Albedo HL 2.2 Owner'S Manual Download Page 17

sulle basse frequenze che in termini di efficienza.
La conclusione inevitabile era che il modello di
Bradbury fosse sbagliato o, quanto meno,
incompleto. Una prima modifica della teoria che
abbiamo adottato è stata allora quella di tenere
conto della elasticità e della dissipazione
intrinseca delle fibre; l’accordo con le misure è
migliorato ma non in maniera determinante. Un
accordo molto migliore, praticamente accettabile
entro gli errori, lo abbiamo ottenuto quando
abbiamo individuato il principale difetto del
modello di Bradbury: in realtà esso è
semplicemente troppo ottimistico nel trattare
l’accoppiamento aria-fibre. Ogni materiale fibroso,
per sua natura, mette a disposizione con piena
efficienza solo una frazione delle fibre (per effetti
di orientamento e di struttura intrinseca):
introducendo nel modello un parametro che tenga
conto di questo fenomeno, in particolare
assumendo che, in media, solo un terzo delle fibre
partecipino al trasporto dell’onda acustica, le
simulazioni sono in ottimo accordo con le misure.
Dal punto di vista della teoria possiamo ritenerci
soddisfatti per aver chiarito un problema, ma per
quanto riguarda la realizzazione di una linea di
trasmissione di buone prestazioni, questi risultati
sono negativi. Abbandonammo così l’uso delle
linee piene.
Cosa rende, per contro, sconsigliabile l’uso delle
linee praticamente vuote? Essenzialmente due
problemi [5, 6]: per scendere in frequenza la linea
deve essere molto lunga; inoltre, le emissioni
secondarie della linea introducono forti alterazioni
nella risposta in gamma medio-bassa.
Cominciammo a lavorare per trovare possibili
soluzioni a questi problemi. Innanzitutto quello
relativo alla frequenza di accordo. Per risolvere
questo problema basta riflettere sul fatto che l’uso
del condotto a sezione costante non è certo
obbligatorio; esso ha solo il vantaggio di rendere
molto semplici i calcoli relativi alla determinazione
delle frequenze di interesse nel progetto. E’ d’altra
parte possibile descrivere in maniera corretta il

compute the total response, that of the port, the
electric impedance, etc. We then started to
compare the theoretical predictions with the
laboratory measurements made with Clio on the
physical system [7, 8]. The result was that between
theory and measurements there were substantial
differences.
We tried fibrous material of every kind, from
natural and artificial wool to several form of
cotton, from acrylic fibers to polyurethane; we
arrived to test even steel wool. We systematically
got experimental results which were falling short
of our expectations, both as far as performance at
low frequencies and in efficiency. The inescapable
conclusion was that the Bradbury model could be
wrong or, at best, incomplete. We made a first
modification to the theory by taking into
consideration the intrinsic elasticity and
dissipations in the fibers; the comparison with
measurements gave better results but was still not
completely satisfactory. 
A much better match between theory and actual
measurements, practically within experimental
errors, was obtained when we identified the main
problem with Bradbury’s approach: it is simply too
optimistic in considering the air-fibers mechanical
coupling. Every fibrous material, due to its intrinsic
nature, makes available at full efficiency only a
small fraction of its fibers (this is due to factors as
orientation and intrinsic structure): by introducing
in the model a parameter that takes into account
these points and, in particular, by assuming that on
average only one third of the fibers take part in
the transport of the acoustic wave, theoretical
simulations have then an optimum match with
actual measurements. 
From the point of view of the theory we
considered ourselves satisfied for having clarified
a problem but, for the purpose of designing a high
performance transmission line system these
shortcomings were decisive. We abandoned
therefore the idea of using completely stuffed
lines.

17

Summary of Contents for HL 2.2

Page 1: ...Manuale d istruzioni Owner s manual HL 2 2 ...

Page 2: ......

Page 3: ...nti questo prodotto produce un campo magnetico che potrebbe disturbare il funzionamento di computer o schermi televisivi posti nelle immediate vicinanze Dear Customer We would like to thank you for choosing a pair of Albedo speakers Before connecting them to the amplifier and in order to reach the best result please read this handbook Further information about installation and listening room needs...

Page 4: ...s lo 091224 A va accoppiato con lo 091224 B Contattate immediatamente il vostro rivenditore nel caso i numeri serali risultino discordanti Package Albedo loudspeakers were shipped in hard card board boxes with many internal cardboard pads This provides a safe arrival and a little aid to envi ronment protection We recommend saving these boxes for a possible future shipment Boxes and pads can be dis...

Page 5: ...dini Nel caso di pavimenti in parquet o in altro materiale delicato raccomandiamo l uso delle quattro rondelle in dotazione appositamente sagomate per tale uso Spikes installing The four spikes provide for the best coupling of your loudspeaker to the floor Round ends have the same effect of pins but are safer in loudspeakers handling or moving To install the spikes simply thread them into the four...

Page 6: ...morsetto rosso il negativo a quello bianco Usando terminazioni a forcella o cavo spellato non forzare esageratamente il serraggio del morsetto Wiring The speaker is equipped with high quality pole terminals for connecting the speaker cables They accept 4 mm banana plugs 6 and 8 mm spades and crimped cable ends up to 4 mm2 11 AWG Check to insure the correct polarity positive lead must be connected ...

Page 7: ...o solo dopo un centinaio di ore di ascolto Si consiglia pertanto di non procedere nella messa a punto fine dell impianto prima di questo periodo Break in period Your new Albedo loudspeakers will not perform at best when first installed in your system This is due to some electric and mechanical reasons as properties of filter components and drivers suspensions Only after this break in period the fu...

Page 8: ...ttare l intera stanza ma basta individuare tali zone Speaker placement In setting up the speakers in the room special attention should be given to their positioning This choice will have an important influence on the acoustic balance of the whole system Rooms with not similar dimensions of walls and ceiling must be preferred because these differences can limit the formation of low frequency standi...

Page 9: ...tion is necessary to achieve the best angle for your listening room 9 e renderle acusticamente non riflettenti Immaginiamo dunque che il suono si comporti come la luce e la parete come uno specchio Muovendo uno specchio sulla parete laterale la zona da trattare acusticamente sarà individuata dalla posizione in cui l ascoltatore vedrà gli altoparlanti riflessi nello specchio stesso Per quanto rigua...

Page 10: ...e degli altoparlanti Queste semplici precauzioni contribuiranno a mantenere in perfette condizioni i vostri diffusori per molti anni Maintenance The speakers do not require any particular maintenance apart from occasional general cleaning Clean the wooden part of the cabinet with a soft cloth Do not use cleaners that contain ammonia strong solvents or abrasive materials Avoid placing the speakers ...

Page 11: ...ears The Italian warranty is valid from the purchase date shown on the receipt and only in Italy Unauthorized dismantling of the product will render this warranty void Albedo reserves the right to make changes in design and improvements upon its products without necessarily assuming an obligation to retrofit such changes upon previously manufactured models Albedo shall in no event be obligated for...

Page 12: ...e come un minidiffusore che ingombrasse come un minidiffusore sul suo stand e che avesse una gamma bassa da grande sistema senza TECHNICAL NOTES Philosophy of design As we present here the original motivation the development and the actual realization of a loudspeaker system we also take the occasion to reflect on many aspects of the recent history of design and listening enjoyment of High Fidelit...

Page 13: ...nza La scelta del caricamento del woofer in linea di trasmissione è stata dettata dal convincimento its stand but with a good low frequencies response and that would not cost a fortune It is clear that a final answer to this question is elusive since every project even the ones with unlimited budget and therefore free of any cost limitations is anyway still the result of a compromise dictated by o...

Page 14: ...a di massima attenzione psicoacustica nel crossover sono usate solo bobine in aria e condensatori al response Our choice of loading the woofer through the transmission line is driven by our firm belief that this guarantees the best quantitative increment in the bass response without compromising quality in tonal balance and response to transients On the other hand in order to reach this desired pe...

Page 15: ... tubo uniformemente riempito di un materiale fibroso In the crossover network we used only air core coils and poly capacitors mounted on a double layer high thickness copper board The phase response There are several articles for an interested reader about the problems related to the measurement and interpretation of phase response They are also the subject of expressely written notes 1 2 availabl...

Page 16: ...riliche ai poliuretani abbiamo provato addirittura con la lana d acciaio sistematicamente il risultato sperimentale era inferiore alle attese sia in termini di estensione The transmission line Transmission line loudspeaker systems based on the theory available up to a while ago were quite simple the low end driver either the woofer or the mid woofer produces a front emission towards the environmen...

Page 17: ... calcoli relativi alla determinazione delle frequenze di interesse nel progetto E d altra parte possibile descrivere in maniera corretta il compute the total response that of the port the electric impedance etc We then started to compare the theoretical predictions with the laboratory measurements made with Clio on the physical system 7 8 The result was that between theory and measurements there w...

Page 18: ...i risuonatori paralleli è che oltre a rimuovere sensibilmente le non linearità ha un benefico effetto regolarizzante del carico On the other side what is the reason that makes it not recommendable to use empty lines Essentially two practical problems 5 6 in order to extend the response to low frequencies the line must be very long furthermore secondary emissions from the port determine strong fluc...

Page 19: ...e aumentando ulteriormente rumore e distorsione very well as a damper especially if its lay out is optimized following a suitable filtering model and comparing with laboratory measurements However this is still not enough because the troughs in the response curve due to the main counter phase and its higher order harmonics are still unacceptably deep The solution to this problem is one of the most...

Page 20: ... che erano alla base della filosofia progettuale Questi elementi hanno poi determinato anche la forma e l aspetto del Ultra stiff mechanical coupling The drivers of a loudspeaker systems should work in such a way to convert into sound energy all the electrical energy supplied by the amplifier In fact it must be strictly forbidden that other parts of the system catch and store part of this energy g...

Page 21: ... offer easiness at home with nice looking and handy practical usage Conclusions Under many aspects Albedo is a pretty new speaker concept In the paragraphs above we have just seen its technical innovative elements which allowed an optimal answer to the basic requirements of the design philosophy These elements eventually also lead to the shape and the external look of the speaker In fact its unusu...

Page 22: ...ppolito Misurare gli altoparlanti Audiomatica 2007 9 J Merhaut Theory of Electroacoustics McGraw Hill 1981 References 1 M Costa G Pucacco La Fase Acustica come misurarla e come interpretarla Fedeltà del Suono 39 75 82 1995 2 M Costa G Pucacco Interpretation and measurement of acoustic phase response Technical Notes www albedoaudio com 2008 3 H Møller Loudspeaker phase measurements transient respon...

Page 23: ...grafica www gramme it ...

Page 24: ...www albedoaudio com ...

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