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................... Appendix A Term Description

A-7

A.9 Reflection

1. Concept

When light is transmitted over an interface made of different media, it will be

reflected and refracted. If the interface is made of uneven media, the reflection

(dispersion) will be very complicated and may exist on different levels. In the

optical channel, it is in the form of reversely transmitted wave, that is, reflection,

which is shown in Fig. A.9-1.

Forward wave

Reflected wave

Refracted wave

Fig. A.9-1 Optical Transmission Over Interface Made of Uneven Media

As the optical fiber is not made of ideal even medium, the practical transmission

over the fiber is as shown in Fig. A.9-2.

Forward wave

Reflected wave

Fig. A.9-2 Optical Dispersion Over a Fiber

2. Causes

The reflection may be attributed to the following causes: Rayleigh reflection

caused by Rayleigh dispersion, Stokes reflection caused by Brillouin dispersion,

optical coupling generated at the connection points of optical parts or optical

fibers and reflection caused by multiple interfaces due to optical fiber crackle.

Содержание Unitrans ZXMP M600

Страница 1: ...ZXMP M600 V1 0 Metro CWDM Equipment Technical Manual ZTE CORPORATION ...

Страница 2: ...uced translated annotated or duplicated in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of ZTE Corporation ZTE CORPORATION ZTE Plaza Keji Road South Hi Tech Industrial Park Nanshan District Shenzhen P R China Website http www zte com cn Postcode 518057 Customer Support Center 86755 26771900 800 9830 9830 Fax 86755 26770801 Email support zte com cn S N sjzl20041373 ...

Страница 3: ...n V1 0 Document version 20050425 R1 0 Equipment installation time Your information Name Company Postcode Company address Telephone E mail Presentation How is information presented Introductions procedures illustrations others Good Fair Average Poor Bad Accessibility Can you find the information you want Table of contents Index headings numbering others Good Fair Average Poor Bad Your evaluation of...

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Страница 5: ...ipment has four accompanying manual including Unitrans ZXMP M600 V1 0 Metro CWDM Equipment Technical Manual Unitrans ZXMP M600 V1 0 Metro CWDM Equipment Hardware Manual Unitrans ZXMP M600 V1 0 Metro CWDM Equipment Installation Manual Unitrans ZXMP M600 V1 0 Metro CWDM Equipment Maintenance Manual How to Use This Manual Unitrans ZXMP M600 V1 0 Metro CWDM Equipment Technical Manual deals with the ar...

Страница 6: ...ate understanding the manual Appendix B Abbreviations summarizes the English abbreviations and terms in the manual for readers reference Conventions 1 Notational convention Angular brackets and identify names of keys and buttons and the information typed by an operator from a terminal Square brackets and indicate a man machine interface menu item data list or field name The symbol separates a mult...

Страница 7: ...nd Note statements are used throughout this manual to emphasize important and critical information You must read these statements to help ensure safety and to prevent product damage The statements are defined below Danger Indicates an imminently hazardous situation which if not avoided will result in death or serious injury This signal word is to be limited to the most extreme situations Warning I...

Страница 8: ...ated Tips Indicates a suggestion or hint to make things easier or more productive for the reader Statement The actual product may differ from what is described in this manual due to frequent update of ZTE products and fast development of technologies Please contact the local ZTE office for the latest updating information of the product ...

Страница 9: ...es 1 12 1 4 Applicable Standards Recommendations 1 14 2 Technical Indices 2 1 2 1 System Indices 2 1 2 2 Structure Indices 2 2 2 3 Power Indices 2 3 2 3 1 Voltage Requirements 2 3 2 3 2 Power Consumption Requirements 2 3 2 4 Environment Requirements 2 4 2 4 1 Grounding Requirements 2 4 2 4 2 Temperature and Humidity Requirements 2 4 2 4 3 Cleanness Requirements 2 5 2 4 4 Dustproof and Anti corrosi...

Страница 10: ...3 2 3 2 1 Service Access Function 3 2 3 2 2 Service Convergence Function 3 2 3 3 Communication and Monitoring Functions 3 3 3 3 1 Communication between EMS and Access Point 3 3 3 3 2 Communication between Nodes 3 5 3 3 3 Intra node Communication and Monitoring 3 6 3 4 Power Input and Output Functions 3 7 3 5 Grounding Function 3 7 3 6 Alarm Output Function 3 7 3 7 Protection Function 3 8 3 7 1 Rin...

Страница 11: ...nt to point Networking 4 2 4 2 2 Chain Networking 4 2 4 2 3 Ring Networking 4 2 4 2 4 Ring to chain Networking 4 2 4 3 Configuration Example 4 2 4 3 1 Configuration Implementation 4 2 4 3 2 Application Features 4 2 Appendix A Term Description A 2 Appendix B Abbreviations B 2 ...

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Страница 13: ...the EMS through RS232 3 5 Fig 3 3 4 Intra node Communication and Monitoring Channel 3 6 Fig 3 7 1 1 1 Protection of Optical Channel on a Ring Network 3 8 Fig 4 1 1 Slot Distribution in the CWU Shelf 4 1 Fig 4 1 2 Slot Distribution in the SMU Shelf 4 2 Fig 4 1 3 Board Configuration of OTM Equipment which adds drops 8 wavelengths 4 2 Fig 4 1 4 Fiber Connection of OTM Equipment 1310nm monitoring chan...

Страница 14: ... 4 3 1 Networking in a Typical Configuration Example 4 2 Fig 4 3 2 Service Requirements 4 2 Fig A 9 1 Optical Transmission Over Interface Made of Uneven Media A 2 Fig A 9 2 Optical Dispersion Over a Fiber A 2 ...

Страница 15: ...D 2 8 Table 2 8 2 Performance Indices of OAD Units 2 9 Table 2 8 3 Indices of the Line End Optical Transmitting Port 2 10 Table 2 8 4 Indices of the Line End Optical Receiving Port 2 11 Table 2 8 5 Indices of Client Optical Transceiving Module 2 12 Table 2 8 6 Major Performance Indices of Optical Monitoring Channel 2 13 Table 2 8 7 Indices of Client Optical Transceiving Module 2 14 Table 4 1 1 Rel...

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Страница 17: ...erage high speed bandwidth and convenient services is required for providing services such as Internet access IP based virtual private network IP phone multimedia application and e commerce Meanwhile as a metropolis features prosperous economy dense population compact coverage area and frequent information exchange the information oriented construction keeps developing rapidly Thus the requirement...

Страница 18: ... predicted 1 1 1 2 Basic Structure The MAN can either be divided vertically or horizontally 1 Vertical division The MAN can be vertically divided into the access layer convergence layer and core layer The access layer accesses different types of subscribers such as routers and LAN The convergence layer converges sporadic access points implements data multiplexing transmitting and switching and pro...

Страница 19: ...mission layer The service layer can implement multiple services such as narrowband voice service Internet service remote calculation and transaction processing e commerce video conference multimedia integrated information service remote communication and control through computer and leased line service It consists of various ATM and IP devices The transmission layer indicates the metro optical net...

Страница 20: ...mit the carried services in the original mode 3 High reliability and powerful network protection capability The network security and reliability guarantee normal service transmission Thus redundancy protection measures should be provided for the hardware on the equipment Besides channel protection and multiplex section protection should also be provided at various levels on the network 4 Low netwo...

Страница 21: ...for long distance transmission is used in a MAN that features short transmission distance and diversified service interfaces the network construction cost will greatly increase 1 1 2 2 CWDM Technique The CWDM technique is developed to improve the utility of optical fibers on the MAN to provide multiple service interfaces and to cut the network construction cost at the same time The working princip...

Страница 22: ...etwork management software system The two systems are independent of each other but will also work together 1 2 1 Structure of Hardware System 1 2 1 1 Platform Functions The hardware system of the ZXMP M600 includes an optical transfer platform service convergence system multiplexing demultiplexing platform monitor platform and power supply platform 1 Optical transfer platform It adopts the optica...

Страница 23: ...f optical fiber for transmission 2 Demultiplexing part It divides the multiplexing optical signals from the line side according to their different wavelengths and sends them to different optical transfer platform and service convergence platform 4 Monitor platform 1 Collecting processing and reporting the configuration alarm and performance information of the various platforms 2 Receiving the comm...

Страница 24: ...ence platform Optical transfer platform Monitor platform M ultiplexing Demultiplexing Fig 1 2 2 Functional Structure of OTM Equipment 2 OADM The OADM equipment can add drop services with specified wavelengths and directly connect other services When the ZXMP M600 is configured as OADM equipment the relation among the platforms is shown in Fig 1 2 3 Multiplexing demultiplexing platform Crossover ca...

Страница 25: ...erface to the network management layer Fig 1 2 4 shows the structure of the ZXONM E300 system GUI Cient GUI Cient Manager 2 Manager n GNE Agent NE Agent NE Agent NE Agent ECC ECC ECC ECC ECC S S NE Agent GNE Agent S S F F LMT f Qx Network management layer Qx Corba Manager 3 GUI Cient F F Corba Manager 1 GNE Agent NE Agent NE Agent NE Agent MCU MCU ECC ECC ECC ECC S S F Qx GUI Cient F F MCU MCU MCU...

Страница 26: ...to control and coordinate a series of NEs including the Manager Graphical Interfaces GUIs and Local Maintenance Terminal LMT The NE management layer supports the following functions The core of the NE management layer is the Manager or Server It can manage multiple subnets at the same time control and coordinate NE devices The GUI provides graphical user interfaces to convert the users management ...

Страница 27: ... Manager program exists It conforms to the TCP IP protocol 3 f interface In Fig 1 2 4 it is the interface between the Agent and LMT that is between the NCP board and the maintenance terminal that is configured with the corresponding network management software The interface conforms to the TCP IP protocol 4 S interface In Fig 1 2 4 it is the interface between the Agent and the MCU that is the comm...

Страница 28: ...elength signals that conform to ITU T Recommendation G 694 2 3 Service convergence capability The ZXMP M600 can converge 4 channels of STM 1 STM 4 services to a 2 5Gbit s channel 4 Flexible filter design the ZXMP M600 adopts a modular structure supports flexible add drop of 1 8 1 wavelengths and supports smooth upgrade 5 Supporting multiple networking modes The ZXMP M600 supports chain ring and ta...

Страница 29: ...e following features 1 Adopting object oriented technique during the design and development and implementing 3 layered C S structure where the interface service and data layers are separated one another Thus the system features perfect expandability and adaptability 2 Adopting the standard L2 Ethernet switching technique which greatly facilitates the construction of complicated networks 3 Implemen...

Страница 30: ...03 2001 11 Physical electrical characteristics of hierarchical digital interfaces ITU T G 783 2000 10 Characteristics of synchronous digital hierarchy SDH equipment functional blocks ITU T G 798 2002 06 Characteristics of optical transport network equipment functional blocks ITU TG 825 2002 06 The control of jitter and wander within digital networks which are based on the synchronous digital hiera...

Страница 31: ...onous digital hierarchy ESCON phy layer OS390 LIBRARY IEC 60825 1 2000 Safety of Laser Product ISO IEC 9314 3 Information processing systems Fibre distributed Data Interface FDDI Part 3 physical Layer Medium Dependent PMD Bellcore GR253 1999 Synchronous Optical Network SONET Transport Systems Common Generic Criteria ...

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Страница 33: ...1 System Indices 8 1 wavelength system compliance to S C8L1 1D2 3 5 application code of G 695 4 1 wavelength system can upgrade to 8 1 system 20Gb s Maximum capacity 8x2 5G OTM and OADM nodes support P2P and ring topology 18dB link budget for 8 1 system w o reg 20dB link budget for 4 1 system w o reg Fiber type G 652 G 653 G 655 Wavelengths is compliance to G 694 2 ...

Страница 34: ...ard PCWCS 20 4mm H 110 6mm W 210mm D Sub Rate Multiplexing SRM42 Gigabit Ethernet Multplexing Unit GEM2 41 2mm H 325 5mm W 210mm D Net Control Processor NCP Optical Transponder Unit OTU Optical Dmux Mux Unit OMD Optical Add Drop Unit OAD 20 4mm H 162 6mm W 210mm D Note 1 When ZXMP M600 is to be installed in a cabinet mounting lugs should be installed on both sides of the shelf to fix the shelf to ...

Страница 35: ...tion Indices of the ZXMP M600 Boards Units Board Unit Name Abbreviation Power Consumption W Net Control Processor NCP 6 0 Power Board PCWCS PCWAS 5 0 Optical Transponder Unit OTU 8 0 Optical Dmux Mux Unit OMD 1 0 Optical Add Drop Unit OAD 1 0 Sub Rate Multiplexing SRM42 22 0 Gigabit Ethernet Multiplexing GEM2 20 0 CWDM Unit CWU 35 0 in full configuration Subrate Multiplexer Unit SMU 32 0 in full c...

Страница 36: ... equipment room through the cabinet grounding point If the equipment is installed on a desktop it should be grounded through the connection between the wiring terminal of the shelf and the grounding copper bar of the equipment room 2 Grounding requirements of DC power 1 The Protection Ground PGND should be grounded through the shelf shell 2 The work ground 48V GND 24V GND or 60V GND should be isol...

Страница 37: ...uch gas as SO2 or NH3 that will corrode metal or damage the insulator 4 The equipment should be kept clean Besides the door and the windows should be sealed 2 4 4 Dustproof and Anti corrosion Requirements According to the application range of GB4798 and the ZXMP M600 the dustproof and anti corrosion requirements are as follows 1 Storage environment 1K5 1Z1 1B2 1C2 1S3 1M3 with the continuous stora...

Страница 38: ...andards for the 1310nm wavelength 2 6 Reliability MTBF ch 50000 hours The Mean Time Between Failures of a single channel of equipment at each node will be about 6 years 2 7 Optical safety and electrical safety 1 When installing and making input and output connections for the equipment the relevant safety standards e g IEC60950 VDE0805 EN60950 UL60950 must be compiled 2 The equipment is intended to...

Страница 39: ...he figures before respectively indicate the number of the channels on the board while the figures after respectively indicate the serial number of the starting wavelength The optical interfaces of each board are shown in Fig 2 8 1 UPG Upgrade interface Ln line interface CH0 1310 window I input O output Fig 2 8 1 Optical Interfaces of OMD Units Different OMD units can be combined to implement the m...

Страница 40: ...ss dB 40 40 Note 1 Please note that 2 3dB loss is intended for system requirement The actual product performance is much better than the requirement up to 0 5dB can be reduced in OMD loss when calculating budget Configuration can use typical value of 2 0dB 4 1 Wavelengths and 3 0dB 8 1 Wavelengths 2 8 2 Performance Indices of OAD Units The OAD units used in the ZXMP M600 system include OAD1 OAD2 a...

Страница 41: ...5dB nm λC 6 5 1310 1550 window range nm 1260 1360 transmission port 1461 1621 reflection port In Out dB 1 OAD1 2 OAD2 3 OAD3 In Drop dB 1 Downlink and uplink channels of 1310 wavelength in OAD1 OAD2 OAD3 1 one of the 8 CWDM wavelengths of OAD1 2 one of the 8 CWDM wavelengths of OAD2 3 one of the 8 CWDM wavelengths of OAD3 Insertion loss including the connector Add Out dB 1 Downlink and uplink chan...

Страница 42: ...l Output End Unit Indices Optical source type SLM Optical signal rate multiple rates bit s 155M 622M 2 5G 1 25G GE signals Maximum 20dB bandwidth nm 1 Minimum side mode suppression ratio dB 30 Average transmitting optical power with the shell temperature between 0 C 70 C dBm 0 5 note 1 Minimum extinction ratio dB 8 2 Eye pattern diagram STM N signals conform to ITU T Recommendation G 957 That of t...

Страница 43: ...ls Optical signal rate continuous rate bit s 10M 2 5G Receiving sensitivity 2 5Gbit s dBm 28 APD Receiver reflection dB 27 Overload receiving power dBm 9 APD Wavelength range of input signals nm 1460 1620 Jitter performance When the SDH signals are being received the jitter performance conforms to the requirements for regenerator in ITU T Recommendation G 958 Note 1 For receiving sensitivity at 1E...

Страница 44: ... SX 50µm Optical source type MLM SLM MLM Optical signal rate Mbit s 2488 32 1250 1250 Maximum bandwidth RMS nm 4 4 0 85 Maximum 20dB bandwidth nm Average transmitting power dB 10 3 11 5 3 9 5 4 Minimum extinction ratio 8 2 9 9 Eye pattern diagram G0 957 IEEE802 3z IEEE802 3z Wavelength range nm 1260 1360 1270 1355 770 860 Receiver type PIN PIN PIN Minimum sensitivity dBm 18 19 17 Minimum overload ...

Страница 45: ...source type SLM LD SLM LD Signal transmitting rate dBm 5 0 5 0 Minimum receiving sensitivity dBm 34 34 Minimum overload power dBm 10 10 2 8 5 SRM42 Interface Indices The OTU module used in the ZXMP M600 includes a line optical transmitting module line end optical receiving module and client optical transceiving module 1 Indices of the line end optical transmitting port The Indices of the line end ...

Страница 46: ...M 1 S 1 1 STM 4 S 4 1 Optical source type MLM MLM Optical signal rate Mbit s 155 520 622 080 Maximum bandwidth RMS nm 7 7 4 Maximum 20dB bandwidth nm Average transmitting power dB 15 8 15 8 Minimum extinction ratio 8 2 8 2 Eye pattern diagram G 957 G 957 Wavelength range nm 1261 1360 1293 1334 1274 1356 Receiver type PIN PIN Minimum sensitivity dBm 28 28 Minimum overload dBm 8 8 Line attenuation r...

Страница 47: ...for large capacity optical transmission When ordinary fibers are used the maximum number of working wavelengths of the system reaches 8 1 1 indicates to add a 1310 channel The maximum transmission rate is 2 5Gbit s The wavelength selection and wavelength interval are in strict compliance with ITU T Recommendation G 694 2 Besides the system supports multiple networking modes such as chain network r...

Страница 48: ...ice including OC 3 12 48 service ATM service or POS service the latter including VC4 VC4 4c and VC4 16c Ethernet service including GbE 3 2 2 Service Convergence Function The ZXMP M600 can multiplex converge and demultiplex low rate signals Each SRM42 board can multiplex 4 channels of 155Mbit s and 622Mbit s SDH signals or ATM signals Each GEM2 board can multiplex channels of GbE signals ...

Страница 49: ...n function supported by interface cables Thus either cross connect or straight through network cable can be connected to the EMS to implement the communication between the EMS and the accessed network element CWDM node 1 CWDM node 2 CWDM node 3 CWDM node 4 CWDM node 5 Network management system ETH1 or ETH2 interface Fig 3 3 1 Connection between the Access Point and the EMS through an Ethernet inte...

Страница 50: ...nnected with the HUB 4 The HUB is connected to the EMS Take a ring network as an example The connection is shown in Fig 3 3 2 CWDM node 1 CWDM node 2 CWDM node 3 CWDM node 4 Network management system SDH node 3 SDH node 4 SDH node 1 SDH node 2 Hub Network cable Physical optical line Logic optical line Fig 3 3 2 Connection with the EMS Through SDH Equipment The SDH nodes and CWDM nodes share the sa...

Страница 51: ...ving as an f interface RS232 is used to connect the LMT The networking mode is shown in Fig 1 2 4 2 When used to drive the Modem RS232 can be used to manage the equipment through dialing up as shown in Fig 3 3 3 RS CS TR RD TD CD TALK DATA TALK Telephone switching network CWDM equipment RS CS TR RD TD CD TALK DATA TALK RS232 Modem Modem Network management system Fig 3 3 3 Connection with the EMS t...

Страница 52: ...n the power board of each shelf S interface is a 15 pin socket Each PCW board provides one S interface and each shelf can be configured with 2 PCWAS boards Take the EMS access point in full configuration for example The connection of the interfaces between the shelves is as shown in Fig 3 3 4 RS CS TR RD TD CD TALK DATA TALK RS CS TR RD TD CD TALK DATA TALK Qx RS CS TR RD TD CD TALK DATA TALK Mast...

Страница 53: ...supplies of the boards are independent from one another 3 5 Grounding Function 1 In the equipment the DC work ground should be isolated from the protection ground 2 The protection ground of the power input should be connected to the shell of the shelf 3 The shielding ground of the board should be connected to the shell of the shelf through the board panel 4 A grounding hole is set at the back of t...

Страница 54: ... 1 protection It is implemented by an OTU with the protection function The working principle of this protection in a single node is shown in Fig 3 7 1 Fig 3 7 1 1 1 Protection of Optical Channel on a Ring Network OTUp board is an OTU with the protection function It provides one interface at the client and two at the line end The switch criteria are the LOS signal of receiving module The switch ope...

Страница 55: ... least one CWU for NCP for example 4 CWU and 3 SMU or 1 CWU and 6 SMU 4 1 1 1 CWU Shelf The distribution of the slots in the CWU shelf is shown in Fig 4 1 1 The figures here indicate the slot numbers Fig 4 1 1 Slot Distribution in the CWU Shelf The relation between the boards and the slots is shown in Table 4 1 1 Table 4 1 1 Relation between the Boards and Slots in the CWU Shelf Slot No Boards tha...

Страница 56: ...Inserted Remarks 1 2 PCW Each PCWAS occupies one slot 3 SRM42 GEM2 4 1 2 Metro Optical Terminal Equipment OTM OTM is used as a terminal node of a line to add drop all services Its functional structure is shown in Fig 1 2 2 Take the OTM that adds drops 8 wavelengths at the terminal for example The board configuration of the OTM is shown in Fig 4 1 3 while the fiber connection is shown in Fig 4 1 4 ...

Страница 57: ...onfiguration description 1 In Fig 4 1 3 PCWAS boards are adopted to provide 48V DC power input for the system ddl 2 In this configuration 2 channel bidirectional OTU boards are adopted Other types of OTU boards can also be used as required 3 The monitoring channel is the 1310nm channel Therefore the CWU shelf is configured with an OMD5 1 board to provide an interface for the 1310nm channel If the ...

Страница 58: ...1 2 3 4 6 5 FAN Fig 4 1 5 Board Configuration of OADM Equipment which adds drops 3 wavelengths OAD OTU1 OTU2 NCP ABLine BALine ABch1 ABch3 ABch2 BAch2 BAch3 BAch1 ABLine ABchn AB line channel interface BALine BAchn BA line channel interface Fig 4 1 6 Fiber Connections of OADM which adds drops 3 wavelengths Configuration description 1 In Fig 4 1 5 PCWAS boards are adopted to provide 48V DC power in...

Страница 59: ...d on the ring network Other types of OTU boards can also be used as required 6 If the ZXMP M600 needs to implement the multiplexing function for a certain wavelength as shown in Fig 4 1 6 a multiplexing board SRM42 or GEM2 can be used to replace the OTU board In addition an SMU shelf should be added for installing the multiplexing board 4 2 Networking Mode The ZXMP M600 can be configured as OTM eq...

Страница 60: ... Chain Networking 4 2 3 Ring Networking The application of ring networking is shown in Fig 4 2 3 O AD M O AD M O AD M O AD M O AD M Fig 4 2 3 Application of Ring Networking 4 2 4 Ring to chain Networking The application of ring to chain networking is shown in Fig 4 2 4 O AD M O AD M O AD M O AD M O AD M O TM Fig 4 2 4 Application of Ring to chain Networking ...

Страница 61: ...king in a Typical Configuration Example This network forms an 8 1 wavelength 5 node ring The perimeter of the ring is 60km and the interval between nodes is shown in Fig 4 3 1 Multiplexing service distribution is adopted here 1 Multiplexing node A number of wavelengths 8 1 where 1 indicates the 1310nm channel 2 Access nodes B C D E number of wavelengths 2 1 where 1 indicates the 1310nm channel 3 M...

Страница 62: ...ervice Requirements 4 3 1 Configuration Implementation 4 3 1 1 Configuration Description According to the service requirements in Fig 4 3 2 the required boards are analyzed as follows 1 NCP board One NCP board should be configured for each node and be installed in the master CWU shelf As the ZXMP M600 is configured as OADM equipment in the global network and the monitoring channel is 1310nm NCP bo...

Страница 63: ...he two channels of services in Nodes B and C occupy the same wavelength though they are in different transmission directions The two channels of services in Node E occupy different wavelengths Based on the transmission distance the optical module of the OTUq boards should be selected to transfer the wavelengths 6 OTUp board Nodes B and C each use a wavelength to implement 1 1 channel protection Th...

Страница 64: ...ement 8 1 wavelength service in a single node In this case the 1310nm wavelength can transmit both monitoring service and general services 2 The ZXMP M600 can access multiple services such as STM N and ATM services It can also implement the multiplexing function from low rate to high rate and improve the bandwidth 3 When configured with an OTU board with the protection function that is OTUp the ZX...

Страница 65: ...de diameter is 125 µm 3 µm while the attenuation coefficient is less than 1 0dB km for 1300 nm wavelength area or less than 0 5dB km for 1550 nm wavelength area At present G 652 single mode optical fibers that can be used for the SDH development include G 652 A G 652 B and G 652 C D 1 G 652 A It is applicable to a system lower than G 957 G 691 STM 16 It supports the single channel SDH transmission...

Страница 66: ...iber The full wave optical fiber eliminates OH ions near the 1385nm wavelength and thus also eliminates the appended peak attenuation caused by the OH ions Thus the fiber attenuation is only determined by the internal scattering loss of the silicon glass The attenuation of the full wave fiber becomes even at the band of 1310nm 1600nm As internal OH ions are already eliminated no peak attenuation w...

Страница 67: ...ify optical signals the working wavelength range is restricted by the amplification range of EDFA which is 1530nm 1565nm However According to ITU T Recommendation G 692 the working wavelength range of the DWDM system is 1528 77nm 1560 61nm and the corresponding working frequency range is 196 1THz 192 1THz 2 CWDM system In the CWDM system EDFA technique is not used as the transmission distance is r...

Страница 68: ...val of the CWDM system should be 20nm A 5 Central Wavelength or Central Frequency It indicates the central wavelength or frequency to which each multiplex channel in the WDM system corresponds The frequency criterion is used in the DWDM system The working frequency range of the system is 196 1THz 192 1THz When the channel interval is 0 1THz the corresponding central frequencies are 196 1THz 196 2T...

Страница 69: ...he greater the bandwidth is the better the performance The central wavelengths of CWDM filter in the case of channel bandwidth 0 5dB end in 1 The channel interval is 20nm and the precision is 6 5nm When ordinary optical fibers are used the bandwidth of the wavelengths are respectively 1471 6 5nm 1491 6 5nm 1511nm 6 5nm 1531nm 6 5nm 1551nm 6 5nm 1571nm 6 5nm 1591nm 6 5nm and 1611nm 6 5nm A 7 Insert...

Страница 70: ... channel isolation and non adjacent channel isolation 1 Adjacent channel isolation It is the ratio between the output optical power of an optical channel and the leak optical power on this channel from an adjacent optical channel signals that has the same output power It indicates the isolation of the demultiplexer from the two adjacent multiplex optical channel signals 2 Non adjacent channel isol...

Страница 71: ... wave Reflected wave Refracted wave Fig A 9 1 Optical Transmission Over Interface Made of Uneven Media As the optical fiber is not made of ideal even medium the practical transmission over the fiber is as shown in Fig A 9 2 Forward wave Reflected wave Fig A 9 2 Optical Dispersion Over a Fiber 2 Causes The reflection may be attributed to the following causes Rayleigh reflection caused by Rayleigh d...

Страница 72: ...fined as the ratio between the power of the forward optical signals and the power of the reverse optical reflection at a specific point It can be calculated through the following formula IL 10 lg Ps PR dB In the formula Ps indicates the power of forward optical signals while PR indicates the power of the reverse optical reflection A 11 Side Mode Suppression Ratio It is the ratio between the major ...

Страница 73: ...on will cause overlapping of the pulse codes transmitted through digital communication over optical fibers that is inter code interference will occur This will result in bit errors To avoid bit errors the pulse interval must be extended which will lower the transmission rate and consequently reduce the communication capacity On the other hand the pulse expansion will become increasingly serious wi...

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Страница 75: ...ications Network DDI Double Defect Indication DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing DXC Digital Cross connect EAM Electrical Absorption Modulation ECC Embedded Control Channel EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier ESCON Enterprise System Connection EX Extinction Ratio FC Fiber Channel FDI Forward Defection Indication FEC Forward Error Correction FPDC Fiber Passive Dispersion Compensator FWM Four...

Страница 76: ... Signal Noise Ratio OSPF Open Shortest Path First OTM Optical Terminal OTN Optical Transport Network OTU Optical Transponder Unit PCW Power for CWDM Unit POS Packet Over SDH PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network SAN Storage Area Network SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SEF Severely Errored Frame SES Severely Errored Block Second SFF Small Form Factor Transceiver SFP Small Form Factor Pluggable S...

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