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Appendix F Wireless LANs
TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication
server. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit
mathematical algorithm called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function,
a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with
sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism.
WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption
key is never used twice.
The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up
a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data
encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP
and the wireless stations. This all happens in the background automatically.
The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data
packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function
in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do
not match, it is assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped.
By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity
checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi
network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network.
The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only
difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of
user-specific credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to
brute-force password-guessing attacks but it’s still an improvement over WEP as it employs a
easier-to-use, consistent, single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to
generate unique temporal encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same
encryption keys. (a weakness of WEP)
User Authentication
WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to
authenticate wireless stations using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number
of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time
required to connect to a network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from
WPA include key caching and pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not
be supported in all wireless devices.
Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful
authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the
same AP and does not need to go with the authentication process again.
Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to
an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.
Содержание 802.11g ADSL 2+ 4-Port Security Gateway HW-D Series
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Страница 10: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 10 Customer Support ...
Страница 24: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 24 Table of Contents ...
Страница 32: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 32 List of Figures ...
Страница 38: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 38 List of Tables ...
Страница 64: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 64 Chapter 2 Introducing the Web Configurator ...
Страница 84: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 84 Chapter 4 Bandwidth Management Wizard ...
Страница 108: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 108 Chapter 5 WAN Setup ...
Страница 122: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 122 Chapter 6 LAN Setup ...
Страница 155: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide Chapter 8 DMZ 155 Figure 81 DMZ Private and Public Address Example ...
Страница 156: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 156 Chapter 8 DMZ ...
Страница 188: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 188 Chapter 11 Firewall Configuration Figure 97 Firewall Edit Rule ...
Страница 202: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 202 Chapter 11 Firewall Configuration ...
Страница 210: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 210 Chapter 12 Anti Virus Packet Scan ...
Страница 214: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 214 Chapter 13 Content Filtering ...
Страница 232: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 232 Chapter 14 Content Access Control ...
Страница 238: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 238 Chapter 15 Introduction to IPSec ...
Страница 273: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide Chapter 17 Certificates 273 Figure 144 My Certificate Details ...
Страница 284: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 284 Chapter 17 Certificates Figure 152 Trusted Remote Host Details ...
Страница 292: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 292 Chapter 18 Static Route ...
Страница 303: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide Chapter 19 Bandwidth Management 303 Figure 162 Bandwidth Management Monitor ...
Страница 304: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 304 Chapter 19 Bandwidth Management ...
Страница 308: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 308 Chapter 20 Dynamic DNS Setup ...
Страница 332: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 332 Chapter 22 Universal Plug and Play UPnP ...
Страница 338: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 338 Chapter 23 System ...
Страница 344: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 344 Chapter 24 Logs ...
Страница 350: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 350 Chapter 25 Tools ...
Страница 363: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide Chapter 27 Troubleshooting 363 Figure 213 Security Setting ActiveX Controls ...
Страница 364: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 364 Chapter 27 Troubleshooting ...
Страница 368: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 368 Product Specifications ...
Страница 372: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 372 Appendix C Wall mounting Instructions ...
Страница 408: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 408 Appendix F Wireless LANs ...
Страница 420: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 420 Appendix H Command Interpreter ...
Страница 436: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 436 Appendix L NetBIOS Filter Commands ...
Страница 462: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 462 Appendix M Internal SPTGEN ...
Страница 484: ...P 662H HW D Series User s Guide 484 Appendix P Triangle Route ...