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Changing project time signatures

This changes the setting of the time signature used for the entire song.

Tap the desired “Time Signature” setting on the Project Settings Screen.

HINT:

• The options are 4/4, 3/4 and 6/8.
• Tapping the tempo/time signature in the Control Bar will also open the Time Signature setting of the

Project Settings Screen.

(→

Control Bar overview

)

Содержание R20

Страница 1: ...mission is prohibited Product names registered trademarks and company names in this document are the property of their respective companies All trademarks and registered trademarks in this document are for identiﬁcation purposes only and are not intended to infringe on the copyrights of their respective owners Proper display is not possible on grayscale devices ...

Страница 2: ...s Inc USA The SD SDHC and SDXC logos are trademarks Other product names registered trademarks and company names in this document are the property of their respective companies All trademarks and registered trademarks in this document are for identiﬁcation purposes only and are not intended to infringe on the copyrights of their respective owners Recording from copyrighted sources including CDs rec...

Страница 3: ...pening projects 29 Creating new projects 30 Opening a project 34 Changing project settings 35 Opening the Project Settings Screen 35 Changing project tempos 36 Changing project time signatures 37 Setting the metronome 38 Changing the snap setting 42 Setting the project volume 42 Recording 43 Recording process 43 Making input settings 44 Making track settings 49 Using eﬀects 58 Editing patch memori...

Страница 4: ...dering projects as WAV ﬁles 133 Saving projects to USB ﬂash drives 135 Importing projects from USB ﬂash drives 136 Using as an audio interface 138 Installing the driver 138 Connecting computers smartphones and tablets 139 Making audio interface settings 142 Using Guitar Lab 145 Connecting to a computer 145 Using MIDI keyboards 148 Connecting MIDI keyboards 148 Setting the Auto Power Oﬀ function 15...

Страница 5: ...MIDI implementation chart 166 Speciﬁcations 167 5 ...

Страница 6: ...ordings and rhythms are shown as waveforms while synthesizer regions are shown as performance data MIDI notes Moreover WAV and SMF Standard MIDI File ﬁles on the SD card or USB storage can be added as regions Snap This function adjusts regions to a grid when they are moved or edited This enables editing to be conducted eﬃciently Standard MIDI ﬁle SMF This type of ﬁle contains MIDI performance data...

Страница 7: ...tors These show whether the channel inputs and the faders are connected to tracks 1 8 or 9 16 Track REC buttons Press these buttons to enable recording on tracks They light red when enabled Channel MASTER faders Channel faders These adjust individual track signal levels in a range from to 10 dB MASTER fader This adjusts the signal levels of the MASTER track which is a stereo mix of the individual ...

Страница 8: ...Press to skip forward one bar Press and hold to search forward Press this to stop recording and playback Press when stopped to move the recording playback position to the beginning of the project Press to start pause playback of recorded ﬁles The indicator lights during playback Press to start recording The indicator lights during recording 8 ...

Страница 9: ...d imported from USB ﬂash drives USB MIDI keyboards can also be connected and used to play synth sounds Connecting to a computer also makes the following possible Using the R20 as an audio interface Using Guitar Lab to replace R20 eﬀects Using the R20 as a card reader SD card slot This supports cards that meet SDHC SDXC speciﬁcations 9 ...

Страница 10: ...the settings ﬁle in the project folder on the SD card DC 12V AC adapter connector Connect the dedicated AC adapter ZOOM ZAD 1220 here PHONES output volume knob Use to adjust the headphone volume PHONES output jack Connect headphones here OUTPUT jacks Connect these to a power ampliﬁer a PA system or powered monitor speakers for example 10 ...

Страница 11: ...Connection example This is an example of connections to record a band in a studio 11 ...

Страница 12: ...tive pickups or through an eﬀect to the R20 use either INPUT 1 or 2 In this case set to OFF when connecting to INPUT 1 Mics for lead and backing vocals drums and other sound sources Dynamic mics can be connected to INPUTS 3 and 4 For INPUTS 5 8 set according to the type of mic connected Dynamic mic OFF Condenser mic ON Headphones Powered monitors 12 ...

Страница 13: ...r View Switch between them as needed during operation Track View Screen This is the normal recording editing screen Since recorded waveforms and their positions can be examined easily this is useful for thinking about song structure and editing Control Bar This shows the recording playback position and various buttons See the Control Bar overview for details Track Headers These show track numbers ...

Страница 14: ...egions are shown as notes See Editing regions for details about region operations including moving adding deleting and dividing them NOTE The maximum numbers of regions in a single project are as follows Audio and rhythm regions 50 Synth regions 80 Tracks These show regions The display can be changed by doing the following Pinch in horizontally Shorten the timeline display This enables showing man...

Страница 15: ... Slide up down left or right Do this to show tracks that were hidden and to change the part of the timeline that is visible 15 ...

Страница 16: ...of input playback signals for a set amount of time after fader adjustment Track level meters These show the input playback signal levels after fader adjustment Tracks These show the track numbers Tracks armed for recording are shown in red Tap a track to open the Track Settings Screen Track faders These show the current fader position settings Track ghost faders When the positions of physical fade...

Страница 17: ... Audio tracks Rhythm track Synth track Level Meter View Screen only Recording playback time This shows the time in minutes and seconds of the recording playback position Recording playback bars and beats This shows the bar and beat of the recording playback position Tempo and time signature This shows the current tempo and time signature settings This can be tapped to open the Project Settings Scr...

Страница 18: ...ch tracks receive audio from INPUTS 1 8 and can be operated with the physical controls Tracks 1 8 can be operated Tracks 9 16 can be operated Screen Switching button This switches between the Track View Screen and Level Meter View Screen This opens the Level Meter View Screen This opens the Track View Screen Marker button This opens the Marker Menu Project Settings button This opens the Project Se...

Страница 19: ...elect Tap a value you want to set The current setting value is shown in blue Tap Change settings Tap and to change settings Slide Adjust While touching a slider move it horizontally to adjust the setting value HINT Tap or at the ends of the slider to change the value by 1 Double tap a slider to reset it to its initial value 19 ...

Страница 20: ...ertically to scroll Pinch in out Zoom out in on the timeline Pinch in Pinch out Returning to the previous screen Home Screen Track View Screen Level Meter View Screen Tap at the top left of the screen To return to the Home Screen tap repeatedly until it opens 20 ...

Страница 21: ...ard to input characters Character input area A cursor shows the input position Input characters Switch between uppercase and lowercase Cancel input This reopens the previous screen Change character type Move the cursor Delete a character Conﬁrm input This conﬁrms input NOTE The characters and symbols that can be used are as follows _ space A Z a z 0 9 21 ...

Страница 22: ... speciﬁcations are supported Always make certain that the power is oﬀ when inserting or removing SD cards Inserting or removing a card while the power is on could result in data loss When inserting an SD card be sure to insert the correct end with the top side up Recording and playback are not possible when an SD card is not loaded in the R20 After purchasing a new SD card always format it using t...

Страница 23: ... devices Powered monitors and headphones can be connected for checking the sound Use to adjust the headphone volume NOTE Turn power oﬀ before connecting powered monitors HINT The OUTPUT jacks support balanced output 23 ...

Страница 24: ...ted AC adapter ZAD 1220 to the DC 12V AC adapter connector and tighten the screw lock to secure it Then plug the AC adapter into an outlet NOTE Tighten until the screw lock cannot be turned more Power will not be supplied if this is not tightened completely 24 ...

Страница 25: ...e Date Time Setting Screen will open Set the date and time when it does Setting the date and time ﬁrst time starting up 4 Turn on the output devices connected to the R20 NOTE The power will automatically turn oﬀ if it is unused for 10 hours To keep the power on at all times disable the automatic power saving function Setting the Auto Power Oﬀ function If No SD card appears on the display conﬁrm th...

Страница 26: ...Turning the power oﬀ 1 Minimize the volume of output devices connected to the R20 2 Turn oﬀ the output devices connected to the R20 3 Set to OFF The touchscreen display will turn oﬀ 26 ...

Страница 27: ...splayed date format to use mm dd yy month day year dd mm yy day month year yy mm dd year month day 3 Tap Done This conﬁrms the set date and time and opens the Projects Screen Create a new project Creating new projects using templates and Creating empty projects using speciﬁc settings NOTE If power is not supplied by an AC adapter for a long time date and time settings will be reset If the date and...

Страница 28: ...HINT The date and time setting can also be changed later from the Menu Screen Setting the date and time 28 ...

Страница 29: ...jects Screen Tap a project to select it for recording playback and editing New projects can also be created on the Projects Screen Follow these steps to open the Projects Screen 1 Tap on the Home Screen Track View Screen Level Meter View Screen Track View Screen Level Meter View Screen 2 Tap Projects This opens the Projects Screen 29 ...

Страница 30: ...at the following times When the Projects Screen is opened from another screen When recording completes When the power is turned oﬀ When a new project is created When the Project Settings Screen is closed Creating new projects using templates Projects can be created from templates for various genres that have rhythm loops assigned to them in advance Templates have been prepared for popular genres i...

Страница 31: ...g project names Tap Details to set the tempo time signature and bit depth before creating a project Creating empty projects using speciﬁc settings Creating empty projects using speciﬁc settings Projects can be made after setting the tempo time signature and bit depth The tempo and time signature can also be changed later from the settings 1 Tap Projects on the Projects Screen 2 Tap New Project to ...

Страница 32: ... entire song 40 0 250 0 Changing project tempos Time Signature This changes the setting of the time signature used for the entire song Changing project time signatures Bit Depth This sets the amount of data per digital signal sample The 24 bit option captures more information increasing audio detail and expression but it also creates more data NOTE Bit Depth cannot be changed later 32 ...

Страница 33: ...5 Tap Create This will create a new project with the changed settings and open the Home Screen HINT Projects will be named ZOOM0001 ZOOM9999 Project names can be changed later Changing project names 33 ...

Страница 34: ... select it The selected project will be framed in blue HINT Tap project name order or date and time used order to change the order shown 3 Tap Open The project selected on the Home Screen will be shown HINT An Invalid Project message will appear if the selected project is not valid 34 ...

Страница 35: ...on the Project Settings Screen Settings are saved separately with each project Opening the Project Settings Screen 1 Tap on the Home Screen Track View Screen Level Meter View Screen Track View Screen Level Meter View Screen This opens the Project Settings Screen 35 ...

Страница 36: ...from 40 0 250 0 The tempo set here will be shared by the eﬀects When the Project Settings Screen is open tapping multiple times will also set the tempo The tempo will be calculated from the intervals between taps tap tempo Tapping the tempo time signature in the Control Bar will also open the Tempo setting of the Project Settings Screen Control Bar overview 36 ...

Страница 37: ...used for the entire song 1 Tap the desired Time Signature setting on the Project Settings Screen HINT The options are 4 4 3 4 and 6 8 Tapping the tempo time signature in the Control Bar will also open the Time Signature setting of the Project Settings Screen Control Bar overview 37 ...

Страница 38: ...the metronome volume can be adjusted for diﬀerent outputs for example to make the sound loud only in headphones Using the metronome Set whether the metronome is used during recording and playback 1 On the Project Settings Screen tap On or Oﬀ for Click Setting Explanation Oﬀ Do not use the metronome On Use the metronome HINT The metronome can also be switched on oﬀ by pressing on the Home Screen 38...

Страница 39: ... for Precount Setting Explanation Oﬀ This turns oﬀ the precount On This turns on the precount HINT The number of beats in the pre count depends on the time signature setting Changing project time signatures 4 4 4 3 4 3 6 8 6 When the pre count is playing the region before the current stop position will also be played back 39 ...

Страница 40: ...to the preferred one 1 Tap the desired Sound option on the Project Settings Screen Setting Explanation Bell Metronome sound with bell on accents Click Metronome sound click only Stick Drumsticks tapping sound Cowbell Cowbell sound Hi Q Synthesized click sound 40 ...

Страница 41: ... the Level for Phones and Level for Output sliders or tap and on the Project Settings Screen Setting Explanation Level for Phones This adjusts the volume for the PHONES output jack Level for Output This adjusts the volume for the OUTPUT jacks HINT These can be set from 0 to 100 41 ...

Страница 42: ... the Project Settings Screen tap On or Oﬀ for Snap Setting Explanation Oﬀ This turns oﬀ the snap function On This turns on the snap function Setting the project volume Use this to adjust the project volume for output from the OUTPUT jacks 1 Slide the Output Level slider or tap and on the Project Settings Screen The set volume is shown above the slider NOTE This can be set from 0 to 100 42 ...

Страница 43: ... Turning the power on Create a new project Creating new projects or open a project Opening a project Make input settings Adjusting input levels Making track settings Recording Select tracks to record Enabling tracks for recording Press to start recording and press to stop it Recording Playing back and reviewing Press to start playback and to stop it Mix down the tracks Mixing projects 43 ...

Страница 44: ...cs to INPUT 5 8 using mic cables with XLR connectors Inputs 5 8 support phantom power 48V When connecting a condenser mic that requires phantom power set to ON NOTE When connecting devices that are not compatible with phantom power do not set to ON Doing so could damage the device HINT Phantom power is a function that supplies power to devices that require an external power supply including some c...

Страница 45: ...s Guitars basses synthesizers and other electronic instruments can be connected to INPUT 1 and 2 using cables with standard 1 4 inch plugs When directly connecting a guitar or bass with passive pickups use INPUT 1 and set to ON 45 ...

Страница 46: ...ed on the Track View Screen 1 Press for the tracks that you want to record Pressed will light and those tracks will enter recording standby The track numbers on the Track View Screen and the track number backgrounds on the Level Meter View Screen will appear red NOTE The input signals selected this way will also be sent to the MASTER tracks By connecting a MIDI keyboard for example synthesizer tra...

Страница 47: ...track groups When INPUT 1 8 inputs will be recorded to tracks 9 16 Setting for the switched tracks is necessary Two adjacent tracks can be set to be a stereo track Enabling stereo linking In this case pressing either will cause the for the other stereo linked track to light simultaneously 47 ...

Страница 48: ...t their input levels Adjust them so that their indicators do not light HINT If the sound distorts even after lowering the input level try changing mic positions and adjusting the output levels of connected devices The Comp Limiter Gate function can also be used to adjust levels Using the Comp Limiter Gate function 48 ...

Страница 49: ...When set as a rhythm or synthesizer track the track number will be replaced with a rhythm or synthesizer track icon Setting Explanation Audio track Sound input through an INPUT jack is recorded and played back WAV ﬁles can also be imported from SD cards and USB ﬂash drives and placed as regions Rhythm track Rhythm loops included in the R20 can be placed and played back Using internal rhythm loops ...

Страница 50: ...NOTE Each project can only have one set synthesizer track If a synthesizer track already exists and has a region a new synthesizer track cannot be set 50 ...

Страница 51: ...e adjusted and monitor panning and stereo links can be set 1 Double tap the header for the track that you want to set 2 Tap Track Settings This opens the Track Settings Screen HINT Tap at the top of the screen to open the screen for an adjacent track Stereo linked tracks are shown with track names like Track 1 2 51 ...

Страница 52: ...n a Track Settings Screen Opening Track Settings Screens slide the Pan slider or tap NOTE The setting range is L100 left Center R100 right This panning adjustment only aﬀects the monitoring signal It has no eﬀect on individual track recording data These settings are saved separately for each recorded project This can also be changed during playback 52 ...

Страница 53: ...h sliders or tap High This adjusts the boost cut of high frequency equalization Type shelving Gain range 12 dB 12 dB Frequency 10 kHz Middle This adjusts the boost cut of mid frequency equalization Type peaking Gain range 12 dB 12 dB Frequency 2 5 kHz Low This adjusts the boost cut of low frequency equalization Type shelving Gain range 12 dB 12 dB Frequency 100 Hz 53 ...

Страница 54: ...ient when editing for example Stereo Link function 1 On a Track Settings Screen Opening Track Settings Screens tap On or Oﬀ for Stereo Link NOTE If a track already has regions stereo linking will not be possible Only audio tracks can be stereo linked HINT While pressing one of two adjacent buttons pressing the other one 1 and 2 3 and 4 for example will stereo link those tracks Do the same thing to...

Страница 55: ...high levels according to the parameter adjustments shown below The limiter has a stronger eﬀect compared to the compressor The gate cuts input signals with low levels according to the parameter adjustments shown below Comp Limiter Gate Level Time Original signal Output signal when Comp Limiter Gate used Attack Time Release Time Threshold Parameter Explanation Threshold Comp Limiter This adjusts th...

Страница 56: ... the speed that the eﬀect is activated after the input signal goes below the threshold level 1 Tap the desired Comp Limiter Gate setting on the Track Settings Screen Opening Track Settings Screens Setting Explanation Oﬀ This turns the Comp Limiter Gate oﬀ No settings can be made from step 2 Compressor This selects the compressor The ratio is 4 1 Limiter This will apply the limiter The ratio is 20 ...

Страница 57: ... dBFS for the compressor and limiter This can be set from 80 to 2 dBFS for the noise gate 3 Slide the Attack Time slider or tap and to adjust the attack time HINT This can be set from 1 to 4 ms 4 Slide the Release Time slider or tap and to adjust the release time HINT This can be set from 1 to 500 ms 57 ...

Страница 58: ...hecked through headphones or powered monitors The amount the eﬀect is applied can be adjusted by setting the level sent to the eﬀect send level The send eﬀect does not aﬀect recording data but it does aﬀect mixdown data This eﬀect can be applied to multiple tracks allowing it to be used for example to add reverb to every track Insert eﬀect This eﬀect is applied directly to the track so it does aﬀe...

Страница 59: ...and tap This reopens the Track Settings Screen HINT See Editing patch memories for details about how to edit patch memories 3 Slide the Send Level slider or tap and to adjust the send level NOTE To record the aﬀected sound use an insert eﬀect 59 ...

Страница 60: ... audio track to assign the insert eﬀect to it NOTE Eﬀects can only be used on audio tracks 2 Tap in the Control Bar 3 On the Eﬀect Screen select a patch memory and tap The Track View Screen will reopen HINT See Editing patch memories for details about how to edit patch memories 60 ...

Страница 61: ...ameters of the eﬀects Adjusting eﬀect parameters Tuner button Tap this to use the tuner Using the tuner Patch memory On Oﬀ button Tap this to turn the patch memory on oﬀ On Oﬀ Select previous patch memory Adjust patch memory volume Slide the slider or tap and to adjust the patch memory volume Copy button Use this to copy the settings of the current patch memory to another one Copying patch memorie...

Страница 62: ...een See Character Input Screen overview for editing procedures Select next patch memory HINT The content of edited patch memories will be saved automatically Turning patch memories on oﬀ 1 Tap On or Oﬀ on the patch memory Edit Screen Opening the patch memory Edit Screen 62 ...

Страница 63: ...reen Tap the desired eﬀect to select it Turn eﬀect on oﬀ Tap this to turn the eﬀect on oﬀ Eﬀect adjustment parameters Slide the patch memory sliders or tap and to adjust the parameters NOTE Three eﬀects can be combined as desired in a patch memory If the processing capability limit is exceeded however a Process Overﬂow warning will appear and eﬀects will be bypassed Change one of the eﬀects to end...

Страница 64: ...ging it copy it to an empty patch memory 1 Tap on the patch memory Edit Screen Opening the patch memory Edit Screen This opens a patch memory list 2 Tap the name of the copy destination patch memory 3 Tap Execute NOTE Patch memories are not saved in projects 50 patch memories can be saved as R20 settings 64 ...

Страница 65: ...ening the patch memory Edit Screen This opens the Character Input Screen 2 Input the patch memory name See Character Input Screen overview for how to input characters 3 When Done appears tap Close This changes the patch memory name and returns to the previous screen 65 ...

Страница 66: ...Changing patch memory levels 1 On the patch memory Edit Screen Opening the patch memory Edit Screen slide the Patch Level slider or tap and NOTE This can be set from 0 to 120 66 ...

Страница 67: ... guitar bass or other instrument you want to tune is connected 3 Play the open string that you want to tune and adjust its pitch The pitch detuning with the nearest note name or string number will be shown Using the chromatic tuner Using other tuners HINT On the Tuner Screen the type can be selected Selecting the tuner type the standard pitch can be changed Setting the standard pitch of the tuner ...

Страница 68: ...rd guitar tuning with a 7th string B E A D G B E Bass Standard bass guitar tuning with a 5th string B E A D G Open A Open A tuning open strings play A chord E A E A C E Open D Open D tuning open strings play D chord D A D F A D Open E Open E tuning open strings play E chord E B E G B E Open G Open G tuning open strings play G chord D G D G B D DADGAD Alternate tuning often used for tapping and oth...

Страница 69: ... NOTE This can be set from 435Hz to 445Hz Using ﬂat tunings All strings can be tuned down from standard tuning by 1 3 semitones 1 Tap or on the Tuner Screen Using the tuner NOTE This can be set from 0 to 3 3 semitones lower Flat tuning cannot be used when the tuner type is CHROMATIC 69 ...

Страница 70: ... Track View Screen or Level Meter View Screen is open will open one of those screens 2 Press to stop NOTE A project can have a maximum of 1350 bars Recording will stop automatically if it reaches this length Recording is not possible if the SD card does not have open space HINT Pressing during playback will start recording from that point See Using the synthesizer for information about recording s...

Страница 71: ...rhythm loops can be assigned to it as desired and played back 1 Tap the track on which you want to place a rhythm loop on the Track View Screen This highlights the tapped track 2 Tap This changes the track tapped in step 1 to a rhythm track NOTE Rhythm tracks are stereo tracks 3 Tap in the Control Bar This opens the Rhythm Loops List 71 ...

Страница 72: ...cted rhythm loop will play back Tap again to stop playback 5 Tap for the rhythm loop you want to add The selected rhythm will be added to the rhythm track NOTE The rhythm loop will be added to the selected track from the playback header 72 ...

Страница 73: ...4th Note Beats 168 Neo Soul 90 Pop Rock 136 Modern 80 s 100 Retro Rock 110 80 s Pop 118 Hard Rock 80 Synthpop 120 Punk Rock 130 Big Room House 128 Funk Rock 95 Tech House 125 Britpop 80 Dubstep 140 Indie Pop 100 Electro Trap 70 Indie Disco 120 Trap 70 Indie Rock 100 Boom Bap 85 Garage Rock 150 Latin Percussion 95 Funky Soul 90 Pop Percussion 110 16feel Pop 90 Street Live Percussion 90 73 ...

Страница 74: ...ately to the R20 the keyboard can be played to record the selected synthesizer sound Selecting the synth sound 1 On the Track View Screen tap the track you want to record the synth on This highlights the tapped track 2 Tap This makes the track tapped in step 1 into the synth track 3 Tap This opens the Synth List 74 ...

Страница 75: ...o 8 notes can be output at a time 8 voice polyphony The range is C0 G8 When notes are output the red indicators above the keyboard light 5 Tap a synth name to select it The tapped synth will be selected The R20 has the following synth sounds E Piano Organ2 Slap Bass Brass2 Bright E P Pipe Organ AcousticBass Brass3 Mellow E P Finger Bass1 Synth Bass1 Synth Lead Bell Finger Bass2 Synth Bass2 Drum Ki...

Страница 76: ...di keyboard to the R20 2 Press for the synth track so that it lights red 3 Press Recording will start from the current playback position 4 Play the MIDI keyboard The MIDI keyboard performance will be recorded as MIDI data on the synth track 5 Press to stop 76 ...

Страница 77: ...inning Press when stopped Adjust track volume Move channel fader Adjust master track volume Move MASTER channel fader Touchscreen operations during playback Zoom in out horizontally Pinch in horizontally Shorten the timeline display This enables showing many bars at the same time Pinch out horizontally Lengthen the timeline display This enables displaying more detail 77 ...

Страница 78: ... Move playback position Slide playback header left right or tap the ruler 78 ...

Страница 79: ... Markers can be used to make identifying the overall structure of a song easier and are convenient when editing and mixing down Editing regions Use the Track View Screen to move delete copy paste loop split and otherwise edit audio and synth regions Moving regions Regions can be moved forward and backward on the timeline and to diﬀerent tracks 1 On the Track View Screen tap the region you want to ...

Страница 80: ...d back repeatedly 1 On the Track View Screen tap the region you want to loop This highlights the selected region 2 Drag the right edge of the region Dragging right will increase the number of loops while dragging left will decrease the number 80 ...

Страница 81: ... notes manually Editing notes synth regions 1 On the Track View Screen double tap an area with no region on the synth track The Option Menu will open at the top of the screen 2 Tap Create Region An empty synthesizer region that is one bar long will be created at the double tapped position 81 ...

Страница 82: ... or USB ﬂash drive in advance When loading from an SD card Put the ﬁles in the AUDIO folder on the SD card SD card folder and ﬁle structure When loading from a USB ﬂash drive Put the ﬁles in the ZOOM_R20 AUDIO folder on the USB ﬂash drive USB ﬂash drive folder and ﬁle structure 2 On the Track View Screen move the playback header to the position where you want to load the ﬁle 3 Double tap part of a...

Страница 83: ...card or tap USB Memory to load from a USB ﬂash drive HINT When loading from a USB ﬂash drive connect it to the USB port Connecting USB ﬂash drives 6 Tap to preview the ﬁle you want to load This will play the selected ﬁle will light Tap to stop playback 83 ...

Страница 84: ...ble if the maximum number of regions in the project would be exceeded Total number of audio and rhythm regions 50 Synth regions 80 8 Input the ﬁle name of the loaded WAV ﬁle See Character Input Screen overview for how to input characters 9 When Done appears tap Close This completes loading the track and opens the Track View Screen 84 ...

Страница 85: ...When loading from an SD card Put the ﬁles in the AUDIO folder on the SD card SD card folder and ﬁle structure When loading from a USB ﬂash drive Put the ﬁles in the ZOOM_R20 AUDIO folder on the USB ﬂash drive USB ﬂash drive folder and ﬁle structure 2 On the Track View Screen move the playback header to the position where you want to load the ﬁle 3 Double tap part of a synth track that has no regio...

Страница 86: ...h channel will be automatically assigned from their program change numbers The notes in the synth regions that have been loaded using Ch All cannot be edited Ch All cannot be selected if the synth track already has regions Moreover other regions cannot be added if there is an SMF that was loaded using Ch All 6 Tap SD Card to load from an SD card or tap USB Memory to load from a USB ﬂash drive HINT...

Страница 87: ...e ﬁle you want to load This completes loading the track and opens the Track View Screen NOTE An error message will appear if it cannot be loaded Select a diﬀerent ﬁle Loading is not possible if the maximum number of regions in the project would be exceeded Total number of audio and rhythm regions 50 Synth regions 80 87 ...

Страница 88: ...ns 1 On the Track View Screen double tap the region that you want to copy and paste This highlights that region and opens the Option Menu at the top of the screen 2 Tap Copy The selected region will be copied 3 Move the playback header to the position where you want to paste 88 ...

Страница 89: ... the top of the screen 5 Tap Paste This pastes the copied region at the position of the playback header The playback header will move to the end of the pasted region Tap anywhere else to close the Option Menu NOTE Pasting to diﬀerent tracks is possible Pasting to diﬀerent types of tracks is not possible 89 ...

Страница 90: ...regions 1 On the Track View Screen double tap the region that you want to delete This highlights that region and opens the Option Menu at the top of the screen 2 Tap Delete The selected region will be deleted 90 ...

Страница 91: ...he playback header to the position where you want to split the region 2 Double tap the region that you want to split This highlights that region and opens the Option Menu at the top of the screen 3 Tap Split This splits the selected region at the playback header position 91 ...

Страница 92: ...ting Screen 1 Tap the audio or rhythm region with the waveform that you want to edit to select it This highlights that region 2 Tap in the Control Bar The Waveform Editing Screen for the selected region opens Main operations on the Waveform Editing Screen Zoom out in horizontally Pinch in out horizontally Scroll horizontally Slide left and right HINT When the Waveform Editing Screen is open pressi...

Страница 93: ...arts 1 On the Waveform Editing Screen drag left right at the bottom left right of the region to set the range Set this to leave the necessary part Parts outside the selected range will be cut 2 Tap This will apply the trimming and reopen the Track View Screen 93 ...

Страница 94: ...pitches Regions that have had lengths changed can be saved as new audio data 1 On the Waveform Editing Screen tap to turn this function on OFF 2 Drag left and right to adjust the length of the region HINT The length can be changed in a range of 50 150 of the original region 3 Tap done to conﬁrm the setting 94 ...

Страница 95: ...put the ﬁle name of the edited audio region ﬁle See Character Input Screen overview for how to input characters 5 When Done appears tap Close The ﬁle with the changed length will be assigned to the track 95 ...

Страница 96: ...Completing editing 1 Tap on the Waveform Editing Screen The Track View Screen will reopen 96 ...

Страница 97: ...ct it This highlights that region HINT If a synth track does not have any synth regions create a new region Creating empty synth track regions synth track only 2 Tap in the Control Bar The Piano Roll Screen for the selected region opens Main operations on the Piano Roll Screen Zoom out in horizontally Pinch in out horizontally Zoom out in vertically Pinch in out horizontally Scroll horizontally Sl...

Страница 98: ...ity data 1 On the Piano Roll Screen tap to turn this function on OFF 2 Add a note Tap the Piano Roll to add a note at that position HINT The pitch of the note will be the same as on the piano keyboard shown at the left edge Scroll up down to raise lower the octave 3 Delete a note Tap a note to delete it 98 ...

Страница 99: ...Changing note lengths 1 On the Piano Roll Screen tap to turn this function on OFF 2 Tap a note and slide it left right to change its length HINT The shortest length is a 32nd note 99 ...

Страница 100: ...l Screen tap to turn this function on OFF 2 Tap the note for which you want to adjust the velocity A Velocity Slider will appear at the top of the screen 3 Slide the slider or tap and to adjust the velocity HINT The velocity can be set from 0 to 127 100 ...

Страница 101: ...iano Roll Screen tap to turn them oﬀ 2 Drag left right at the bottom left right of the region to set the range Set this to leave the necessary part Parts outside the selected range will be cut Completing editing 1 1 Tap on the Piano Roll Screen The Track View Screen will reopen 101 ...

Страница 102: ...rack will also be deleted 1 Double tap the header of the track that you want to delete on the Track View Screen The Option Menu will open at the top of the screen 2 Tap Delete 3 Tap Execute This will delete the selected track and all the regions in it Tap Cancel to cancel deletion and return to the previous screen NOTE Be certain before using this function because deleted track ﬁles will be comple...

Страница 103: ...the currently selected sound That synth track will be converted to an audio track and its exported audio ﬁle can be assigned to another track 1 On the Track View Screen double tap the header of the synth track that you want to convert to an audio track The Option Menu will open at the top of the screen 2 Tap Convert to Audio 3 Slide the Length slider or tap and This adjusts the exported length Exp...

Страница 104: ...Input the name of the audio ﬁle to be exported See Character Input Screen overview for how to input characters 6 When Done appears tap Close This converts the synth track to an audio track and reopens the Track View Screen 104 ...

Страница 105: ...es 1 On the Track View Screen double tap the header of the track that you want to export as a WAV or SMF ﬁle The Option Menu will open at the top of the screen 2 Tap Export 3 Slide the Length slider or tap and This adjusts the exported length Exported length This shows the number of bars 105 ...

Страница 106: ... the name of the WAV or SMF ﬁle to be exported See Character Input Screen overview for how to input characters 6 When Done appears tap Close This exports the track as a WAV or SMF ﬁle and reopens the track view screen 106 ...

Страница 107: ...Reordering tracks 1 Tap the header of the track that you want to reorder on the Track View Screen This highlights the tapped track header 2 Drag it to the desired position 107 ...

Страница 108: ... Bar ruler Adding markers 1 On the Track View Screen move the playback header to the position where you want to add a marker HINT The playback header can be moved in ruler increments by pressing and 2 Tap This opens the Marker Menu at the top of the screen 3 Tap Add This shows information about the marker at the playback header position The marker name shown at the left end of the Marker Menu will...

Страница 109: ...an be moved one bar at a time If another marker already exists movement will stop at the bar next to it 4 Tap a marker name in the Marker Menu 5 Change the marker name as necessary See Character Input Screen overview for how to input characters HINT Marker names can use a maximum of 10 characters 6 When Done appears tap Close This will add the marker and reopen the Track View Screen HINT Up to 10 ...

Страница 110: ...e HINT The playback header can be moved in ruler increments by pressing and 2 Tap This opens the Marker Menu at the top of the screen 3 Tap to move the marker Tap anywhere else to close the Marker Menu HINT Movement is possible in bar increments If another marker already exists movement will stop at the bar next to it 110 ...

Страница 111: ... move the playback header to the position of the marker you want to rename HINT The playback header can be moved in ruler increments by pressing and 2 Tap This opens the Marker Menu at the top of the screen 3 Tap a marker name in the Marker Menu 111 ...

Страница 112: ...name See Character Input Screen overview for how to input characters HINT Marker names can use a maximum of 10 characters 5 When Done appears tap Close This changes the marker name and returns to the Track View Screen 112 ...

Страница 113: ...ou want to delete HINT The playback header can be moved in ruler increments by pressing and 2 Tap This opens the Marker Menu at the top of the screen 3 Tap Delete 4 Tap Execute Tap Cancel to cancel deletion and return to the previous screen 5 When Done appears tap Close The marker will be deleted 113 ...

Страница 114: ...ch screens Switching to the Level Meter View Screen Switching to the Track View Screen Checking track levels Checking on the Track View Screen 1 Drag the track numbers right on the Track View Screen This opens the mixer which shows track levels with level meters Slide the screen up and down to check the levels of other tracks 114 ...

Страница 115: ...the mixer Checking on the Level Meter View Screen The levels of all tracks and the overall level can be checked at a glance on the Level Meter View Screen Levels and fader positions of all tracks Overall volume and MASTER fader position 115 ...

Страница 116: ...Drag the track numbers right on the Track View Screen This opens the mixer 2 Tap This mutes that track and lights Multiple tracks can be muted simultaneously Slide the screen up and down to mute other tracks 3 Drag the track numbers left to close the mixer 116 ...

Страница 117: ...only their signals 1 Drag the track numbers right on the Track View Screen This opens the mixer 2 Tap This mutes all other tracks and lights Multiple tracks can be soloed simultaneously Slide the screen up and down to solo other tracks 3 Drag the track numbers left to close the mixer 117 ...

Страница 118: ...annel faders to adjust the levels of individual tracks and the MASTER fader to adjust the overall level Check the levels on the Level Meter View Screen Levels and fader positions of all tracks Overall volume and MASTER fader position 118 ...

Страница 119: ...ched for example the physical fader will not adjust the level First align the physical fader position with the current fader position Then the position of the physical fader will start adjusting the level Track faders These show the current fader position settings Track ghost faders When the positions of physical faders and fader settings are diﬀerent because tracks have been switched for example ...

Страница 120: ...he tracks that can be controlled by the physical faders tracks 1 8 or 9 16 can be switched 1 Tap or in the Control Bar The physical faders can be used to control tracks 1 8 The physical faders can be used to control tracks 9 16 120 ...

Страница 121: ...ack playback sounds can be adjusted See Adjusting monitor panning for operation details Adjusting EQ The frequency bands of individual tracks can be boost cut See Adjusting EQ for details about operation Using eﬀects Eﬀects can be applied to each track See Using eﬀects for details about operation 121 ...

Страница 122: ...owing format Sample rate 44 1 kHz Bit depth As set during project creation Creating empty projects using speciﬁc settings 1 Tap on the Level Meter View Screen will light 2 Press This starts mixdown from the beginning of the project Level adjustments made with the channel and MASTER faders during mixdown will aﬀect the mixdown recording 3 Press to stop the mixdown 122 ...

Страница 123: ...an be saved on it or loaded from it and audio SMF data can also be loaded from it Conduct these operations from the Project Option Screen SD card folder and ﬁle structure When recording with the R20 folders and ﬁles are created on SD cards in the following manner Root REC01_01 WAV AUDIO ZOOM0001 zprj ZOOM0002 zprj ZOOM0003 zprj REC02_01 WAV R20PRJDATA r20prj DATA ZOOM0001_01 WAV Piano SMF REC03_01...

Страница 124: ... track 4 would be REC04_02 WAV Project ﬁle Project speciﬁc settings are saved in this ﬁle DATA folder Data necessary for the project structure are saved in this folder AUDIO folder WAV and SMF data loaded in the project are stored in this folder Put data that you want to load in the R20 here In addition mixdown audio ﬁles as well as data created by Rendering projects as WAV ﬁles are stored here Mi...

Страница 125: ...rj ZOOM0003 zprj Shuﬀle_Drum WAV Piano SMF Folder for saving projects This stores projects saved on the USB ﬂash drive Save projects that you want to load in the R20 here Project folders These contain project recording data and settings AUDIO folder WAV and SMF data loaded in the project are stored in this folder In addition data exported following the instructions in Rendering projects as WAV ﬁle...

Страница 126: ...necting USB ﬂash drives Connect USB ﬂash drives to the USB port Use USB ﬂash drives that are compatible with USB Type C USB Type C NOTE Never disconnect a USB ﬂash drive when data is being transferred 126 ...

Страница 127: ...me Screen Track View Screen Level Meter View Screen Track View Screen Level Meter View Screen This opens the Project Settings Screen 2 Tap Projects on the Project Settings Screen This opens the Projects Screen 3 Tap the project you want to manage The selected project will be framed in blue 127 ...

Страница 128: ...4 Tap Option This opens the Project Option Screen for the selected project 128 ...

Страница 129: ... 2 Change the project name See Character Input Screen overview for how to input characters NOTE An error message will appear if the same name already exists after changing a project name If this happens change the project name Project names can be a maximum of 50 characters including their extensions 3 When Done appears tap Close 129 ...

Страница 130: ...verview for how to input characters NOTE An error message will appear if the same name already exists after changing a project name If this happens change the project name Duplication is not possible if an SD card does not have enough open space Duplication is not possible if 1000 projects already exist on the SD card 3 When Done appears tap Close This completes duplication and reopens the origina...

Страница 131: ...ing the Project Option Menu of the project with information that you want to check This opens the project Information Screen where you can check the following information Item Explanation Date Time Date and time of project creation Bit Depth Recording format Size Project size 131 ...

Страница 132: ... Menu Opening the Project Option Menu of the project that you want to delete 2 Tap Execute Tap Cancel to cancel deletion and return to the previous screen 3 When Done appears tap Close This deletes the selected project and reopens the Projects Screen 132 ...

Страница 133: ...As set during project creation Creating empty projects using speciﬁc settings NOTE To render to a USB ﬂash drive connect it to the USB Type C port Connecting USB ﬂash drives 1 Tap Rendering on the Project Settings Screen Opening the Project Settings Screen 2 Slide the Length slider or tap and This adjusts the length rendered from the beginning of the project Rendered length This shows the number o...

Страница 134: ...e See Character Input Screen overview for how to input characters NOTE An error message will appear if a ﬁle with the same name already exists If this happens change the ﬁle name Duplication is not possible if the SD card or USB ﬂash drive does not have enough open space 5 When Done appears tap Close This completes rendering of the WAV ﬁle and reopens the Project Settings Screen 134 ...

Страница 135: ...Project Option Menu of the project that you want to save This opens the Project Name Input Screen 3 Input the project name See Character Input Screen overview for how to input characters NOTE An error message will appear if a project with the same name already exists If this happens change the project name Saving is not possible if a USB ﬂash drive does not have enough open space Project names can...

Страница 136: ... Type C port Connecting USB ﬂash drives 2 Tap on the Projects Screen Opening projects 3 Tap the project that you want to import 4 Input the project name See Character Input Screen overview for how to input characters NOTE An error message will appear if a project with the same name already exists If this happens change the project name Importing is not possible if an SD card does not have enough o...

Страница 137: ...5 When Done appears tap Close This completes importing and opens the Projects Screen 137 ...

Страница 138: ...uter smartphone or tablet Installing the driver Windows computers 1 Download the R20 Driver to the computer from zoomcorp com NOTE The R20 Driver can be downloaded from the above website 2 Launch the installer and follow its instructions to install the R20 Driver NOTE See the Installation Guide included in the driver package for detailed installation procedures Smartphones tablets and Mac computer...

Страница 139: ...ing projects 2 Tap Audio Interface 3 Tap a mode to select it Setting Explanation Stereo Mix This mode sends a stereo signal that is a mix of all tracks Multi Track This 8 in 4 out connection mode sends the signals of each track separately to the computer smartphone or tablet 139 ...

Страница 140: ...r set the R20 as the sound device The R20 cannot operate on USB bus power Use a Lightning to USB Camera Adapter or Lightning to USB 3 Camera Adapter to connect to an iOS iPadOS device with a lighting connector HINT To make sound monitoring output level and other settings see Making audio interface settings When in Stereo Mix mode the stereo signal mixed by the R20 is transmitted See Mixing project...

Страница 141: ...udio interface Level Meter View Screen 2 Tap Execute This disables the audio interface function and opens the Audio Interface Screen Tap Cancel to return to the previous screen 3 Disconnect the USB cable connecting the R20 and the computer smartphone or tablet 141 ...

Страница 142: ...Direct Monitor On or Oﬀ Setting Explanation Oﬀ This turns oﬀ direct monitoring This outputs the sound being recorded by the R20 after sending it to the computer smartphone or tablet On This turns on direct monitoring NOTE When in Multi Track mode Connecting computers smartphones and tablets the direct monitoring sound is from the pre fader mix so fader adjustments will not aﬀect the volume When in...

Страница 143: ...ed back to the computer smartphone or tablet This function can be used to add narration to music played back from a computer and to record the mix or stream it on that computer for example 1 Tap on the audio interface Level Meter View Screen 2 Tap Loopback On or Oﬀ Setting Explanation Oﬀ This turns oﬀ the Loopback function On This turns on the Loopback function 143 ...

Страница 144: ...output level The levels of signals output from the OUTPUT jacks can be adjusted 1 Tap on the audio interface Level Meter View Screen 2 Slide the Output Level slider or tap and NOTE This can be set from 0 to 100 144 ...

Страница 145: ...ibuted online as well as to edit and back up patch memories for example HINT Download Guitar Lab from the ZOOM website zoomcorp com See the app manual for setting and operation procedures Connecting to a computer 1 Tap on the Projects Screen Opening projects 2 Tap Guitar Lab This opens the Guitar Lab Screen 145 ...

Страница 146: ...nnect the R20 and the computer USB Type C NOTE Use a USB Type C cable that supports data transfer The R20 cannot operate on USB bus power 4 Launch Guitar Lab on the computer 5 Press to select the track you want to use eﬀects on 146 ...

Страница 147: ...Disconnecting from the computer 1 Tap on the Guitar Lab Screen 2 Tap Execute Tap Cancel to return to the previous screen 3 Disconnect the USB cable connecting the R20 and the computer 147 ...

Страница 148: ...oard sold separately to the R20 performances on it using desired sounds can be recorded Connecting MIDI keyboards 1 Tap on the Projects Screen Opening projects 2 Tap On for USB MIDI Keyboard Setting Explanation Oﬀ Use of a MIDI keyboard is not enabled On Use of a MIDI keyboard is enabled 148 ...

Страница 149: ...e MIDI keyboard for details about its settings USB Type C NOTE A USB ﬂash drive cannot be used if USB MIDI Keyboard is On The USB Type C port supplies 5 V 500 mA power Disconnecting the MIDI keyboard 1 Tap USB MIDI Keyboard Oﬀ 2 Disconnect the USB cable connecting the R20 and the MIDI keyboard 149 ...

Страница 150: ...ojects Screen Opening projects 2 Tap On or Oﬀ for Auto Power Oﬀ Setting Explanation Oﬀ The power will not turn oﬀ automatically On The power will automatically turn oﬀ if it is unused for 10 hours NOTE Under the following conditions the power will not turn oﬀ automatically even if set to On During playback or recording When using the R20 as an audio interface When using the R20 as a card reader 15...

Страница 151: ...Setting the date and time Set the date and time added to recording ﬁles 1 Tap on the Projects Screen Opening projects 2 Tap Date Time 3 Tap to set the date and time 151 ...

Страница 152: ... year yy mm dd year month day 5 Tap This conﬁrms the set date and time and returns to the previous screen NOTE If power is not supplied by an AC adapter for a long time date and time settings will be reset If the date and time setting screen appears during startup set them again 152 ...

Страница 153: ...reen brightness The brightness of the touchscreen can be adjusted 1 Tap on the Projects Screen Opening projects 2 Slide the LCD Brightness slider or tap and This adjusts the brightness HINT This can be set from 1 to 20 153 ...

Страница 154: ... cards Checking SD card information The size and open space of SD cards can be checked 1 Tap on the Projects Screen Opening projects 2 Tap SD Card 3 Check the open space and size shown by Size Open space Size 154 ...

Страница 155: ...ce SD cards can be tested to conﬁrm whether they can be used with the R20 A basic test can be done quickly while a full test examines the entire SD card 1 Tap on the Projects Screen Opening projects 2 Tap SD Card 3 Tap Test 155 ...

Страница 156: ...mount of time required for the full test will be shown The result of the test will be shown when it completes During a full test if the access rate MAX reaches 100 the card will fail NG NOTE Even if a performance test result is OK there is no guarantee that writing errors will not occur This information is just to provide guidance HINT Tap to cancel a test 156 ...

Страница 157: ...Formatting SD cards Use the R20 to format SD cards to maximize their performance 1 Tap on the Projects Screen Opening projects 2 Tap SD Card 3 Tap Format 157 ...

Страница 158: ...to cancel formatting NOTE Before using SD cards that have just been purchased or that have been formatted on a computer they must be formatted by the R20 Be aware that all data previously saved on the SD card will be deleted when it is formatted 158 ...

Страница 159: ...e checked and copied Use this to back up projects on a computer and to load audio data and SMF ﬁles from a computer for example Connecting to a computer 1 Tap on the Projects Screen Opening projects 2 Tap SD Card 3 Tap SD Card Reader This opens the SD Card Reader Screen 159 ...

Страница 160: ...4 Use a USB Type C cable to connect the R20 and the computer USB Type C NOTE Use a USB Type C cable that supports data transfer The R20 cannot operate on USB bus power 160 ...

Страница 161: ...0 icon to the Trash and drop it NOTE Always conduct computer ejection procedures before disconnecting the USB cable 2 Disconnect the USB cable connecting the R20 with the computer and tap 3 Tap Execute This disconnects with the computer and reopens the SD Card Screen Tap Cancel to cancel disconnecting and return to the previous screen 161 ...

Страница 162: ... factory default settings 1 Tap on the Projects Screen Opening projects 2 Tap Factory Reset 3 Tap Execute This executes the reset Tap Cancel to cancel resetting and return to the previous screen 4 When Done appears tap Close The power will turn oﬀ automatically 162 ...

Страница 163: ... to their factory defaults Be certain before using this function After resetting the R20 to its factory default state initial settings will be necessary the next time the power is turned on Setting the date and time ﬁrst time starting up 163 ...

Страница 164: ...ects 2 Tap Firmware Version This shows the ﬁrmware and preset versions Updating The R20 ﬁrmware can be updated to the latest versions The latest update ﬁle can be downloaded from the ZOOM website zoomcorp com Follow the instructions in the R20 Firmware Update Guide on the R20 download page 164 ...

Страница 165: ...at is lit red Conﬁrm that the SD card has open space Checking SD card information Conﬁrm that an SD card is loaded properly in the card slot If SD card protected appears on the display the SD card write protection is enabled Slide the lock switch on the SD card to disable write protection Recorded sound cannot be heard or is very quiet Conﬁrm that the volume levels of the tracks are not too low Pl...

Страница 166: ... 127 24 124 Velocity Note ON Note OFF x x o x After Touch Keyʼs Chʼs x x x x Pitch Bend x x Control Change x x Program Change True Number x x System Exclusive x x Common Song Position Song Select Tune Request x x x x x x System Real Time Clock Commands x x x x Aux Messages Local ON OFF All Notes OFF Active Sense System Reset x x x x x o x x Notes Mode 1 OMNI ON POLY Mode 3 OMNI OFF POLY Mode 2 OMN...

Страница 167: ... dB 150 Ω input Frequency response 1 0 dB 20 Hz 20 kHz Outputs MASTER OUT Connectors 2 TRS phone jacks balanced Maximum output level 14 dBu Output impedance 200 Ω PHONES Connector 1 standard stereo phone jack Maximum output level 20 mW 20 mW into 63 Ω load Output impedance 33 Ω Track settings Pan EQ High 10 kHz 12 dB shelving Middle 2 5 kHz 12 dB peaking Low 100 Hz 12 dB shelving Send Eﬀect Stereo...

Страница 168: ...mber of loops 150 Synth Polyphony 8 Sound source format FM Number of sound types 18 and a PCM drum kit Display 4 3 480 272 full color touchscreen LCD USB Connector USB Type C Note Use a USB cable that supports data transfer USB bus power is not supported Audio interface operation Stereo mix USB 2 0 Full Speed 44 1 kHz 24 bit 2 in 2 out Multitrack USB 2 0 High Speed 44 1 kHz 16 24 bit 8 in 4 out Ma...

Страница 169: ...MOTE Dedicated wireless adapter ZOOM BTA 1 Power AC adapter ZOOM ZAD 1220 12 V 2 0 A Power consumption 11 W maximum Dimensions 378 mm W 206 mm D 58 mm H Weight unit only 1 33 kg Note 0 dBu 0 775 Vrms 169 ...

Страница 170: ...ZOOM CORPORATION 4 4 3 Kanda surugadai Chiyoda ku Tokyo 101 0062 Japan zoomcorp com Z2I 4458 01 ...

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