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ADInstruments DSA2016 User Manual Download Page 68

Appendix A

：

Accessories 

u

  Power:    Input voltage range, AC 100 V to 240 V, standard value; AC frequency range 45 Hz 

to 440 Hz; Power consumption 35 W, typical value;    All chosen work<50 W. 

u

  Software installation CD, including PC communication software, which can easily transfer the 

data from spectrum analyzer to PC. There is also “User manual” in the CD.   

Appendix B: Services and Support 

Thank you for choosing AD INSTRUMENTS. Please contact us through the following ways should 
you have any inquiry regarding our products. We shall do our best to help you. 

1

．

  Contact your local AD INSTRUMENTS distributor; 

2

．

  Contact your local AD INSTRUMENTS field office; 

3

．

  Contact AD INSTRUMENTS headquarters in Spain. 

       

 
 
 
 
 

Summary of Contents for DSA2016

Page 1: ...USER S MANUAL Handheld Spectrum Analyzer DSA2016TG DSA2016 V1 0 0 ...

Page 2: ...but does not guarantee no mistake in this document Please confirm that the relevant document and specification is the latest valid version before using If needs any help from third party products patents or works when using AD INSTRUMENTS document or product please be liable to get the approvement and authorization from the third party company It is not AD INSTRUMENTS s responsibility to get the a...

Page 3: ... 1 1 FREQ 21 3 1 2 SPAN 23 3 1 3 AMPT 24 3 2 Sweep and Function Settings 26 3 2 1 BW 26 3 2 2 Sweep 27 3 2 3 Trace 28 3 3 Marker Measurement 30 3 4 Shortcut Key 33 3 4 1 Auto 33 3 4 2 Preset 34 3 4 3 Utility 35 CHAPTER4 TEST CASE 39 4 1 Testing Low Level Signal 39 4 1 1 Reduce the Loss of Input 39 4 1 2 Reduce the Resolution Bandwidth 41 4 1 3 Trace Average 42 4 2 Measuring Signal Distortion 43 CH...

Page 4: ...all trace 54 5 6 6 FORMat Subsystem 54 5 7 SENSe Subsystem 55 5 7 1 FREQuency Subsection 55 5 7 2 Span Mode 56 5 7 3 Sweep 56 5 7 4 Detection 56 5 7 5 Bandwidth 57 5 7 6 Average 58 5 7 7 Power 58 5 8 INITiate Subsystem 59 5 8 1 Continuous Sweep and Single Sweep 59 5 8 2 Start Single Sweep 60 5 9 TRIGger Subsystem 60 5 9 1 Set Trigger Type 60 5 9 2 Edge Trigger of External Trigger 60 5 9 3 Trigger ...

Page 5: ...rminal before any inputs or outputs u Observe all Terminal Ratings To avoid fire or shock hazard observe all ratings and markers on the instrument and check your manual for more information about ratings before connecting u Do Not Operate Without Covers Do not operate the instrument with covers or panels removed u Avoid Circuit or Wire Exposure Do not touch exposed junctions and components when th...

Page 6: ...Model Number The model in DSA2016TG DSA2016 instrument Instrument Model Number Model No Spectrum Analyzer TG DSA2016TG 9 kHz to 1 6 GHz 5M 1 6G DSA2016 9 kHz to 1 6 GHz NO ...

Page 7: ...Chapter1 Quick Start u Instrument Introduction u General Check u Preparation ...

Page 8: ...rious fields such as education company research and development as well as industrial manufacture Main features Frequency Range 9 kHz to 1 6GHz Displayed Average Noise Level DANL 135 dBm Typical Phase Noise 80 dBc Hz 10 kHz offset Total Amplitude Accuracy 1 5 dB Minimum Resolution Bandwidth RBW 100 Hz VSWR Measurement Kit Option Standard with Preamplifier 5 7 inche 600 480 pixels high definition d...

Page 9: ...es are incomplete or damaged please contact the AD INSTRUMENTS representative 1 3 To Prepare for Use This chapter introduces the basic process to help you fast start to use the instrument Prepare the instrument 1 To Connect to Power Please use the power cord provided with the accessories to connect the spectrum analyzer to AC power source Press the power switch on lower left of front pannel to tur...

Page 10: ...Chapter2 Operating Basics u Front Panel Menu Reference u Top Panel u Side Panel u User Interface u Menu Operation u Parameter Setting ...

Page 11: ...l 2 1 1 Menu Reference 1 LCD 2 Menu softkeys menu control keys 3 Charge indicator Only lights up when charging 4 Knob 5 Direction keys 6 Numeric Keyboard 7 Power switch Lighting normal work status 8 Function key area ...

Page 12: ...S Select and control the measurement function MODE Select mode FILE Save files UTILITY Auxiliary function MARKER Read the amplitude frequency and sweep time of a certain point on the trace PEAK Open the peak search menu and search for peaks immediately MARKER Set other system parameters on the basis of the current marker value COUNT Frequency counter function PRESET Restore the system to factory s...

Page 13: ...he system will complete the input and insert a default unit for the parameter automatically While in the process of file name editing this key is used to input the character currently selected by the cursor 5 ESC CANCEL During parameter editing process press this key to clear the inputs in the active function area and exit parameter input While in the process of file name editing press this key to...

Page 14: ...weep 3 RF IN Connector 50 Ω Accepts an external input with a frequency range from 100 kHz to 3 GHz 1 6GHz tunable to 9 kHz 2 3 Side Panel 2 3 1 Right Panel Right Panel 1 USB interface Device Connects to a PC 2 WAN Interface Connects to a PC for SCPI remote control 3 USB interface Host Connects to a USB memory stick or disk 4 External DC power connector Provides input for the DC power source via an...

Page 15: ...2 3 2 Left Panel Left Panel 5 Headphone Connects to a headphone 6 SD card slot 5 6 ...

Page 16: ...urrent X value of the cursor Note that X indicates different physical quantities in different functions Cursor Y Current Y value of the cursor Note that Y indicates different physical quantities in different functions 10 Trace 1 Detector type Normal Pos peak Neg peak Sample RMS Avg 11 Trace 2 Detector type Normal Pos peak Neg peak Sample RMS Avg 12 Trace 3 Detector type Normal Pos peak Neg peak Sa...

Page 17: ... 25 VBW Video bandwidth 26 Spectrum line display area Spectrum line display area 27 Y scale Label of Y scale 28 Manual setting The corresponding parameter is in manual setting mode 2 5 Menu Operation There are 6 types of menus according to their operation modes Each type of menu and its operation method are introduced below 1 Parameter Input When selected use the numeric keys to modify the paramet...

Page 18: ...es using the numeric keys knob or direction keys This section describes the three methods of parameter setting through an example to set the center frequency to 800 MHz 1 Use the numeric keyboard 1 Press FREQ àCenter Freq 2 Input 800 using the numeric keys 3 Select MHz by selecting the desired unit from the popup menu 2 Use the knob When the parameter is editable namely when the parameter is selec...

Page 19: ...Note in the storage function the direction keys can also be used to select the current path or file ...

Page 20: ...Settings This chapter describes in detail the function keys at the front panel and the associated functions Subjects in this chapter u Basic Settings u Sweep and Function Settings u Marker Measurements u Shortcut Key ...

Page 21: ...the center frequency horizontally shifts the current channel and the adjustment is limited by the specified frequency range In Zero Span mode the start frequency stop frequency and center frequency are always the same You can modify this parameter using the numeric keys knob or direction keys Refer to Parameter Setting for more details Center Frequency Parameter Explanation Default 1 6GHz 1 6GHz R...

Page 22: ...b or direction keys For more details please refer to Parameter Setting Stop frequency Parameter Explanation Default 1 6GHz 1 6GHz Range 100 Hz to 1 6GHz 1 6GHz Unit GHz MHz kHz Hz Knob Step Span 0 step Span 200 Span 0 step VBW 100 Min 1 Hz Direction Key Step CF step Note The range is from 100 Hz to 1 6GHz 1 6GHz in non zero span CF Step Set the step of center frequency Changing the center frequenc...

Page 23: ... the sweep time You can modify this parameter using the numeric keys knob or direction keys For more details please refer to Parameter Setting Span Parameter Explanation Default 1 6GHz 1 6GHz Range 0 Hz to 1 6GHz 1 6GHz Unit GHz MHz kHz Hz Knob Step Span 200 Min 1 Hz Direction Key Step in 1 2 5 sequence Note 0 Hz is available only in zero span Full Span Set the span of the analyzer to the maximum ...

Page 24: ...parameter using the numeric keys knob or direction keys For more details please refer to Parameter Setting Reference level Parameter Explanation Default 20 dBm Range 100 dBm to 30 dBm Unit dBm dBm mV uV Knob Step in Log scale mode step Scale 10 in Lin scale mode step 0 1 dBm Direction Key Step in Log scale mode step Scale in Lin scale mode step 1 dBm Input Atten Set the front attenuator of the RF ...

Page 25: ...level and the Scale Div is invalid The unit of Y axis will automatically switch to the default Volts in Lin scale type when the scale type is changed from Log to Lin The scale type does not affect the unit of Y axis Units Set the unit of the Y axis to dBm dBmV dBuV Volts or Watts Wherein dBm dBmV and dBuV are for Log scale Volts and Watts are for Linear scale The default is dBm Key Points The conv...

Page 26: ...2 1 BW Set the RBW Resolution Bandwidth VBW Video Bandwidth and detector type parameters of the analyzer RBW Set the desired resolution bandwidth in order to distinguish between signals which are close in frequency Key Points Reducing RBW will increase the frequency resolution but will increase the sweep time Sweep Time is affected by a combination of RBW and VBW when it is in Auto mode RBW decrea...

Page 27: ... ratio of VBW and RBW Key Points Choose the ratio according to different signals When measure sine signals normally choose 1 3 to get shorter scan time When measure pulse signals choose 10 to reduce the influence to the amplitude of nstantaneous signal When measure noise signals normally choose 0 1 to get the average value of noise You can use numeric keys knobs or direction keys to modify this pa...

Page 28: ...ions are satisfied Key Points If the instrument is in continuous sweep mode and no measurement function is enabled press this key and the system will enter the single sweep mode and execute specified number of sweeps if all the trigger conditions are satisfied If the instrument is in continuous sweep mode and a measurement function is on press this key and the system will enter the single measure ...

Page 29: ...ccessive sweeps 4 Freeze Stop updating the trace data to observe the trace and read the measurement data This type is generally used by traces loaded from storage devices or remote interface as default 5 Blank Disable the trace display and all measurements of this trace Average Times Set the number of averages of the selected trace Key Points More averages can reduce the noise and the influence of...

Page 30: ...GHz Unit Reading Frequency or period unit is GHz MHz kHz Hz or ks s ms us ns ps Reading Time or reciprocal of time unit is ks s ms us ns ps or GHz MHz kHz Hz Knob Step Reading Frequency or period Step Sweeping width sweep point 1 Reading Time or reciprocal of time Step Sweeping time sweep point 1 Direction Key Step Reading Frequency or period Sweeping width 10 Reading Time or reciprocal of time St...

Page 31: ...reading method is Time in the mode of zero sweeping width 6 All Off Close all the markers which has been open and its realative function Marker Use current marker value to set other system parameter of equipment like center frequency reference level etc If there is no marker open press Marker and activate a marker automativly 1 Center Frequency Set center frequency of spectrum analyzer as the freq...

Page 32: ...the condition it shows No peak is found in the screen 1 Next Peak Looking up the peak which amplitude is just second to current peak and meets the search condition on the trace and marking with marker 2 Peak Right Looking up the peak which is on the right side of current peak and the nearest peak that meets the search condition on the trace and marking with marker 3 Peak Left Looking up the peak w...

Page 33: ...dged as peak Parameter Instruction Default 90 dB Range 200 dBm 0 dBm Unit dBm dBm mV uV Knob Step 1 dBm Direction Key Step 1 dBm 3 Peak Search Set the peak which is looked up in peak search is whether the maximum value on the trace or the peak meets search parameter Choose Max Value then look up the maximum value on the trace Choose Parameter then look up the peak meets the condition of search par...

Page 34: ...hed Some parameters such as the reference level scale input attenuation and maximum mixing level may be changed during the auto search 3 4 2 Preset Recall the preset setting and restore the analyzer to a specified status Key Point u Press Preset to load the factory settings listed in the following table except items marked with or User defined settings Parameter Default ...

Page 35: ...eep Time Auto 690 ms Auto SWT Normal Trace Select Trace 1 Trace Type of Trace 1 Clear Write Avg Times 10 Measure Meas Fctn Off Marker Select Mkr 1 Mkr Type Normal Delta Pair Delta Span Pair Center Mkr Table Off Peak Cont Peak Off Peak Search Max Pk Excursn 10 dB Pk Thresh 90 dBm 3 4 3 Utility Set the system parameters 1 Save Press this key can save the screen as picture into U stick 2 Language Thi...

Page 36: ... using the numeric keys knob or direction keys u Backlight Keeping Set the On Off status of backlight default is Off 15s It can be changed between On and Off u Graticule Set the brightness of the grid to highlight the display of the trace You can modify this parameter using the numeric keys knob or direction keys 4 Setting This series spectrum analyzer can set reference clock key tone power by USB...

Page 37: ...e them all 6 Power On Preset Power On Preset includes power on preset type save as user The user can set the power on status according to the requirement u Power on The user can select power on status as the last time or preset The preset content refers to preset type u Preset Type The preset type includes Default User Last time Default is the parameter of factory setting User is the parameter tha...

Page 38: ...defect using five colors White Red Green Blue and Black u Key Test Enter the keyboard test interface Press the function keys at the front panel one by one and observe whether the corresponding key lights If not an error may have occurred in that key Note if the key at the front panel is transparent its backlight will also light when you press it To exit the test press Esc three times 9 Update User...

Page 39: ...ly The level is influenced by input attenuator when signal passes the spectrum analyzer If the signal is very close to the bottom of noise it can differentiate the signal with the noice to reduce the loss of input 1 Reset spectrum analyzer 2 Set the frequency of signal source and amplitude as 1 GHz and 80 dBm Connect the RF OUT port of signal source to the RF IN port of spectrum analyzer and turn ...

Page 40: ...enter of screen again l Press SPAN 1 MHz 2 Set the attenuation as 20 dB Pay attention that when the attenuation increases the bottom of noice will be more close to signal level l Press AMPT Attenuation 20dB 3 Press AMPT Attenuation 0 dB set the attenuation as 0 dB ...

Page 41: ...urce and amplitude as 1 GHz and 80 dBm Connect the RF OUT port of signal source to the RF IN port of spectrum analyzer and turn on the signal output 3 Set center frequency span and reference level l Press FREQ 1GHz l Press SPAN 5MHz l Press AMPT 40dBm 4 Reduce resolution bandwidth l Press BW and press manual The resolution bandwidth can be reduced by knobs and arrow key Because the noise level red...

Page 42: ...mpling mode 1 Reset spectrum analyzer 2 Set the frequency of signal source and amplitude as 1 GHz and 80 dBm Connect the RF OUT port of signal source to the RF IN port of spectrum analyzer and turn on the signal output 3 Set center frequency span and reference level l Press FREQ 1GHz l Press SPAN 5MHz l Press AMPT 40dBm 4 Press TRACE Average ON to turn on the average function l Press 100 ENTER set...

Page 43: ...ortion is produced inside the instrument In this case we use a signal output by a function generator as signal source to recognize whether the harmonic distortion component is produced by spectrum analyzer 1 Connect function generator to RF IN of spectrum analyzer Set the input frequency and amplitude of signal source as 200MHz 10dBm 2 Set center frequency and span of spectrum analyzer l Press PRE...

Page 44: ...gain l Press SPAN 50MHz l Press MARKER PEAK 3 Set the attenuation as 0 dB l Press AMPT Attenuation 0dB 4 To recognize whether the harmonic distortion component is produced by spectrum analyzer firstly display the input signal in trace 2 l Press TRACE Trace 2 l Press TRACE Clear 5 Place a Delta mark in the harmonic distortion component of trace 2 l Press MARKER peak l Press MARKER Delta ...

Page 45: ...fluenced by two factors 1 To increase input attenuation will make signal to noise ratio SNR worse which will cause the reading to be positive 2 The loss of harmonic wave caused by internal circuit of spectrum analyzer will make the reading to be negative To set the input attenuation can produce minimum reading ...

Page 46: ...ommands to control DSA2016TG spectrum analyzer by USB LAN or remote interface Contents of this chapter u SCPI Brief Introduction u General Command u CALCulate subsystem u DEMOdulation subsystem u DISPlay subsystem u TRACe subsystem u FORMat subsystem u SENSe subsystem u INITiate subsystem u TRIGger subsystem u UNIT subsystem u SYSTem subsystem ...

Page 47: ...e language of your instrument A HAS Series spectrum analyzer employs SCPI as its programming language SCPI 5 1 2 Command Syntax Command syntax includes standard notations and statement rules Command Statement Rules Overview Command statements read from left to right Use either long form or short form of keywords but do not use both No separating space between the keywords only use a colon to separ...

Page 48: ... A space separates a keyword and a parameter as well as a parameter and a unit 5 1 6 Default unit of parameters The analyzer has the following default units for numeric variables Parameter Default unit Frequency Hz Amplitude dBm Time uS 5 2 Common Commands IEEE 488 2 common commands is mainly used to operate or query the status register 5 2 1 Clear Status Command format CLS Function description Th...

Page 49: ...AOFF Function description This command turns off all markers on all traces Turn on or off COUNT Command format CALCulate MARKer FCOunt STATe OFF ON 0 1 Function description Turn on or off the COUNT function Query frequency values of COUNT Command format CALCulate MARKer FCOunt X Function description Query frequency values of COUNT unit is Hz Set mark as current mark Command format CALCulate MARKer...

Page 50: ... is no approperate peak been found Marker Peak Right Search Command format CALCulate MARKer MAXimum RIGHt Function description Search a peak which is the nearest on the right of current peak and meets the search condition and mark with current cursor Instruction No peak is found will be displayed on the screen when there is no approperate peak been found Marker Peak Next Search Command format CALC...

Page 51: ...ff the continuous peak search Instruction If there is no marker be turned on it turns on Marker 1 automaticly and marks peak 5 4 DEMOdulation Subsystem 5 4 1 AM Demodulation Command format DEMod AM STATe OFF ON 0 1 DEMod AM STATe Function description This command toggles AM demodulation function between on and off Check the on and off status of AM demodulation function Return format Return 0 or 1 ...

Page 52: ...eference level Check reference level Parameter specification rel_ampl float data range from 100dBm to 30dBm Return format Return reference level as float data 5 5 3 Trace Y Axis Reference Level Offset Command format DISPlay WINDow TRACe Y SCALe RLEVel OFFSet rel_ampl DISPlay WINDow TRACe Y SCALe RLEVel OFFSet Function description Set Y Axis Reference Level Offset Check Y Axis Reference Level Offse...

Page 53: ...ce data its format depends on the set of commands FORMat TRACe DATA 5 6 2 Select trace display mode Command format TRACE n MODE WRITe MAXHold MINHold FREEze BLANk TRACE n MODE Function description Set appointed trace mode Check appointed trace mode Parameter specification Value of n 1 2 3 4 WRITe Clear write MAXHold Maximum hold MINHold Minimum hold FREEze Review BLANk Close Return format Return W...

Page 54: ...rage function in appointed trace Parameter specification Value of n 1 2 3 4 Return format Check and return the on 1 off 0 status of average function in appointed trace 5 6 5 Clear all trace Command format TRACe CLEar ALL Function description Clear all trace means to set all trace type as BLANK 5 6 6 FORMat Subsystem Set the return format of trace data Command format FORMat TRACe DATA ASCii REAL FO...

Page 55: ...Function description Set center frequency Query center frequency Parameter specification freq integral data range 0Hz to 1 6GHz Return format Query and return center frequency as an integer unit is Hz Set stop frequency Command format SENSe FREQuency STOP freq SENSe FREQuency STOP Function description Set stop frequency Query stop frequency Parameter specification freq integral data range 0Hz to 1...

Page 56: ...pan 5 7 3 Sweep Query span time Command format SENSe SWEep TIME Function description Query span time Return format Query the span time returned as floating point type data Unit is us Set span mode Command format SENSe SWEep MODE NORMal FAST SENSe SWEep MODE Function description Set span mode Query span mode Parameter specification NORMal Normal FAST Fast span Return format Query and return NORMal ...

Page 57: ...nd format SENSe BANDwidth RESolution freq SENSe BANDwidth RESolution Function description Set resolution bandwidth RBW Query resolution bandwidth Parameter specification freq integral data range from 10Hz to 1MHz Return format Query and return the value of RBW as integral data format unit is Hz Set resolution bandwidth RBW as AUTO mode Command format SENSe BANDwidth RESolution AUTO OFF ON 0 1 SENS...

Page 58: ...width AUTO mode 5 7 6 Average Set average type Command format SENSe BANDwidth AVGType LOGPwr POWEr VOLTage SENSe BANDwidth AVGType Function description Set average type Query average type Parameter specification LOGPwr ogarithmic power POWEr power VOLTage voltage Return format Query and return LOGPwr POWEr or VOLTage 5 7 7 Power Set input attenuation Command format SENSe POWer RF ATTenuation rel_a...

Page 59: ... pre amplifier Return format Query and return the on 1 or off 0 status of the pre amplifier Autoset AUTO Command format SENSe POWer ATUNe Function description Search signals in the full spectrum and adjust the parameter of frequency and amplitude to the best status Turn on or off the function of high sensitivity Command format SENSe HIGH SENSitivity OFF ON 0 1 SENSe HIGH SENSitivity Function descr...

Page 60: ...vance 5 9 TRIGger Subsystem 5 9 1 Set Trigger Type Command format TRIGger SEQuence SOURce IMMdeiate VIDeo EXTernal TRIGger SEQuence SOURce Function description Set trigger type Query trigger type Parameter specification IMMediate Free trigger VIDeo Video trigger EXTernal External trigger Return format Query and reture IMMdeiate VIDeo or EXTernal as the format of characters 5 9 2 Edge Trigger of Ex...

Page 61: ...rmat Query and return trigger level value as the format of floating point data 5 9 4 UNIT Subsystem Select the power unit used for measurement Command format UNIT POWer DBM DBMV DBUV W V UNIT POWer Function description Set amplitude unit of Y axis Query amplitude unit of Y axis Return format Query and return DBM DBMV DBUV W or V 5 10 SYSTem Subsystem 5 10 1 Power off the Instrument Command format ...

Page 62: ... 5 10 3 Preset Command format SYSTem PRESet Function description This command makes the relevant setting of spectrum analyzer into preset status ...

Page 63: ...rwise noted The instrument has been warmed up for 30 minutes The instrument is within the calibration period and a self calibration has been performed Typical value and nominal value are defined as follows Typical value defined as the specifications of the product under specified conditions Nominal value defined as the approximate quantity in the application of the product ...

Page 64: ...z 10MHz 128dBm typical 146dBm 10MHz 500MHz 142dBm typical 146dBm 500MHz 2 5GHz 1 6GHz 141dBm typical 145dBm 2 5GHz 3GHz 140dBm typical 144dBm 9K 1MHz Preamp on 131dBm typical 150dBm 1MHz 10MHz 148dBm typical 163dBm 10MHz 500MHz 161dBm typical 164dBm 500MHz 2 5GHz 1 6GHz 159dBm typical 162dBm 2 5GHz 3GHz 3 Ghz version 158dBm typical 161dBm SSB Phase Noise Carrier Offset 20 30 500MHz Central Frequen...

Page 65: ... Second Harmonic Distortion SHI 65dBc 50MHz to 3GHz 1 6GHz Mixer level 30dBm attenuator 0dB preamp off 20 30 Third Order Intermodulation TOI 50 300MHz 8dBm Third order intermodulation products 2 x 20dBm frequency separation 100KHz attenuation 0dB preamp off 20 30 300MHz 3GHz 1 6GHz 10dBm Input Related Spurious 75dBc input mixer 30dBm Inherent Residual Response 90dBm typical 98dBm Input terminated ...

Page 66: ...Power Input voltage range DC 12 17V maximum 2 8A input 220VAC 15 AC frequency range 40Hz to 60Hz Power consumption Maximum 32W ...

Page 67: ...Chapter7 Appendix u Appendix A u Appendix B ...

Page 68: ...which can easily transfer the data from spectrum analyzer to PC There is also User manual in the CD Appendix B Services and Support Thank you for choosing AD INSTRUMENTS Please contact us through the following ways should you have any inquiry regarding our products We shall do our best to help you 1 Contact your local AD INSTRUMENTS distributor 2 Contact your local AD INSTRUMENTS field office 3 Co...

Page 69: ...bes as often as operating conditions require To clean the exterior surface perform the following steps 1 Use a lint free cloth to remove floating dust on the outside of the oscilloscope and probes Take care to avoid scratching the glabrous display filter 2 Use a soft cloth dampened with water to clean the oscilloscope For more efficient cleaning you may use an aqueous solution of 75 isopropyl alco...

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