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Observe that the message is now longer and there is only one
segment highlighted.

We can conclude that the LEDs receives or not the data depending
on the position of the switches. This looks a lot like an address.
Many protocols assign an address to each device connected on the

same bus so they can communicate to each other easily because

only the device matching with the address in the request will
acknowledge that request. In the following paragraphs we will call
this button the button Address.

Now we are going to see what happens on the serial monitor.

21. In the Arduino IDE, open the serial monitor.

22. Press the buttons Data and Send. The color of the LED changed

but nothing appeared in the serial monitor.

23. Press the button connected to the pin 2 of the Arduino board.

Then press the button Send.

24. In the serial monitor you should see a number with 4 digits,

see below.

PROCEDURE

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Содержание Arduino starter kit with Logic Analyzer

Страница 1: ...Arduino starter kit with Logic Analyzer The best kit to get started with Arduino coding and electronics...

Страница 2: ...n and the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements no reproduction of any part may take place without the written premission of Zeroplus Graphics Artwork Alberto Piganti Layout David Ant...

Страница 3: ...Software Tutorial Serial Interface Experiment 1 LED Experiment 2 Photoresistor Experiment 3 Sensors Experiment 4 Find the Key Experiment 5 Temperature Controlled DC Motor Experiment 6 LCD Experiment...

Страница 4: ...ook consists of experiments that cover several aspects of electronics Arduino programming and logic acquisition After finishing this book we hope the reader to have a better understanding of logic acq...

Страница 5: ...NSIDE THE BOX 4 The box contains a Zeroplus LAP Educator 8 channel logic analyzer bundled with an Arduino UNO and a number of modules components and accessories that will allow you to do all the exper...

Страница 6: ...le 1 x Sound Sensor Detects sound 1 x USB Bridge Converts type A to type B USB 1 x I2C RGB LED I2C controlled LEDs VCC D D GND J2 Q4 R4 R7 R6 R5 R11R 10 SW1 R9 R8 U1 J1 VCC A1 A0 DS4 DS3 DS2 DS1 R3 R2...

Страница 7: ...Cable For the Arduino UNO 1x8 and 1x2 and 1x1 Female to female jumpers Provided with the LAP Educator 20 x Male to male jumpers Breadboard to Arduino connections 1 x Type A mini B connector For the LA...

Страница 8: ...Motor 5 x LED 1 x Photoresistor 2 x 104 F Capacitor 4 x Push button 1 x 10k Potentiometer 1 x BC337 NPN Transistor 1 x LM335 Temperature Sensor 1 x 1N4148 Diode 4 x 10k Resistor 2 x 2 2k Resistor 4 x...

Страница 9: ...ototypes and experiments Bus strips bue and red provide power to the electronic components There is one for ground and one for a supply voltage Terminal links in green connect smaller areas together L...

Страница 10: ...W h a t I s a L o g i c A n a l y z e r...

Страница 11: ...he characteristics of analog signals such as waveforms amplitude frequency or phase but they can t handle the complexity of digital circuits or a large number of signals Logic analyzers capture and di...

Страница 12: ...mple 8 channel logic analyzer with an all new UI Users can easily learn Arduino programming and work with the sensors and modules included with the LAP Educator CONNECTIONS WITH THE ARDUINO UNO LAP ED...

Страница 13: ...12 PORT OVERVIEW L A P E D U C A T O R...

Страница 14: ...S o f t w a r e I n s t a l l a t i o n a n d I n t r o d u c t i o n...

Страница 15: ...E In the drop down menu Product choose Arduino starter kit with logic analyzer Click on Search and click on the Software download link Follow the steps on the next page to install ZP Studio on your co...

Страница 16: ...xt Step7 Click on Finish Step8 Restart your computer Step1 Click on Next Step2 Accept the license agreement Step3 Enter your name and the name of your organization Step4 Click on Next Step5 Click on I...

Страница 17: ...book except for the chapter Keyboard which doesn t require the Arduino You don t need to understand the source code to get through the book but we encourage you to look at it and even modify it Exper...

Страница 18: ...GETTING TO KNOW THE INTERFACE Option menu Start capturing Waveform area Sampling settings Tabs Quick access panels Channels S O F T W A R E...

Страница 19: ...located to pre trigger data and 90 to post trigger data External clock Used for state analyses an external clock signal from your device defines when the logic analyzer latches the input signals 4 4 T...

Страница 20: ...t and Sampling Settings buttons Start is used for starting an acquisition capture and Sampling Settings contains basic settings for the logic analyzer The Option Menu is located at the top right corne...

Страница 21: ...ANALYZING 1 Set the sample rate memory depth and trigger level 2 Set the trigger condition Decode protocols 4 Check the decoded result on the tab Packet List 5 3 Start capturing 1 4 5 2 3 20 S O F T W...

Страница 22: ...ues occur you will need to track and analyze a lot of signals which sometimes proves to be a difficult task due to insufficient memory depth By enabling compression the Logic Educator extends the reac...

Страница 23: ...ed channel by channel in the dialog box and new curly traces in the waveform area evidence where the two signals differ Open two files then select a reference and a contrast file 1 Under Display Optio...

Страница 24: ...rea Switch to Repeated Capture Mode by right clicking on the Start Capture button The cursors are used for measuring the distance between two events unit shown in seconds or number of sample points Sh...

Страница 25: ...this is very good for beginners The Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 It has 14 digital input output pins of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs 6 analog inputs a 16 MHz ce...

Страница 26: ...the Arduino IDE from www arduino cc en Main Software Open the file you have downloaded Step1 Click on I Agree Step2 Click on Next Step3 Click on Install Step4 Click on Close You can find more informat...

Страница 27: ...e sketch currently open 1 New Creates a new sketch 3 Verify Checks your code and compiles it Upload Compiles your code and uploads it to the Arduino UNO 2 4 Open Opens an existing sketch 5 Save Saves...

Страница 28: ...duino Genuino Uno in the menu Tools Board Second choose the port to which your board is connected to Sometimes the IDE fails to upload the code to the Arduino When it happens simply try again until it...

Страница 29: ...follow the procedure below to upload the source code to the Arduino UNO Open the sketch file corresponding to the relevant chapter Verify and compile Upload to the Arduino UNO UPLOADING SKETCHES TO T...

Страница 30: ...L o g i c A c q u i s i t i o n a n d S o f t w a r e T u t o r i a l...

Страница 31: ...30 G O A L S Learn basic concepts of logic acquisition Introduce import ant software functions x 8...

Страница 32: ...load it to the Arduino Uno In the Arduino IDE open the serial monitor In the serial monitor enter 1 then click on Send In ZP Studio set the trigger to rising edge on the channel A0 the sample rate at...

Страница 33: ...riod Try with a lower sample rate for example 400KHz and click on Run Repeat until you can see two or more periods of the signal Notice the two icons in the menu Settings The leftmost icon enables the...

Страница 34: ...Now we need to group the channels into what is called a bus Right click on the channel A1 and select Add channel bus Click on Bus and on Next then use right arrow to select the channels that you want...

Страница 35: ...er is displayed on the bus channel Step 3 Connect the logic analyzer to the Arduino UNO as shown on the diagram In the serial monitor enter 3 and click on Send Other settings remain unchanged Click on...

Страница 36: ...s are caused by the delay between the channels and they interfere with the decoding You can use the Noise filter in the option menu to remove them Place the bar A shift A at the beginning of the value...

Страница 37: ...r dialog box select the bus click on the right arrow and enter the duration you measured Verify that the transitional values have disappeared Step 4 Connect the logic analyzer to the Arduino UNO as sh...

Страница 38: ...sing edge Set the trigger to rising edge on the channel connected to the pin 9 channel A2 Set the sample depth to 2kb Click on Run Result Notice how few samples are necessary to reproduce the signals...

Страница 39: ...the logic gates It is appropriate for capturing synchronous signals In this type of acquisition signals are sampled on the edges of the device s clock either when rising falling or both A timing acqu...

Страница 40: ...f the port B pins 8 to 13 as outputs CODE EXPLANATION Logic analyzers are used by engineers working with digital circuits to observe signals to ensure data are correctly transmitted and to track down...

Страница 41: ...cessary samples Too low and you ll miss a lot of information resulting in a waveform which is not a correct representation of the real signal 2 How to determine whether a certain voltage should be rea...

Страница 42: ...S e r i a l I n t e r f a c e...

Страница 43: ...42 Introduce the concept of protocol Visualize packets with a protocol decoder Communicate with the Arduino board via the serial monitor G O A L S x 2...

Страница 44: ...are ubiquitous such as I2C SPI or 1 wire Serial protocols use a single line to send data one bit at a time whereas parallel protocols send data over several wires in one clock cycle Serial protocols...

Страница 45: ...oose ASCII You should see the frame below There are three blocks A Start bit in blue 7 data bits in green and a Stop bit in red The Start and Stop bits separate each piece of data When the pin 8 of th...

Страница 46: ...pinMode pin8 INPUT_PULLUP The pin is pulled up so that by default it is at a logic 1 Connect it to the ground to force it to 0 CODE EXPLANATION C O D E...

Страница 47: ...trial applications Also most microcontrollers such as the one embedded on your Arduino board is equipped with a UART Pictured below the RS 232 connector was widely used before USB became a standard RE...

Страница 48: ...E x p e r i m e n t 1 L E D...

Страница 49: ...48 Familiarize yourself with the Arduino language Connect the Arduino the breadboard and a few basic components together to create your first circuit G O A L S x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 6...

Страница 50: ...ght up an LED when a pushbutton is pressed down and switch it off when the button is released 2 The pins on the Arduino can be configured either as inputs to receive information from the outside world...

Страница 51: ...50 5V Digital PIN 8 10k 330 Digital PIN 9 A K S C H E M A T I C...

Страница 52: ...A K B U I L D I T...

Страница 53: ...output void loop Write your code between the brackets It loops until the board is reset or powered off digitalRead buttonPin Reads pins value The function returns 0 or 1 A digital read is perfect for...

Страница 54: ...ushbuttons and LEDs are everywhere Think of keys on your keyboard buttons on your Smartphone lights indicating a received notification LED flashlights etc REAL LIFE APPLICATIONS A P P L I C A T I O N...

Страница 55: ...usted Look for the flat edge it indicates the cathode As you can see in this circuit the cathode is connected to the ground while the anode is connected to the signal Reverse it and the current will n...

Страница 56: ...E x p e r i m e n t 2 P h o t o r e s i s t o r...

Страница 57: ...Use a photoresistor Get and manipulate values Obtained from a sensor 56 G O A L S x 1 x 1 x 11...

Страница 58: ...sor outputs an analog signal we have to convert this analog signal into a digital signal that can be acquired by the logic analyzer The analog digital conversion is handled by an ADC Analog to Digital...

Страница 59: ...58 5V Analog PIN A0 10k S C H E M A T I C...

Страница 60: ...B U I L D I T...

Страница 61: ...h the channels A0 to A6 right click on the BUS you just created BUS0 and select analog waveform In ZP Studio select the Noise Filter to remove any transitional values as explained in the chapter Logic...

Страница 62: ...ambient light light map light sensorLow sensorHigh 0 100 map redefines the working range and assign to the variable a new value from the new scale light constrain light 0 100 constrain forces the valu...

Страница 63: ...62 The Arduino can read analog waveforms on the pins A0 to A5 but it cannot generate analog signals REMARKS R E M A R K S...

Страница 64: ...E x p e r i m e n t 3 S e n s o r s...

Страница 65: ...64 Capturelightandsoundwithaphotoresistor and a sound sensor USE the function millis as an alternative to delay G O A L S x 2 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 12 x 2 R3 R2 R1 SG VR1 L2 R6 A0 G D0 R5 L1...

Страница 66: ...ssociated sensor measure a value that goes above a certain threshold the reference value One LED turns on when the sensor detects a sound The other LED turns on when the other sensor detects a certain...

Страница 67: ...66 5V Digital PIN 4 330 10k Digital PIN 9 Digital PIN 5 330 Analog PIN A0 GND Out VCC Sound Sensor A K A K S C H E M A T I C...

Страница 68: ...A K Sound Sensor GND VCC OUT B U I L D I T...

Страница 69: ...he sensor detects a sound we set the flag SoundLed We also save the time it occurred if soundLed HIGH soundCurrentTime currentMillis if soundCurrentTime soundStartTime timeInterval soundLed LOW This p...

Страница 70: ...Microphones are sound sensors REAL LIFE APPLICATIONS B U I L D I T...

Страница 71: ...could have called delay but delay prevents the microcontroller to perform other tasks in the meantime Using millis the way we do leaves the processor free to monitor the photoresistor REMARKS R E M A...

Страница 72: ...E x p e r i m e n t 4 F i n d t h e k e y...

Страница 73: ...72 Use the logic analyzer to solve a problem G O A L S x 1 x 1 x 1 x 4 x 1...

Страница 74: ...n number is read on the inputs of the Arduino board Our goal is to discover that number with the help of the logic analyzer We opted for a photoresistor to sweep through the whole range of values 1 DE...

Страница 75: ...74 5V Digital PIN 13 330 10k Analog PIN A0 A K S C H E M A T I C...

Страница 76: ...A K B U I L D I T...

Страница 77: ...Studio set the trigger to rising edge on A0 because the signal is rising when the LED turns on and that s what we want to detect In ZP Studio create a bus with the channels A1 to A5 Click on Run The v...

Страница 78: ...31 Generates a pseudo random number calibrate This function calibrates the sensor to the light in your environment It does so by calling adjustSentivity several times and runs once in the setup loop C...

Страница 79: ...t tests all possible values Most smartphones embed a proximity sensor that turns off the screen during a call when it approaches your ear It avoids accidental touches A light sensor is preferred over...

Страница 80: ...E x p e r i m e n t 5 T e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l l e d D C m o t o r...

Страница 81: ...80 Control a DC motor with a PWM Retrieve the temperature FROM a temperature sensor G O A L S x 1 x 1 BC548 x 1 x 1 LM35 x 1 x 1 1O4 x 1 x 1 x 11...

Страница 82: ...principle The sensor monitors the room temperature and turns the motor on or off if the room gets above or below a certain temperature The motor s rotation speed is controlled by a PWM 1 and the power...

Страница 83: ...82 Digital PIN 9 Battery Pack 5V E C B BC337 2N222 C E B NPN 330 Adj GND Out LM335 LM335 LM335 GND Out Adj Analog PIN A0 1N4148 2 2k 104uF S C H E M A T I C...

Страница 84: ...Adj GND Out LM335 LM335 1N4148 E C B BC337 2N222 B U I L D I T...

Страница 85: ...e controlled with a PWM float millivolts read_voltage 1024 0 5000 AnalogWrite AnalogWrite has a resolution of 5 volts divided into 1024 values which equals to a 4 88mV step By multiplying the value re...

Страница 86: ...adiator That fan adjusts its rotation speed according to the temperature of the CPU That is why your computer emits a hissing sound when you are watching a movie playing a video game or performing any...

Страница 87: ...ltage Digital signals can only be High or Low but using a PWM changing the proportion of time the signal is High compared to when it is Low over a consistent time interval the output voltage can be se...

Страница 88: ...E x p e r i m e n t 6 L C D...

Страница 89: ...88 DisplaycharactersonanLCD Usethelogiceducatorto captureanddecodeabus withaprotocoldecoder G O A L S x 16 x 1 x 1...

Страница 90: ...displayed on the LCD screen via the serial monitor At the same time we capture the signals and use a special function called Image Decode to decode and display the characters in ZP Studio DESCRIPTION...

Страница 91: ...N D0 D1 D2 D3 R W RS D4 D5 D6 D7 VE VDD GND EN D0 D1 D2 D3 R W RS D4 D5 D6 D7 BL BL D0 D7 EN R W RS VE VDD GND Data bits 0 to 7 Enable signal Read or Write Register select com or data Adjust LCD contr...

Страница 92: ...RS R W EN of the LCD In ZP Studio set the trigger to rising edge on the pin EN In ZP Studio add the protocol decoder LCD1602 In ZP Studio click on Run PROCEDURE Logic Analyzer A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7...

Страница 93: ...92 In the serial monitor type a few words and click on Send Here is what you should see P R O C E D U R E...

Страница 94: ...You can use the table below to match the values shown in ZP studio with the characters P R O C E D U R E...

Страница 95: ...function that decodes and displays the words you typed and sent to the LCD screen Rightclick on the bus and select Image Decode Then click on the button Image display and then on the play button Resul...

Страница 96: ...2 Maps the physical pins with the pins defined in the library Serial begin 9600 Initializes the serial port 9600 is the rate in Bauds at which data are transmitted over the bus lcd begin 16 2 Initiali...

Страница 97: ...96 Most displays surrounding us rely on LCD screens For example TV screens the screen of a printer or of a camera REAL LIFE APPLICATIONS R E M A R K S...

Страница 98: ...E x p e r i m e n t 7 K e y b o a r d...

Страница 99: ...98 Capture USB packets Use the mode Compression to extend the capture length TAP TAP TAP G O A L S x 1 VCC D D GND x 2 x 1...

Страница 100: ...ltless The USB bridge brings the signals out saving you the cumbersome task of soldering wires to the I Os In this experiment we would like to capture the keys pressed on the keyboard but the computer...

Страница 101: ...100 D E S C R I P T I O N...

Страница 102: ...VCC D D GND S C H E M A T I C...

Страница 103: ...e at 10MHz the memory at 32kb and click on the compression icon Click on Run and quickly write something as you will have a short window of time before the buffer becomes full Add the protocol decoder...

Страница 104: ...r out irrelevant packets Your packets should be identical to those below except for the values in Data According to the documentation available on the USB Implementers Forum s website 1 the number 11...

Страница 105: ...odern consumer electronics Keyboards mouse devices USB sticks countless gadgets all rely on the USB port to either transmit data or to draw their power from it See the conversion table page 53 http ww...

Страница 106: ...E x p e r i m e n t 8 I 2 C p r o t o c o l C o n t r o l t h e L E D s...

Страница 107: ...engineer a protocol with a logic analyzer G O A L S x 13 J2 Q4 R4 R7 R6 R5 R11R 10 SW1 R9 R8 U1 J1 VCC A1 A0 DS4 DS3 DS2 DS1 R3 R2 R1 Q3 Q2 Q1 VCC SDA SCL G SDA SCL G A1 A0 00 0x20 01 0x21 10 0x22 11...

Страница 108: ...led I2C The logic educator has a protocol decoder for I2C but for the sake of the experiment we are going to pretend that it doesn t When we reverse engineer a protocol or a system we see it as a blac...

Страница 109: ...2 Q1 VCC SDA SCL G SDA SCL G A1 A0 00 0x20 01 0x21 10 0x22 11 0x23 on 0 off 1 ON I2C RGB_V3 A1 A0 We are going to use the logic analyzer to visualize how the signals change when the buttons are presse...

Страница 110: ...the sample depth to 2kb the trigger level to 2 5V and the trigger position to 10 3 Click on Run 4 Press the button connected to the pin 9 The logic analzyer will trigger 5 Save the file menu Option S...

Страница 111: ...file choose the first file you saved as a contrast file choose the last file you saved Check the boxes Show files horizontally Synchronize navigation and Highlight differences then click on Apply In...

Страница 112: ...to configure the state of the device With the function File comparison we can observe that the line on A1 remains unchanged whereas the end of the signal captured on A0 is different Because of the dut...

Страница 113: ...or of the LEDs hasn t changed even though we pressed the button Data 16 Save the file under a new name and use the function File Comparison to compare it with the previously saved file The result is a...

Страница 114: ...the end We re going to see why 17 On the I2C module there is a 2 position blue DIP switch Pull the two levers into this position 18 Click on Run and press the buttons Data and Send 19 Notice that the...

Страница 115: ...he device matching with the address in the request will acknowledge that request In the fol lowing paragraphs we will call this button the button Address Now we are going to see what happens on the se...

Страница 116: ...ill be printed if you push again the button Send And if you press the button connected to the pin 2 then the buttons Data and Send then the button connected to pin 2 again and the button Send it will...

Страница 117: ...each digit corresponds to the state of an LED 28 Back to ZP Studio Put the button R W in position Read i e a number is printed on the serial monitor everytime you press Send 29 Keep the same settings...

Страница 118: ...re 4 pulses equally spaced Therefore we can assume these four data correspond to the four digits printed on the serial monitor After this brief analysis we already know that the protocol I2C is compos...

Страница 119: ...d Stop delimit the beginning and the end of the message The bits Acknowledge tell us whether the address read write bits and the data have been correctly received In the end in this experiment we ofte...

Страница 120: ...actions to perform when an interrupt is called It is best to keep it short so that the processor can quickly return to its normal state eliminateBounce The mechanical contacts are not perfect They are...

Страница 121: ...on t use interrupts here we would have to check the state of each button with a conditional statement and it would be very likely that we would miss the moment a button is pressed 2 Read the datasheet...

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