background image

13 Disposal

Installer reference guide

77

EPGA11~ EA9W
Daikin Altherma – Low temperature split
4P556075-1 – 2019.02

INFORMATION

In case of an E7‑62 error, brine pump operation stops due
to not enough flow in the brine circuit. If 10‑day brine pump
operation  is  running,  it  will  stop  running  and  will  only
resume  once  the  error  is  reset.  It  is  only  possible  to  reset
the  error  with  the  domestic  hot  water  home  screen  or  the
leaving  water  temperature  home  screen  turned  ON.  To
reset the error, press 

 and confirm by pressing 

.

INFORMATION

If  an  U8‑04  error  occurs,  the  error  can  be  reset  after  a
successful  update  of  the  software.  If  the  software  is  not
successfully  updated  then  you  must  make  sure  that  your
USB device has the FAT32 format.

INFORMATION

How  an  error  code  can  be  reset  will  be  displayed  on  the
user interface connected on the indoor unit.

13

Disposal

NOTICE

Do  NOT  try  to  dismantle  the  system  yourself:  dismantling
of  the  system,  treatment  of  the  refrigerant,  oil  and  other
parts  MUST  comply  with  applicable  legislation.  Units
MUST  be  treated  at  a  specialised  treatment  facility  for
reuse, recycling and recovery.

13.1

Overview: Disposal

Typical workflow

Disposing of the system typically consists of the following stages:

1

Pumping down the system.

2

Performing vacuum drying.

3

Bringing the system to a specialized treatment facility.

INFORMATION

For more details, see the service manual.

13.2

To pump down

DANGER: RISK OF EXPLOSION

Pump  down  –  Refrigerant  leakage.

  If  you  want  to  pump

down  the  system,  and  there  is  a  leak  in  the  refrigerant
circuit:

▪ Do NOT use the unit's automatic pump down function,

with  which  you  can  collect  all  refrigerant  from  the
system  into  the  outdoor  unit. 

Possible  consequence:

Self-combustion  and  explosion  of  the  compressor
because of air going into the operating compressor.

▪ Use  a  separate  recovery  system  so  that  the  unit's

compressor does NOT have to operate.

NOTICE

During pump down operation, stop the compressor before
removing  the  refrigerant  piping.  If  the  compressor  is  still
running and the stop valve is open during pump down, air
will be sucked into the system. Compressor breakdown or
damage to the system can result due to abnormal pressure
in the refrigerant cycle.

Pump down operation will extract all refrigerant from the system into
the outdoor unit.

1

Remove the valve lid from the liquid stop valve and the gas stop
valve.

2

Install a manifold on the gas stop valve.

3

After 5 to 10 minutes (after only 1 or 2 minutes in case of very
low ambient temperatures (<−10°C)), close the liquid stop valve
with a hexagonal wrench.

4

Check on the manifold if the vacuum is reached.

5

After  2-3  minutes,  close  the  gas  stop  valve  and  stop  forced
cooling operation.

a

c

b

d

d

e

a

Liquid stop valve

b

Closing direction

c

Hexagonal wrench

d

Valve lid

e

Gas stop valve

13.3

To activate/deactivate the vacuum
mode field setting

To  perform  vacuum  drying  of  the  outdoor  unit’s  internal  refrigerant
piping  it  is  necessary  to  activate  the  vacuum  mode.  This  will  open
required  valves  in  the  refrigerant  circuit  so  the  vacuuming  process
can be done properly.

To activate vacuum mode:

Activating  the  vacuum  mode  is  done  by  operating  the  BS1  push
button  on  the  PCB  (A1P).  Operate  the  switches  and  push  buttons
with  an  insulated  stick  (such  as  a  closed  ball-point  pen)  to  avoid
touching of live parts.

When  the  unit  is  powered  on  and  not  running,  push  the  BS1  push
button 3 times within a time frame of 10 seconds to activate vacuum
mode.

To deactivate vacuum mode:

After  vacuuming  the  unit,  please  deactivate  the  vacuum  mode  by
pushing  the  BS1  push  button  3  times  within  a  time  frame  of  10
seconds.

Make  sure  to  reattach  the  electronic  component  box  cover  and  to
install the front cover after the job is finished.

NOTICE

Make  sure  that  all  outside  panels,  except  for  the  service
cover  on  the  electrical  component  box,  are  closed  while
working.

Close the lid of the electrical component box firmly before
turning on the power.

13.4

To perform vacuum drying

NOTICE

▪ Connect  the  vacuum  pump  to 

both

  the  service  port  of

the  gas  stop  valve  and  the  service  port  of  the  liquid
stop valve to increase efficiency.

▪ Make sure that the gas stop valve and liquid stop valve

are  firmly  closed  before  performing  the  leak  test  or
vacuum drying.

1

Vacuum the system until the pressure on the manifold indicates
−0.1 MPa (−1 bar).

Summary of Contents for Altherma EPGA16DAV3

Page 1: ...ference guide Daikin Altherma Low temperature split English Installer reference guide Daikin Altherma Low temperature split EPGA11DAV3 EPGA14DAV3 EPGA16DAV3 EAVZ16S18DA6V EAVZ16S23DA6V EAVZ16S18DA9W E...

Page 2: ...hanging the pre pressure of the expansion vessel 21 6 3 5 To check the water volume Examples 21 6 4 Preparing electrical wiring 21 6 4 1 About preparing electrical wiring 21 6 4 2 About preferential k...

Page 3: ...Symptom The system is making gurgling noises after commissioning 73 12 3 5 Symptom The pump is making noise cavitation 73 12 3 6 Symptom The pressure relief valve opens 73 12 3 7 Symptom The water pr...

Page 4: ...oor unit are best done under dry weather conditions to avoid water ingress In accordance with the applicable legislation it might be necessary to provide a logbook with the product containing at least...

Page 5: ...side down Open refrigerant cylinders slowly Charge the refrigerant in liquid form Adding it in gas form may prevent normal operation CAUTION When the refrigerant charging procedure is done or when pau...

Page 6: ...erminal screws A screwdriver with a small head will damage the head and make proper tightening impossible Over tightening the terminal screws may break them Install power cables at least 1 metre away...

Page 7: ...nd service How to maintain and service the units Troubleshooting What to do in case of problems Disposal How to dispose of the system Technical data Specifications of the system Glossary Definition of...

Page 8: ...or leg in order to protect the unit during transport Proceed as shown in the figure and procedure below 1 Remove the nut a of the compressor mounting bolt 2 Remove and discard the transportation stay...

Page 9: ...1 Possible options for the outdoor unit Bottom plate heater EKBPH140L7 Prevents freeze up of the bottom plate Recommended in areas with low ambient temperature and high humidity For installation instr...

Page 10: ...nstall this LAN adapter to Control the system via a smartphone app Use the system in various Smart Grid applications For installation instructions see the installation manual of the LAN adapter LAN ad...

Page 11: ...ia the external thermostat and the thermostatic valves of the radiators in each room The heating demand signal from the external thermostat is connected to the digital input on the indoor unit X2M 35a...

Page 12: ...liary contact can be An outdoor temperature thermostat An electricity tariff contact A manually operated contact Setup Connect the following field wiring L N H Com A K2A K1A X2M BTI K2A K1A Indoor Aut...

Page 13: ...itself can produce domestic hot water of maximum 55 C 50 C if outdoor temperature is low The electrical resistance integrated in the heat pump can increase this temperature However this consumes more...

Page 14: ...d configuration No additional equipment needed 5 5 2 Consumed energy You can use the following methods to determine the consumed energy Calculating Measuring INFORMATION You cannot combine calculating...

Page 15: ...ply of the outdoor unit Power meter 2 Use a single phase power meter 5 6 Setting up the power consumption control The power consumption control Allows you to limit the power consumption of the entire...

Page 16: ...has better efficiency than the electrical heater Therefore the electrical heater is limited and turned OFF first The system limits power consumption in the following order 1 Turns OFF the backup heate...

Page 17: ...unit INFORMATION Also read the precautions and requirements in the General safety precautions chapter Mind the following spacing guidelines see Service space Outdoor unit in the chapter Technical dat...

Page 18: ...pplicable legislation for example national gas regulation and are executed only by authorised persons 6 2 2 Additional installation site requirements of the outdoor unit in cold climates Protect the o...

Page 19: ...nserting it through a wall to prevent dust and or particles entering the pipe Use a decent thread sealant to seal connections Insulation Insulate up to the base of the heat exchanger Freeze Protect ag...

Page 20: ...ter end point and the recirculation connection of the domestic hot water tank c d a b a Recirculation connection b Hot water connection c Shower d Recirculation pump 6 3 2 Formula to calculate the exp...

Page 21: ...H NOTICE When circulation in each or certain space heating loops is controlled by remotely controlled valves it is important that the minimum flow rate is guaranteed even if all valves are closed In c...

Page 22: ...e equipment is connected to such preferential kWh rate power supply the electricity company is allowed to interrupt power supply to the equipment for certain periods of time demand that the equipment...

Page 23: ...nside of the indoor unit Backup heater type Power supply Required number of conductors 6V 1N 230 V 6V 2 GND 3 230 V 6T1 3 GND 9W 3N 400 V 4 GND 7 Installation 7 1 Overview Installation This chapter de...

Page 24: ...4 7 4 4 To connect the drain hose to the drain on page 26 When you need access to the high voltage switch box 2 T25 7 2 4 To open the switch box cover of the indoor unit 4 T25 4 T25 7 2 5 To lower the...

Page 25: ...on drawing Prepare 6 sets of anchor bolts nuts and washers field supply as follows 150 6 2 0 350 3 4 5 3 5 5 a mm 2 6 1 5 6 M12 a Make sure not to cover the drain holes In any case make sure the unit...

Page 26: ...he following illustration field supply 2 Place the 2 cables over the outdoor unit 3 Insert a rubber sheet between the cables and the outdoor unit to prevent the cables from scratching the paint field...

Page 27: ...r piping INFORMATION Also read the precautions and requirements in the following chapters General safety precautions Preparation 7 5 3 To connect the water piping Outdoor unit c b a a d c a Water inle...

Page 28: ...mber of zones Single zone NOTICE Install air purge valves at all local high points NOTICE A pressure relief valve field supply with an opening pressure of maximum 10 bar must be installed on the domes...

Page 29: ...col ALWAYS compare the requirements from the table above with the specifications provided by the glycol manufacturer If necessary meet the requirements set by the glycol manufacturer The added concent...

Page 30: ...E When freeze protection valves are installed do NOT select a minimum cooling setpoint lower than 8 C 8 C default If lower freeze protection valves can open during cooling operation Heater tape field...

Page 31: ...G ALWAYS use multicore cable for power supply cables 7 6 4 Guidelines when connecting the electrical wiring Keep the following in mind If stranded conductor wires are used install a round crimp style...

Page 32: ...s piping 6 Install the switch box cover INFORMATION When installing field supply or option cables foresee sufficient cable length This will make it possible to remove reposition the switch box and gai...

Page 33: ...wer supply c Preferential power supply contact 2 Fix the cables with cable ties to the cable tie mountings INFORMATION In case of preferential kWh rate power supply connect X11Y to X11YB The necessity...

Page 34: ...rator if necessary that the equipment is connected only to a supply with a system impedance Zsys less than or equal to Zmax c 6V d 6T1 Connect the backup heater power supply as follows X6M F1B Q1DI a...

Page 35: ...illustration below X2M X5M X1M A5P A4P YC Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 X1M Y1 YC 7 9 a b a Installation of EKRP1HB is required b Prewiring between X2M 7 9 and Q1L thermal protector backup heater Do NOT change 2 Fix th...

Page 36: ...unit will ignore the safety thermostat contact INFORMATION The preferential kWh rate power supply contact is connected to the same terminals X5M 9 10 as the safety thermostat for the additional zone I...

Page 37: ...678 Additional menu items and installer settings are now available 5678 Installer Advanced user pin code The Advanced user pin code is 1234 Additional menu items for the user are now visible User pin...

Page 38: ...on page 52 Comfort setpoint 5 2 Eco setpoint 5 3 Reheat setpoint 5 4 8 3 Possible screens 8 3 1 Possible screens Overview The most common screens are as follows a b c c2 c1 a Home screen b Main menu s...

Page 39: ...case of a malfunction on page 75 for more information Item Description Room Restriction Only displayed if a room thermostat is connected to the indoor unit Set the room temperature Main zone Shows the...

Page 40: ...s screen Go through the temperatures Change the temperature Possible actions on this screen Go to the next temperature Confirm changes and proceed Item Description a Possible weather dependent zones M...

Page 41: ...efined 1 2 Select Copy Edit Copy Result C is displayed next to the copied day 3 Select Tuesday Mon Sat Wed Fri Thu Tue Sun User defined 1 C 4 Select Paste Copy Paste C Result Mon Sat Wed Fri Thu Tue S...

Page 42: ...urn ON C 2 Space heating cooling Room thermostat control C 07 2 Allow for the user interface used as room thermostat to take care of room frost protection Choose 1 4 1 1 Room Antifrost Activation Yes...

Page 43: ...gs can be used to compensate for situations where the user interface used as room thermostat or the external room sensor CANNOT be installed on the ideal installation location see 5 7 Setting up an ex...

Page 44: ...water temperature when the outdoor temperature equals or drops below the low ambient temperature 9 03 C 9 02 C Note This value should be higher than 1 09 as for low outdoor temperatures less cold wate...

Page 45: ...unit is connected to a high temperature emitter system and simultaneous demand exists on both emitter zones and if the high emitter system leaving water setpoint is chosen bigger than 60 C in the com...

Page 46: ...will only be achieved after some operation time when the setpoint is being reached because of the big difference between leaving water temperature setpoint and inlet temperature at startup The target...

Page 47: ...emperature zone can close under these circumstances INFORMATION During defrost operation the shut off valve is ALWAYS opened During thermo If F 0B is enabled the shut off valve closes when there is no...

Page 48: ...ature 25 C 43 C 0 05 Desired leaving water temperature when the outdoor temperature equals or drops below the low ambient temperature 9 07 C 9 08 C Note This value should be higher than 0 04 as for lo...

Page 49: ...ol down a space You do NOT have to tell the system which space operation mode to use To determine if a heating cooling heat pump model is installed 1 Go to 4 Space heating cooling 2 Check if 4 1 Opera...

Page 50: ...nge 1 C 10 C N A 4 0D Offset Ensures that the active desired room temperature is always reached In heating mode the space operation ONLY changes when the room temperature rises above the desired heati...

Page 51: ...pump speed limitation for the main zone 9 0E and additional zone 9 0D defines the maximum pump speed In normal conditions the default setting should NOT be modified The pump speed limitation will be o...

Page 52: ...oom frost protection see 8 4 2 Room on page 42 8 4 6 Tank Tank setpoint screen You can set the domestic hot water temperature using the setpoint screen For more information about how to do this see 8...

Page 53: ...ording to a schedule See the operation manual for more details Disinfection Applies only to installations with a domestic hot water tank The disinfection function disinfects the domestic hot water tan...

Page 54: ...emperature the tank heats up to the reheat temperature The minimum ON temperature is 20 C even if setpoint hysteresis is smaller than 20 C Code Description 5 9 6 00 Heat pump ON hysteresis 2 C 40 C Re...

Page 55: ...time and date INFORMATION By default daylight savings time is enabled and clock format is set to 24 hours If you want to change these settings you can do this in the menu structure User settings Time...

Page 56: ...0 valuta kWh with 2 significant values INFORMATION If no schedule is set the Electricity price for High is taken into account To set the electricity price schedule timer 1 Go to 7 5 4 User settings El...

Page 57: ...06 Is a domestic hot water tank installed in the system E 07 What kind of domestic hot water tank is installed DHW pump Code Description 9 2 2 D 02 DHW pump 0 No DHW pump NOT installed 1 Instant hot...

Page 58: ...ilibrium Is backup heater operation allowed above equilibrium temperature during space heating operation 1 NOT allowed 0 Allowed 9 3 7 5 01 Equilibrium temperature Outdoor temperature below which oper...

Page 59: ...tom water layer of the tank because the heat exchanger coil is not operational with a warmer top layer Range 0 C 20 C Timers for simultaneous space and domestic hot water operation request 8 02 Anti r...

Page 60: ...Closed The outdoor unit is connected to a preferential kWh rate power supply When the preferential kWh rate signal is sent by the electricity company the contact will close and the unit will go in fo...

Page 61: ...meter in accordance with the power meter specifications It is possible to connect up to 2 power meters with different pulse frequencies If only 1 or no power meter is used select None to indicate the...

Page 62: ...calc Bivalent ON temperature variable Below this temperature the auxiliary boiler will always be ON Tcalc can never go below C 03 or above C 03 C 04 3 C Fixed hysteresis to prevent too much switching...

Page 63: ...e type that power supply is interrupted always enable the auto restart function Continuous indoor unit control can be guaranteed independent of the preferential kWh rate power supply status by connect...

Page 64: ...me date Holiday Quiet Electricity price Gas price C Operation Room Space heating cooling Tank B User profile 7 3 Holiday Activation From Till 7 4 Quiet Activation Schedule 7 5 Electricity price High M...

Page 65: ...pply Benefit kWh power supply Allow heater Allow pump 9 2 Domestic hot water Domestic hot water DHW pump DHW pump schedule Solar 9 9 Power consumption control Power consumption control Type Limit Limi...

Page 66: ...field wiring has been carried out according to this document and the applicable legislation Between the local supply panel and the outdoor unit Between indoor unit and outdoor unit Between the local...

Page 67: ...1 Performing a manual air purge for both zones 2 Performing an automatic air purge for both zones INFORMATION Start by performing a manual air purge When almost all the air is removed perform an auto...

Page 68: ...derfloor heating screed dryout This function is used for drying out the screed of an underfloor heating system very slowly during the construction of a house It allows the installer to program and exe...

Page 69: ...dryout When the program is stopped by an error an operation switch off or a power failure the U3 error will be displayed on the user interface To resolve the error codes see 12 4 Solving problems base...

Page 70: ...6 Screw the drain cap back on 7 Reattach the magnetic sleeve 8 Check the pressure of the water circuit If required add water NOTICE When checking the magnetic filter dirt separator for tightness hold...

Page 71: ...e respective circuit breaker Prerequisite Close the cold water supply Prerequisite Open all the hot water tapping points to allow air to enter the system 1 Remove the top panel the user interface pane...

Page 72: ...lips to fix the water filter to the water circuit pipes 3 Make sure that the air purge valve of the water filter is in the open position 4 Open the valve if equipped of the water circuit towards the e...

Page 73: ...the installer If you purge air from the heat emitters or collectors mind the following WARNING Air purging heat emitters or collectors Before you purge air from heat emitters or collectors check if or...

Page 74: ...k and make sure that the space heating priority settings have been configured appropriately Make sure that the space heating priority status has been enabled Go to 9 6 1 Installer settings Balancing S...

Page 75: ...1 04 Leaving water temperature sensor not properly mounted 81 06 Entering water temperature thermistor abnormality indoor unit 89 01 Heat exchanger frozen 89 02 Heat exchanger frozen 89 03 Heat exchan...

Page 76: ...e Detailed error code Description U2 00 OU Defect of power supply voltage U3 00 Under floor heating screed dryout function not completed correctly U4 00 Indoor outdoor unit communication problem U5 00...

Page 77: ...during pump down air will be sucked into the system Compressor breakdown or damage to the system can result due to abnormal pressure in the refrigerant cycle Pump down operation will extract all refri...

Page 78: ...lve stem c Field piping connection d Stem cap Keep both stop valves open during operation Do NOT apply excessive force to the valve stem Doing so may break the valve body ALWAYS make sure to secure th...

Page 79: ...E 300 300 300 300 300 1000 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 1000 1000 1000 500 HD HU HD HU HB HU HD HU HB HU a b c d e eB eD A B C D E HB HU HD A C Left side and right side obstacles walls baffle plates B...

Page 80: ...r m Accumulator n Economiser heat exchanger o Inverter PCB heat sink p Plate heat exchanger E1H Crankcase heater M1C Compressor M1F Upper fan motor M2F Lower fan motor R1T Thermistor outdoor air R2T T...

Page 81: ...ot water hot water OUT loose nut 3 4 d1 Gas refrigerant IN heating mode condenser d2 Liquid refrigerant OUT heating mode condenser e Pump main mixed zone f Shut off valve male female 1 if equipped g E...

Page 82: ...English Translation Legend Legend Field supply Field supply English Translation Optional Optional Part n Part n Description Description A1P Printed circuit board main A2P Printed circuit board noise...

Page 83: ...D V4D A1P Diode V1R A1P IGBT power module V2R A1P Diode module V1T V3T A1P Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor IGBT X1M Terminal strip Y1E Electronic expansion valve main Y3E Electronic expansion valve...

Page 84: ...ature On OFF thermostat wired On OFF thermostat wired On OFF thermostat wireless On OFF thermostat wireless Ext thermistor External thermistor Heat pump convector Heat pump convector Position in switc...

Page 85: ...tat For safety thermostat Inrush Inrush current Max load Maximum load Normally closed Normally closed Normally open Normally open Safety thermostat Safety thermostat English Translation Safety thermos...

Page 86: ...TS 2 core 3m included signal A13P P1 P2 LAN adapter A14P P1 P2 user interface communication 2 core communication 2 core 4 core 5 core for C H operation 4 core for H only operation 3 core for C H opera...

Page 87: ...User Person who is owner of the product and or operates the product Applicable legislation All international European national and local directives laws regulations and or codes that are relevant and...

Page 88: ...1 10 Field settings table 8 7 5 8291 Applicable indoor units EAVZ16S18DA6V EAVZ16S23DA6V EAVZ16S18DA9W EAVZ16S23DA9W Notes 1 6V 2 9W 3 EKHVCONV2 4 EAVZ16S18 5 EAVZ16S23 4P556077 1 2018 12...

Page 89: ...50 C 3 5 0 02 R W 10 25 C step 1 C 15 C 3 5 0 03 R W 40 5 C step 1 C 10 C Cooling WD curve 3 6 0 04 R W 9 07 9 08 C step 1 C 8 C 3 3 6 0 05 R W 9 07 9 08 C step 1 C 12 C 3 3 6 0 06 R W 25 43 C step 1...

Page 90: ...4 C 2 increase 4 C span 4 C 3 increase 2 C span 8 C 4 increase 4 C span 8 C 4 B 9 04 R W 1 4 C step 1 C 1 C 4 C 2 06 R W 0 Disabled 1 Enabled Tank 5 2 6 0A R W 30 6 0E C step 1 C 60 C 5 3 6 0B R W 30...

Page 91: ...02 C step 1 C 22 C 3 9 1 1 09 R W 9 03 9 02 C step 1 C 18 C 3 Additional zone 9 1 2 0D R W 0 Underfloor heating 1 Fancoil unit 2 Radiator 9 1 R W 0 Fixed 1 WD heating fixed cooling 3 2 Weather depende...

Page 92: ...0 C step 1 C 10 C 9 6 4 8 02 R W 0 10 hour step 0 5 hour 0 5 hour 9 6 5 8 00 R O 0 20 min step 1 min 1 min 9 6 6 8 01 R W 5 95 min step 5 min 30 min 9 6 7 8 04 R W 0 95 min step 5 min 95 min Installer...

Page 93: ...0E R W 40 5 C step 1 C 10 C 9 I 1 00 R W 40 5 C step 1 C 10 C 9 I 1 01 R W 10 25 C step 1 C 15 C 9 I 1 02 R W 9 01 9 00 step 1 C 35 C 9 I 1 03 R W 9 01 min 45 9 00 C step 1 C 25 C 9 I 1 04 R W 0 Disab...

Page 94: ...the maximum allowed current over the heatpump What is the desired delta T in heating for the additional zone What is the maximum desired room temperature in heating What is the averaging time for the...

Page 95: ...1 C 55 C 9 I 9 01 R W 15 37 C step 1 C 25 C 9 I 9 02 R W 18 22 C step 1 C 22 C 3 The temperature difference determining the heat pump ON temperature The temperature difference determining the heat pum...

Page 96: ...R O 3 6V 1 4 9W 2 9 I E 04 R O 0 No 1 Yes 9 I E 05 R O 0 No 1 Yes 9 I E 06 R O 0 No 1 Yes 9 I E 07 R O 1 Integrated 9 I E 08 R O 0 disabled 1 Enabled 9 I E 09 1 Room temperature hysteresis Pump speed...

Page 97: ...9 I F 05 0 9 I F 09 R W 0 Disabled 1 Enabled 9 I F 0A 0 9 I F 0B R W 0 No 1 Yes 9 I F 0C R W 0 No 1 Yes 9 I F 0D R W 0 Continuous 1 Sample 2 Request Close shut off valve during cooling Pump operation...

Page 98: ......

Page 99: ......

Page 100: ...4P556075 1 2019 02 Copyright 2018 Daikin...

Reviews: