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Congratulations !

 

The 

90-FLMV

 is complete water quality logger  in a single portable unit. It combines Dissolved 

Oxygen, Conductivity, TDS, Salinity, pH, ORP and Temperature. 

Despite its impressive list of features, the 

90-FLMV

 is a breeze to operate. This manual has been 

designed to help you get started, and also contains some handy application tips. If at any stage you 
require  assistance,  please  contact  either  your  local  TPS  representative  or  the  TPS  factory  in 
Brisbane. 

The manual is divided into the following sections: 

1.

 

Table of Contents

 

Each major section of the  handbook is clearly listed. Sub-sections have also been included to 
enable you to find the information you need at a glance. 

2.

 

Introduction

 

The introduction has a diagram and explanation of the display and controls of the 

90-FLMV

. It 

also  contains  a  full  listing  of  all  of  the  items  that  you  should  have  received  with  unit.  Please 
take the time to read this section, as it explains some of items that are mentioned in subsequent 
sections. 

3.

 

Main Section

 

The  main  section  of  the  handbook  provides  complete  details  of  the 

90-FLMV

,  including 

operating modes, calibration, troubleshooting, specifications, and warranty terms. 

4.

 

Appendices

 

Appendices containing background information and application notes are provided at the back 
of this manual. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

TPS Pty Ltd 

ABN 30 009 773 371 

Unit 6 / 253 Leitchs Road 
Brendale, QLD, 
Australia, 4500 

Phone 

: (07)  32

.

058

.

027 

International : 61 7  32 058 027 

Fax 

: (07)  3808

.

4871 

International : 61 7  3808 4871 

Email 

: [email protected] 

Web 

: 

www.tps.com.au

 

90-FLMV 

Dissolved Oxygen, 

Conductivity, TDS, Salinity, 

pH, ORP, Temperature 

Logger 

Date 

: 31-Jan-2012 

Version  : 10.0 

Содержание 90-FLMV

Страница 1: ...uction has a diagram and explanation of the display and controls of the 90 FLMV It also contains a full listing of all of the items that you should have received with unit Please take the time to read this section as it explains some of items that are mentioned in subsequent sections 3 Main Section The main section of the handbook provides complete details of the 90 FLMV including operating modes ...

Страница 2: ...nsor k factor 15 4 4 Conductivity Calibration 16 4 5 Conductivity Calibration Notes 17 4 6 Conductivity Calibration Messages 17 5 TDS Mode 18 5 1 Selecting TDS Mode 18 5 2 Setting the Conductivity sensor k factor 18 6 Salinity Mode 19 6 1 Selecting Salinity Mode 19 6 2 Setting the Conductivity sensor k factor 19 7 pH Mode 20 7 1 Selecting the pH Buffer Set 20 7 2 pH Calibration 21 7 3 pH Calibrati...

Страница 3: ... Statistical Software 38 12 5 Commands 38 12 6 Data Format 40 12 7 GLP Data Format 41 12 8 Importing Data into Microsoft Excel 42 13 Setting the Clock 44 14 Initialising the 90 FLMV 45 15 Instrument firmware version number 45 16 Battery Saver Function 46 17 Moisture Protection 47 17 1 Silica Gel Pack 47 18 Troubleshooting 48 18 1 General Errors 48 18 2 Dissolved Oxygen Troubleshooting 49 18 3 Cond...

Страница 4: ...4 1 Introduction 1 1 90 FLMV Display and Controls 1 2 90 FLMV Rear Panel Connectors ...

Страница 5: ... into the Logger See section 11 Press to transmit current reading plus date and time to the RS232 port See section 12 2 Press the key to accept default values or those entered on the Numeric Keypad 1 5 Numeric Keys Used to enter values during set up and calibration A negative sign and decimal point are provided 1 6 Delete Key Press the key to make corrections to values entered on the Numeric Keypa...

Страница 6: ...nductivity TDS Salinity Temperature Sensor 5m 122197 Options and Accessories Sensor Upgrade difficult samples such as meat dairy slurries pH Intermediate Junc 5m 121200 5 ORP Intermediate Junc 5m 121260 5 Dissolved Oxygen Field Stirrer YSI 5739 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Stirrer 123306 Dissolved Oxygen Sensor Maintenance YSI5739 Field Sensor Non Stirring BOD Sensor Membrane filling solution kit 12330...

Страница 7: ...7 12V Car cigarette lighter lead 130013 Clip lead for external 12V battery 130024 Carry case Waterproof carry case 130058 ...

Страница 8: ...0 ppM 0 to 10 00 ppK k 10 cell 0 to 100 0 ppM 0 to 1000 ppM 0 to 10 00 ppK 0 to 100 0 ppK 0 001 ppM 0 01 ppM 1 ppM 0 01 ppK 0 01 ppM 0 1 ppM 1 ppM 0 01 ppK 0 1 ppM 1 ppM 0 01 ppK 0 1 ppK 0 5 of full scale of selected range at 25 O C Salinity k 0 1 cell 0 to 0 10 0 to 1 0 PSU k 1 cell 0 to 1 19 0 to 11 9 PSU k 10 cell 0 to 8 00 0 to 80 0 PSU 0 01 0 1 PSU 0 5 of full scale of selected range at 25 OC...

Страница 9: ...luding date and time with A B function enabled Automatic Logging Rate per Day 1 to 288 readings per day Sampling Period and Duration One reading every 1 to 300 seconds for a duration of 1 to 720 minutes or continuous RS232 Port 300 9600 19200 baud 8 bits no parity 1 stop bit XON XOFF Protocol Clock Calendar clock displays date month hours minutes seconds Year is Y2K compliant and is attached to al...

Страница 10: ...F1 Recall F2 Erase F1 Erase All F2 Erase Last F3 Print Log F4 Start or F4 Stop F5 Program F1 Rate per Day F3 Sampling Period and Duration F4 Setup F1 Standards F1 Conductivity F3 pH Buffers F2 GLP F1 Recall F3 Print F4 Initialise Meter F3 Set AB F1 A Pond No B F2 A Pond B Data F3 A Data NoB F4 A B Data F5 OFF F4 k factor F1 k 1 F2 k 1 F5 System F1 Bat Saver F1 OFF F2 5 minutes F3 1 hour F2 Set Clo...

Страница 11: ...ed as detailed in section 3 1 4 Ensure that the Temperature readout has been calibrated see section 9 1 or manually set see section 9 4 5 Rinse the Dissolved Oxygen sensor in distilled water and blot dry 3 2 1 Zero Calibration all Oxygen modes 1 Place the Dissolved Oxygen sensor into an oxygen free solution This solution may be prepared by dissolving 2g of Sodium Sulphite in 100mL of distilled wat...

Страница 12: ...one with a Winkler titration The 90 FLMV span calibration should be performed immediately the Dissolved Oxygen content of the solution is known as the value may not be stable 2 Place the Dissolved Oxygen and Conductivity sensors into the calibration solution Ensure that the Conductivity sensor is calibrated and is correctly immersed see section 4 4 The solution must be stirred at a moderate rate A...

Страница 13: ...ng message and the Zero value of the sensor 0 0 Sat 25 0oc Calibration OK Zero 0 5 2 If a Zero calibration has failed the 90 FLMV will display the following message and the failed Zero value of the sensor The unit will return to normal display mode with a in place of the decimal point in the Dissolved Oxygen reading 15 0 Sat 25 0oc Calibration Failed Zero 15 0 3 If an Air Span calibration has been...

Страница 14: ...r 2 Plug the Dissolved Oxygen sensor into the in line socket that is provided on the stirrer cable Please refer to the diagram below 3 5 3 Starting and Stopping the Dissolved Oxygen stirrer 1 Ensure that the Dissolved Oxygen stirrer output has been enabled as per section 3 5 1 2 Press once in normal display mode to start the stirrer The stirrer will stay on for 40 seconds and then stop A countdown...

Страница 15: ... Select Units F1 uS cm F2 mS cm Press to set the Conductivity Standard as µS cm Press to set the Conductivity Standard as mS cm 5 The Conductivity standard is now programmed for use at calibration 4 3 Setting the Conductivity sensor k factor The 90 FLMV automatically recognises a k 10 sensor If a k 10 sensor is being used go directly to section 4 4 The 90 FLMV does not automatically recognise k 0 ...

Страница 16: ...ide of the sensor dry DO NOT BLOT THE SENSOR WIRES Zero Calibration 3 Let the sensor dry in air 4 Select Conductivity Calibration F1 Calibrate F2 Conductivity 5 The 90 FLMV will recognise the low conductivity signal and attempt a Zero calibration For example 0 01uS 25 0oc Cond ZERO Calibration Press Enter 6 When the reading has stabilised at or near zero press to calibrate or to quit The will not ...

Страница 17: ...hich it will attempt to calibrate Ensure that the standard value displayed corresponds to the standard that you are using Alter the Standards set up if necessary see section 4 2 5 Calibration settings for k 0 1 k 1 and k 10 sensors are NOT stored separately The 90 FLMV requires re calibration when a new k factor sensor is connected 4 6 Conductivity Calibration Messages 1 If a Zero Calibration has ...

Страница 18: ...is used the 90 FLMV must be set to the correct k factor before use To select a k 0 1 or k 1 sensor 3 Select k factor entry F4 Setup F4 k factor 4 The k factor entry screen is now displayed The arrow indicates the current selection Select nominal k factor F1 k 1 F2 k 1 Press if a k 0 1 sensor is being used Press if a k 1 sensor is being used Press to quit without changing the current setting Notes ...

Страница 19: ... to the correct k factor before use To select a k 0 1 or k 1 sensor 1 Select k factor entry F4 Setup F4 k factor 2 The k factor entry screen is now displayed The arrow indicates the current selection Select nominal k factor F1 k 1 F2 k 1 Press if a k 0 1 sensor is being used Press if a k 1 sensor is being used Press to quit without changing the current setting Notes 1 The manual k factor selection...

Страница 20: ...uffer Press to select pH6 86 as the Primary Buffer Press to quit without changing the current setting 3 The secondary buffers selection menu is now displayed Select Secondary Buffers F1 4 01 9 18pH F2 4 01 10 01pH The arrow indicates the current selection Press to select pH4 01 and pH9 18 as the Secondary Buffers Press to select pH4 01 and pH10 01 as the Secondary Buffers Press to quit without cha...

Страница 21: ...e of primary buffer pH7 00 or 6 86 so that the bulb and reference junction are both covered as per the diagram below DO NOT place the sensors directly into the buffer bottle 6 Select pH calibration F1 Calibrate F3 pH The display should now look something like this 6 95pH Buffer 7 00 25 0oc Press ENTER to Calibrate or Edit Buffer The current pH reading is shown on the left Note the indicating that ...

Страница 22: ...isplayed buffer Otherwise enter an alternative buffer using the Numeric Keypad and then press 10 The 90 FLMV is now pH calibrated and is ready for use in this mode Discard the used samples of buffer Rinse the pH and Conductivity or Temperature sensors in distilled water and blot them dry before placing them into unknown samples 7 3 pH Calibration Notes 1 A 1 point calibration should be performed a...

Страница 23: ...ration 3 If a 2 point calibration has been successfully performed the 90 FLMV will display the following message and the asymmetry and slope of the sensor Slope Asymmetry Calibration Successful 0 10pH Asym 99 0 Slope 4 If a 2 point calibration has failed the 90 FLMV will display the following message and the failed slope value of the sensor Calibrate Failed 80 Slope Repeat Cal or Initialise Calibr...

Страница 24: ...V is factory calibrated There is no user calibration facility for this mode Temperature compensation is not applicable in ORP mode Simply plug the Redox sensor into the mV socket Ensure that the platinum tip and reference junction are both covered as per the diagram below ...

Страница 25: ...ty mercury thermometer Stir the sensor and the thermometer gently to ensure an even temperature throughout the beaker 4 Select Temperature Calibration F1 Calibrate F4 Temperature The Temperature Calibration screen is now displayed Enter Actual Temperature _ 24 0Oc Temperature Calibration Menu Quits 5 The current reading from the sensor is displayed on the far right of the top line When this readin...

Страница 26: ...due to the Offset being outside these limits then please consult the Troubleshooting guide section 18 5 for possible remedies 9 4 Manual Temperature Setting If a Conductivity or Temperature sensor is not connected the temperature of the sample solution must be set manually for accurate ppM Dissolved Oxygen or pH measurements A separate thermometer will be required for this Temperature compensation...

Страница 27: ...0 S1234 31 12 00 12 00 F4 Next The m after the model name is displayed when the Dissolved Oxygen stirrer is enabled 5 Press the key to sequentially scroll through the GLP information for all parameters Press the key to scroll back to previous data The sequence of information displayed is shown below Press to abort at any time GLP Display sequence 90FLMVm V10 0 S1234 31 12 00 12 00 F4 Next Oxygen Z...

Страница 28: ...r or PC via the RS232 port 1 Switch the meter on 2 Connect one end of the RS232 cable to the Charger socket of the 90 FLMV The battery charger optional battery adaptor or optional solar panel may be connected to the in line socket on the RS232 cable if required 3 Connect the other end of the RS232 cable to an RS232 Printer or to the COM1 or COM2 ports of a PC 4 Send the GLP information to the RS23...

Страница 29: ...ved Oxygen stirrer is enabled 2 The serial number is displayed when recalling the GLP information section 10 1 3 The serial number is included on the print out of GLP information section 10 3 4 The GLP information can be downloaded to a PC using the optional Windows software part number 130086 10 5 Additional GLP Features Another GLP requirement is to record the date and time of every reading The ...

Страница 30: ...ates the current selection 2 Press to set A as Pond number with no extra B data input Press to set A as Pond number with extra B data input Press to set A as data input with no extra B data input Press to set A and B both as data input Press to switch the A B Data Input function OFF Press to quit and retain the current setting 3 The A B Data Input function is now set and is ready for use during Ma...

Страница 31: ...n normal display mode The display should now look like this 10 00ppM 2 76mS 7 00pH 1000mV 25 0oc Log 1 Pond 1 31 12 12 00 00 2 Use the numeric keypad to key in the Pond number then press to record all parameters Date Time and the Pond number into the Logger memory This will be labelled as reading number 1 Alternatively press to quit without recording the reading 3 The 90 FLMV now proceeds to the B...

Страница 32: ...s in normal display mode The display should now look like this 10 00ppM 2 76mS 7 00pH 1000mV 25 0oc Log 1 Enter 31 12 12 00 00 2 Press to record all parameters plus Date and Time into the Logger memory This will be labelled as reading number 1 Alternatively press to quit without recording the reading 3 The 90 FLMV now proceeds to the A data entry screen Enter Data A 0 Data Recorded Now Input A or ...

Страница 33: ...ssolved Oxygen stirrer output is enabled Unit continues to log until automatic data logging is disabled or until the memory is full 2 Sampling Period and Duration Logs a reading every 1 to 300 seconds for a duration of 1 to 720 minutes Duration can be set to log continuously until the memory is full Unit is turned on continuously in this logging mode Dissolved Oxygen stirrer is switched on continu...

Страница 34: ...mple if the 90 FLMV is programmed to log 4 readings per day they will be logged at 24 00 6 00 12 00 and 18 00 o clock Starting and Stopping Rate per Day Data logging Starting Rate per Day data logging is a two step process 1 Select the Logger menu F3 Logger Select F4 Start from the menu 2 Switch the 90 FLMV OFF This step is essential as the Rate per Day data logging is only enabled when the 90 FLM...

Страница 35: ...nto memory from 1 to 720 minutes Alternatively enter 0 to log continuously until logging is stopped by the user or the memory is full Press to save the new duration Press to quit and retain the previous duration 5 The Sampling Period and Duration data logging is now programmed and can be started and stopped as required Starting and Stopping Sampling Period and Duration Data logging Starting and st...

Страница 36: ...10 00ppM 2 76mS 7 00pH 1000mV 25 0oc Log 1 F2 F4 31 12 12 00 00 The following example shows the display when A and B were both set to data during logging 10 00ppM 2 76mS 7 00pH 1000mV 25 0oc Log 1 A 1234 B 1234 31 12 12 00 00 3 Press to display the next record Press to display the previous record Press and hold or to scroll continuously through the readings To display a specific record type in the...

Страница 37: ...ut erasing any records 11 6 Printing Records from the Logger to the RS232 Port 1 Connect one end of the RS232 cable to the Charger socket of the 90 FLMV 2 Connect the other end of the RS232 cable to an RS232 Printer or to the COM1 or COM2 ports of a PC 3 Ensure that the baud rate for the printer or PC and the 90 FLMV are the same If necessary alter the baud rate of the 90 FLMV see section 12 1 The...

Страница 38: ...cal Software Communication between the 90 FLMV and a PC can be handled with any RS232 communication software A TPS communication software package for Windows is optionally available part number 130086 Once the data is saved to disk the next problem is how to use it The data sent by the 90 FLMV is formatted in fixed width columns that can be imported by programs such as Microsoft Excel and Lotus 12...

Страница 39: ...r Stops automatic data logging when the 90 FLMV is set up for Rate per Day or Time of Day automatic data logging see section 11 3 1 Power ON Any 10 characters Switches the 90 FLMV ON A specific command is not available while the 90 FLMV is off so RS232 activity caused by the 10 characters switches the unit ON Power OFF K cr Switches the 90 FLMV OFF Use the command after the G command above to actu...

Страница 40: ...CCCCC is Conductivity or TDS or Salinity data 7 characters right justified uuu is the Conductivity or TDS or Salinity units description which can be either of the following uS for µS cm Conductivity readout All readings are converted to µS cm to ensure that the data is logical when analysed with other programs ppM for parts per Million TDS readout All readings are converted to ppM to ensure that t...

Страница 41: ...n 12 5 the data is terminated with a carriage return 3 When the data is sent by the 90 FLMV using the Print function section 11 6 or the Instant Send function section 12 2 the data ends with a carriage return and a line feed 12 7 GLP Data Format GLP information is returned as 12 lines terminated by a carriage return When using the G command section 12 5 the computer must respond with a character a...

Страница 42: ...t Files prn txt csv 3 Navigate to the folder where your data file is stored and double click it to start the Text Import Wizard Note The default data folder for the WinTPS software is C My Documents WinTPS 4 In step 1 of the Text Import Wizard select Fixed width as per the sample screen below then press Next Note that the data column headers in row appear only when the data is downloaded using the...

Страница 43: ...ted into a single column to ensure that the X axis is correctly formatted if the data is to be charted later Press Next after all the column breaks have been inserted 6 Simply press Finish at step 3 of the Text Import Wizard TPS recommends that the data format for each column be set once the data is in spreadsheet format For help on formatting the data columns charting graphing or other operations...

Страница 44: ...d to enter the current date in dd mm yyyy format then press Alternatively press to quit and retain the current setting Notes 1 Press the key to make any corrections as required 2 The 90 FLMV tests that a valid time of the day is entered If an invalid time is entered eg 25 00 the 90 FLMV displays the message Invalid Time then returns to the time setting screen so that the correct time can be entere...

Страница 45: ...mory and provide an additional warning that these will be erased For example Logger contains Data 7230 readings will be Erased Continue F1 Yes F2 No Press to initialise the 90 FLMV and reset all calibration data and erase all logged readings Press to quit and retain the current calibration settings and logged readings 5 If F1 Yes was selected above the 90 FLMV will display the following messages t...

Страница 46: ...ery Saver F1 OFF F2 5 minutes Volts 7 20V F3 1 hour The arrow indicates the current selection 3 Press to disable the battery saver function for continuous use Press to set the battery saver function to 5 minutes The meter will switch itself off if no key has been pressed for five minutes Press to set the battery saver function to 1 hour The meter will switch itself off if no key has been pressed f...

Страница 47: ...the bottle of Silica gel Blue indicates that the Silica gel is still dry proceed to step 5 Pink indicates that the Silica gel is moist proceed to step 3 3 Empty the Silica gel into a microwave proof dish and place it into a microwave oven Place approximately 100mL water in a microwave proof cup into the microwave oven This will absorb some of the microwave energy and stop the Silica gel balls burs...

Страница 48: ... will switch itself off when the battery falls below 5 10 volts Meter displays the word OFF and switches off Battery is below 5 10 volts Recharge the battery If this fails check the charger If charger is OK replace the battery Meter will not turn on Battery is exhausted Recharge the battery for approximately 18 hours If this fails check the charger If charger is OK replace the battery Battery does...

Страница 49: ... anode Sensor has been exposed to sulphides or other chemical poisoning Remove pressure compensation diaphragm and membrane then soak in 5 Ammonia solution for 10 minutes If cleaning is unsuccessful return the sensor to the TPS factory for cleaning and service Tarnished or scratched Gold cathode Sensor has been chemically poisoned or physically damaged Return to the TPS factory for cleaning and se...

Страница 50: ...ry for repair or replacement Return to factory for repair Standard calibration fails and k factor is greater than 25 below the nominal value 1 Standard solution is inaccurate 2 Sensor may have a build up of conductive material such as salt 3 Sensor is faulty 4 Faulty instrument Replace standard solution Clean sensor as per the instructions detailed in section 19 2 1 Return sensor to factory for re...

Страница 51: ...ensor Dry in a warm place Replace buffers Unstable readings 1 Reference Electrolyte chamber needs to be refilled 2 Reference junction blocked 3 pH glass bulb or ORP platinum tip not clean 4 Bubble in pH glass bulb 5 Faulty connection to meter 6 Reference junction not immersed 7 KCl crystals around reference junction inside the electrolyte chamber Refill with saturated KCl filling solution Clean re...

Страница 52: ...air or replace sensor Displays manual temperature setting eg 25 0ocM when Conductivity or Temperature sensor plugged in 1 Faulty instrument socket 2 Faulty Conductivity or Temperature sensor whichever is being used Return the instrument to the TPS factory for service Return Conductivity or Temperature sensor for repair or replace sensor NOTE Conductivity readings may still be accurate as there is ...

Страница 53: ... membrane permeability This coefficient is 4 2 oC at 25oC for this thickness membrane A polarising voltage of about 800 millivolts is applied between the two electrodes The gold cathode is placed close to the membrane and because of the polarising voltage oxygen diffusing through the membrane will be reduced at the gold cathode Equation O2 2H 2 electrons H2O2 This reduction process will produce a ...

Страница 54: ...gen exerts about 15 5 cm of Mercury pressure Water in equilibrium with air and with no oxygen demand C O D B O D etc is saturated and has this dissolved oxygen partial pressure If we define 100 Saturation in Partial Pressure terms then 15 5 cm Hg 100 Saturation This is a practical unit to use The sensor linear readout is then a linear function of Saturation Organic cell walls behave like the senso...

Страница 55: ...of equivalent Fresh Water 19 1 7 Velocity Past The Membrane Workers have shown that the relationship between the diffusion current oxygen current and the external velocity of the liquid is expotential Some workers using thicker membranes have shown even less dependence of the diffusion current on liquid velocity Because of the expotential nature of the relationship considerable changes in velocity...

Страница 56: ... and rinse well with distilled water Conductivity sensors can be stored dry Ensure that the sensor is stored in a covered container to avoid dust and dirt build up Cleaning of Conductivity Sensors Platinised platinum Conductivity sensors can only be cleaned by rinsing in a suitable solvent DO NOT wipe the sensor plates as this will remove the platinum black layer 1 Rinsing in distilled water will ...

Страница 57: ... the sensor in platinising solution at least to the vent hole in the body Platinising solution is available from TPS part no 122300 Alternatively platinising solution can be prepared by dissolving 1g of Hydrogen Chloroplatinate H2PtCl16 in 30mL of distilled water and including about 0 01g of Lead Acetate CH3COO 2Pb and a drop or two of concentrated HCl Caution This is a dangerous solution and shou...

Страница 58: ...w 7 00 pH The amount of variance from 7 00 pH is called the asymmetry Figure 19 1 illustrates how asymmetry is expressed for a pH sensor Figure 19 1 19 3 2 Slope of a pH Sensor As mentioned above a pH sensor produces 0 mV output at around 7 00 pH As the pH goes up an ideal pH sensor produces 59 16mV pH unit at 25 OC As the pH goes down an ideal pH sensor produces 59 16mV pH unit In practice pH sen...

Страница 59: ...n Automatic Temperature Compensation ATC sensor Figure 19 3 shows the slope of a pH sensor at various temperatures Figure 19 3 600 400 200 0 200 400 600 0 7 14 mV Electrode Potential mV at 0 oC 54mV pH Electrode Potential mV at 50 oC 64mV pH Electrode Potential mV at 100 oC 74mV pH pH Electrode Response as a Function of Temperature pH ...

Страница 60: ...service htm TPS Pty Ltd has a reputation for prompt and efficient service If you feel that this equipment is in need of repair please re read the manual Sometimes instruments are received for repair in perfect working order This can occur where batteries simply require replacement or re charging or where the sensor simply requires cleaning or replacement Return the instrument AND ALL SENSORS to TP...

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