camera with a 14 7 mm IR lens 14 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 95 14 Technical specifications dimensional drawings...

Page 110: ...ttery charger dimensional drawing 10387403 a4 Figure 14 15 Overall dimensions of the battery charger 14 96 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications dimensional...

Page 111: ...14 13 Battery dimensional drawing 10387503 a4 Figure 14 16 Overall dimensions of the battery 14 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 97 14 Technical specifications dimensional drawings...

Page 112: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 14 98 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 14 Technical specifications dimensional drawings...

Page 113: ...ed to calibrate IR cameras blackbody radiator A transmission value computed from the tempera ture the relative humidity of air and the distance to the object calculated atmospheric transmission A bott...

Page 114: ...field of view A measure of the geo metrical resolution of an IR camera IFOV A way of compensating for sensitivity differences in various parts of live images and also of stabiliz ing the camera image...

Page 115: ...element One single spot in an image pixel Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time area and angle W m2 sr radiance Amount of energy emitted from an object per unit of time W radiant p...

Page 116: ...ral radiant emittance The current overall temperature measurement limitation of an IR camera Cameras can have several ranges Expressed as two blackbody tem peratures that limit the current calibration...

Page 117: ...ty of the object The reflected apparent temperature The distance between the object and the camera The relative humidity Temperature of the atmosphere 16 2 Emissivity The most important object paramet...

Page 118: ...method Action Step Look for possible reflection sources considering that the incident angle reflection angle a b 10588903 a1 Figure 16 1 1 Reflection source 1 If the reflection source is a spot source...

Page 119: ...does not measure radiation intensity A thermocouple requires a very good thermal contact to the surface usually by gluing and covering the sensor by a thermal isolator 16 2 1 1 2 Method 2 Reflector me...

Page 120: ...n 4 Focus and auto adjust the camera and freeze the image 5 Adjust Level and Span for best image brightness and contrast 6 Set emissivity to that of the tape usually 0 97 7 Measure the temperature of...

Page 121: ...e of your tape and the sample surface are the same If they are not your emissivity measurement will be wrong 16 3 Reflected apparent temperature This parameter is used to compensate for the radiation...

Page 122: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 16 108 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 16 Thermographic measurement techniques...

Page 123: ...t he risked eye damage after only a few seconds observation Herschel was soon convinced of the necessity of setting up a systematic experiment with the objective of finding a single material that woul...

Page 124: ...se of glass in the prism of his original experiment led to some early controversies with his contemporaries about the actual existence of the infrared wavelengths Different investigators in attempting...

Page 125: ...he heat from a person standing 3 meters away 10 ft The first so called heat picture became possible in 1840 the result of work by Sir John Herschel son of the discoverer of the infrared and a famous a...

Page 126: ...able to detect an approaching airplane at a distance of 1 5 km 0 94 miles or a person more than 300 meters 984 ft away The most sensitive systems up to this time were all based upon variations of the...

Page 127: ...e all governed by the same laws and the only differences are those due to differences in wavelength 10067803 a1 Figure 18 1 The electromagnetic spectrum 1 X ray 2 UV 3 Visible 4 IR 5 Microwaves 6 Radi...

Page 128: ...presents almost exactly the properties of a blackbody A practical application of the principle to the construction of a perfect absorber of radiation consists of a box that is light tight except for a...

Page 129: ...he radiation emitted from a blackbody 18 3 1 Planck s law 10399203 a1 Figure 18 3 Max Planck 1858 1947 Max Planck 1858 1947 was able to describe the spectral distribution of the radiation from a black...

Page 130: ...law By differentiating Planck s formula with respect to and finding the maximum we have This is Wien s formula after Wilhelm Wien 1864 1928 which expresses mathemati cally the common observation that...

Page 131: ...trogen 77 K the maximum of the almost insignificant amount of radiant emittance occurs at 38 m in the extreme infrared wavelengths 10327203 a3 Figure 18 6 Planckian curves plotted on semi log scales f...

Page 132: ...formula to calculate the power radiated by the human body at a temperature of 300 K and an external surface area of approx 2 m2 we obtain 1 kW This power loss could not be sustained if it were not for...

Page 133: ...implifies to Another factor called the emissivity is required to describe the fraction of the radiant emittance of a blackbody produced by an object at a specific temperature Thus we have the definiti...

Page 134: ...the total emissive power of a graybody is the same as a blackbody at the same temperature reduced in proportion to the value of from the graybody 10401203 a1 Figure 18 8 Spectral radiant emittance of...

Page 135: ...o the interior The back reflected radiation is again partially absorbed but some of it arrives at the other surface through which most of it escapes part of it is reflected back again Although the pro...

Page 136: ...INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 18 122 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 18 Theory of thermography...

Page 137: ...Paljak Pettersson Thermography of Buildings Swedish Building Research Institute Stockholm 1972 6 Vlcek J Determination of emissivity with imaging radiometers and some emissivities at 5 m Photogrammetr...

Page 138: ...ongly Aluminum 1 0 04 0 06 T 50 100 polished Aluminum 2 0 05 T 100 polished sheet Aluminum 4 0 05 T 100 polished plate Aluminum 3 0 28 3 m 27 roughened Aluminum 3 0 18 10 m 27 roughened Aluminum 1 0 0...

Page 139: ...00 oxidized Brass 1 0 59 0 61 T 200 600 oxidized at 600 C Brass 1 0 03 T 200 polished Brass 2 0 03 T 100 polished highly Brass 2 0 20 T 20 rubbed with 80 grit emery Brass 1 0 06 T 20 sheet rolled Bras...

Page 140: ...radiating Brick 1 0 66 T 1230 silica 95 SiO2 Brick 1 0 29 T 1500 sillimanite 33 SiO2 64 Al2O3 Brick 5 0 87 SW 17 waterproof Brick 9 0 06 LW 70 phosphor bronze Bronze 9 0 08 SW 70 phosphor bronze Bronz...

Page 141: ...l ished Copper 1 0 13 0 15 T 1100 1300 molten Copper 1 0 6 0 7 T 50 oxidized Copper 4 0 78 T 27 oxidized black Copper 2 0 78 T 20 oxidized heavily Copper 1 0 88 T oxidized to black ness Copper 1 0 02...

Page 142: ...carefully Gold 2 0 02 T 100 polished highly Gold 8 0 849 LLW 20 polished Granite 8 0 879 LLW 21 rough Granite 9 0 77 0 87 LW 70 rough 4 different samples Granite 9 0 95 0 97 SW 70 rough 4 different s...

Page 143: ...polished Iron and steel 1 0 24 T 20 freshly worked with emery Iron and steel 1 0 55 0 61 T 950 1100 ground sheet Iron and steel 2 0 69 T 20 heavily rusted sheet Iron and steel 1 0 77 T 20 hot rolled...

Page 144: ...250 wrought carefully polished Iron and steel 9 0 85 LW 70 heavily oxidized Iron galvanized 9 0 64 SW 70 heavily oxidized Iron galvanized 4 0 07 T 92 sheet Iron galvanized 1 0 23 T 30 sheet burnished...

Page 145: ...0 4 T Lime 4 0 07 T 22 Magnesium 4 0 13 T 260 Magnesium 4 0 18 T 538 Magnesium 2 0 07 T 20 polished Magnesium 1 0 86 T Magnesium pow der 1 0 08 0 13 T 600 1000 Molybdenum 1 0 19 0 26 T 1500 2200 Moly...

Page 146: ...l 4 0 11 T 22 electroplated on iron unpolished Nickel 2 0 37 T 200 oxidized Nickel 4 0 37 T 227 oxidized Nickel 4 0 85 T 1227 oxidized Nickel 1 0 37 0 48 T 200 600 oxidized at 600 C Nickel 4 0 045 T 1...

Page 147: ...0 96 SW 20 oil gray gloss Paint 1 0 92 0 96 T 100 oil various colors Paint 2 0 94 T 100 oil based average of 16 colors Paint 6 0 95 SW 20 plastic black Paint 6 0 84 SW 20 plastic white Paint 9 0 92 0...

Page 148: ...ed circ board Plastic 9 0 55 LW 70 polyurethaneisola tion board Plastic 9 0 29 SW 70 polyurethaneisola tion board Plastic 9 0 93 LW 70 PVC plastic floor dull structured Plastic 9 0 94 SW 70 PVC plasti...

Page 149: ...02 0 03 T 200 600 pure polished Silver 2 0 98 T 32 human Skin 1 0 97 0 93 T 0 100 boiler Slag 1 0 89 0 78 T 200 500 boiler Slag 1 0 76 0 70 T 600 1200 boiler Slag 1 0 69 0 67 T 1400 1800 boiler Slag S...

Page 150: ...T 20 50 burnished Tin 2 0 07 T 100 tin plated sheet iron Tin 1 0 40 T 200 oxidized at 540 C Titanium 1 0 50 T 500 oxidized at 540 C Titanium 1 0 60 T 1000 oxidized at 540 C Titanium 1 0 15 T 200 poli...

Page 151: ...w Water 5 0 98 SW 17 Wood 8 0 962 LLW 19 Wood 1 0 5 0 7 T ground Wood 9 0 81 0 89 LW 70 pine 4 different samples Wood 9 0 67 0 75 SW 70 pine 4 different samples Wood 1 0 8 0 9 T 20 planed Wood 2 0 90...

Page 152: ...6 5 4 3 2 1 1 0 04 0 05 T 200 300 polished Zinc 1 0 20 T 50 sheet Zinc 19 138 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006 19 Emissivity tables...

Page 153: ...ng list 11 inserting 51 operating time 84 battery continued removing 51 type 84 battery charger in packing list 11 internal 73 battery charging externally 76 internally 75 battery system 73 behavior t...

Page 154: ...s 79 cables 79 camera body 79 lenses 79 color alarm changing 45 65 color alarm temperature changing 65 commands Automatic adjust 65 Camera info 71 Date time 70 Delete all images 68 Delete image 68 Emi...

Page 155: ...excess temperature 25 exiting menu system 65 extreme infrared band 113 F factors disturbance distance 36 object size 37 rain 36 snow 36 wind 35 Factory default command 71 far infrared band 113 faults...

Page 156: ...charger 76 inductive heating 31 Info field label 69 infrared semi transparent body 121 infrared technology history 109 inserting battery 51 inspection 19 insulation cable 18 interfaces RS 232 85 USB 8...

Page 157: ...65 Marsilio Landriani 109 Material Safety Data Sheets 79 Max Planck 115 Meas mode command 65 dialog box 65 measurement comparative 24 temperature 22 measurement area laying out 44 measurement mode 65...

Page 158: ...NO function 57 location 56 Q quality assurance viii quality management system viii R radiators cavity radiator 114 graybody radiators 119 selective radiators 119 rain 36 39 range changing 67 Range com...

Page 159: ...62 T technical specifications 83 technical support 10 temperature excess 25 measuring 44 normal operating 25 temperature reflected apparent 40 temperature behavior 18 temperature measurement 22 tempe...

Page 160: ...t 11 V variations load 31 variations resistance 33 vibration 84 video cable in packing list 11 Video output label 71 W warm up time 44 warning messages 62 warnings battery 77 intensive energy sources...

Page 161: ...near Basel From 1956 onwards freelance graphic artist in Z rich 1956 Eduard Hoffmann the director of the Haas sche Schriftgie erei commissions Miedinger to develop a new sans serif typeface 1957 The...

Page 162: ...148 Publ No 1558439 Rev a156 ENGLISH EN February 28 2006...

Page 163: ......

Page 164: ...flirthermography com Phone 49 0 69 95 00 900 E mail IRCanada flir com USA Primary sales service contact in USA Fax 49 0 69 95 00 9040 E mail info flir de Web www flirthermography com Web www flirther...

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