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 CC864-DUAL Hardware User Guide 

   1vv0300791 Rev 4.4 – 2011-01-26  

Reproduction forbidden without Telit Communications S.p.A’s. written authorization - All Rights Reserved. 

 

Page 12 of 63 

 

2. Mechanical 

Specifications 

2.1. Module 

Dimensions 

The table below outlines the overall dimensions of the CC864-DUAL: 

Length:  

36.2 

±

0.3 mm 

Width:  

30.0 

±

0.2 mm* 

Thickness: 

4.8 

±0.1

 mm 

Weight: 

9g 

*Excluding solder pads 

Содержание CC864-DUAL

Страница 1: ...CC864 DUAL Hardware User Guide 1vv0300791 Rev 4 4 2011 01 26 ...

Страница 2: ...anding the foregoing Telit does not make any warranty as to the information contained herein and does not accept any liability for any injury loss or damage of any kind incurred by use of or reliance upon the information Telit disclaims any and all responsibility for the application of the devices characterized in this document and notes that the application of the device must comply with the safe...

Страница 3: ...2 Wiring and Installation 9 1 5 3 Electrostatic Discharge 9 1 5 4 Antennas 9 1 5 5 Disassembly 9 1 6 Document Organization 9 1 7 Text Conventions 10 1 8 Related Documents 11 1 9 Document History 11 Added 3 2 2 Initialization and Activation state 11 Updated 3 2 3 Turning Off the CC864 DUAL 11 Updated 3 2 4 Hardware Reset 11 Added 3 2 5 Summary of Turning ON and OFF the CC864 DUAL 11 Updated 3 9 1 I...

Страница 4: ...arging 28 3 3 4 4 Pulse Charging 28 3 3 5 Thermal Design Guidelines 29 3 3 6 Power Supply PCB Layout Guidelines 29 3 4 Antenna Requirements 31 3 4 1 FCC s RF Exposure Rules and Regulations 32 3 4 2 Antenna Installation Guideline 32 3 5 GPS path Architecture and antenna 32 3 5 1 GPS Antenna Requirements Path 1 33 3 5 2 Combined Cellular GPS Antenna Requirements Path 2 33 3 5 3 Linear and Patch GPS ...

Страница 5: ...Using ADC Converter 49 3 12 2 DAC Converter 50 3 12 2 1 Description 50 3 12 2 2 Enabling the DAC 50 3 12 2 3 Low Pass Filter Example 50 3 13 General Purpose I O 51 3 13 1 Using a GPIO pin as Input 52 3 13 2 Using a GPIO pin as Output 52 3 13 3 TGPIO_06 ALARM 52 3 13 4 TGPIO_07 BUZZER 52 3 13 5 TGPIO_08 POWER_SAVING 53 3 14 Miscellaneous Interface Signals 53 3 14 1 VAUX1 53 3 14 2 VRTC 54 3 14 3 ST...

Страница 6: ...tended for hardware developers who design products that integrate the CC864 DUAL module 1 3 Contact Information Support For general information technical support to report documentation errors and to order manuals contact Telit s Technical Support Center TTSC at TS EMEA telit com TS NORTHAMERICA telit com TS LATINAMERICA telit com TS APAC telit com or use http www telit com en products technical s...

Страница 7: ... capability for applications in mobile environments such as telematics personal and asset tracking 1 4 1 General Specifications Parameter Description External access Code division multiple access CDMA protocol CDMA2000 1x Rel A and Rel B Data Rate 153 6 Kb s full duplex GPS Standalone GPS SGPS AGPS Vocoder EVRC 13kQCELP 4GV Operating temperature 30 80 1 4 2 Receiver Specifications Parameters Descr...

Страница 8: ...chronous A GPS dBm 159 Acquisition Sensitivity MSA Synchronous A GPS dBm w Sensitivity Assistance dBm 160 Cold Start Sensitivity dBm 145 Tracking Sensitivity Standalone or MSB dBm 160 Accuracy in Open Sky 2m CEP 50 Open sky 1Hz tracking Standalone TTFF Super Hot Warm Cold 1s 29s 35s Total number of SV available 30 SVs Support of Predicted Orbits Yes Predicted Orbit CEP 50 Accuracy 5m 1 2 days age ...

Страница 9: ...n a manner which avoids interference with other electronic devices Reusing the Telit FCC ID for the end product may be possible if the antenna is greater than 20cm from the human body when in use Otherwise additional FCC testing such as SAR is required The system integrator must assess the final product against the applicable FCC regulations 1 5 5 Disassembly Do not disassemble the product Any evi...

Страница 10: ...tion specifies the allocation of the pins on the module connector 1 7 Text Conventions Danger This information MUST be followed or catastrophic equipment failure or bodily injury may occur Caution or Warning Alerts the user to important points about integrating the module If these points are not followed the module and end user equipment may fail or malfunction Tip or Information Provides advice a...

Страница 11: ...orrected information regarding flow control on pages 33 61 R1 DAC bit accuracy corrected 8 bit not 7 bit R UIM information removed not supported on CC864 DUAL Formatting updates R3 2010 09 13 Additions in the UART AXE and RESET sections R4 2010 09 20 Additions to USB section and mechanical specifications R4 1 2010 10 06 Additions to antenna requirements and power consumption table R4 2 2010 11 23 ...

Страница 12: ...t Telit Communications S p A s written authorization All Rights Reserved Page 12 of 63 2 Mechanical Specifications 2 1 Module Dimensions The table below outlines the overall dimensions of the CC864 DUAL Length 36 2 0 3 mm Width 30 0 0 2 mm Thickness 4 8 0 1 mm Weight 9g Excluding solder pads ...

Страница 13: ...ights Reserved Page 13 of 63 2 2 Interface Connector The CC864 DUAL is equipped with a Molex 80 pin board to board connector P N 0539490878 male The mating part is Molex P N 0541500878 female The CC864 DUAL is equipped with a Murata GSC type 50 Ohm RF connector P N MM9329 2700 The suitable counterpart is Murata MXTK92 type or MXTK88 type connector ...

Страница 14: ...s written authorization All Rights Reserved Page 14 of 63 The same connector type and part number is used for both the CDMA RF port and the GPS RF port NOTE The CDMA RF antenna connector is located on the same side as the MOLEX 80 pin connector The GPS RF antenna connector is located on the side with no system connector ...

Страница 15: ...mmunications S p A s written authorization All Rights Reserved Page 15 of 63 2 3 Mounting The figure below shows the position of the Molex board to board connector and pin 1 Tip It is highly recommended to maintain a 1 5mm clearance between all wireless modems and any components including solder tabs ...

Страница 16: ...sed for AT commands USB can be used for AT commands Data sessions GPS NMEA Data Diagnostics and updating firmware GPIOs Audio includes Analog I O audio codecs and PCM interface Miscellaneous pins To Antenna QSC 6055 80 Pin Modem Interface Connector RF Interface US PCS Duplexer RX Filter US PCS LNA PAM TX Filter Cellular Duplexer RX Filter Cellular LNA PAM TX Filter Triplexer USB UART1 RUIM GPIOs C...

Страница 17: ...ircuit to do it is 3 2 2 Initialization and Activation state Upon turning on CC864 DUAL CC864 DUAL is not activated yet because the boot sequence of CC864 DUAL is still going on internally It takes about 10 seconds to complete the initializing the module internally For this reason it would be useless to try to access CC864 DUAL during a Initialization state as below To get the desirable stability ...

Страница 18: ...ector configuration NOTE In this document all the lines are inverted Active low signals are labeled with a name that ends with a or with a bar over the name NOTE CC864 DUAL turns fully on also by supplying power to the Charge pad provided there is a battery on the VBATT pads For example 1 Let us assume you need to drive the ON pad with a totem pole output of a 1 8 5 V microcontroller uP_OUT1 3 2 3...

Страница 19: ...RMON at the end of this state The period of the finalization state can differ according to the situation in which the CC864 DUAL is so it cannot be fixed definitely Normally it will be above 10 seconds later from releasing ON OFF and DTE should monitor the status of PWRMON to see the actual power off TIP To check if the device has powered off hardware line PWRMON must be monitored When PWRMON goes...

Страница 20: ...he RESET pin may be left unconnected Otherwise it must always be connected to an open collector transistor to permit the internal circuitry to control the signal during the power on reset and under voltage lockout functions Reset Signal Operating Levels Signal MIN MAX RESET Input High 2 0V 2 6V RESET Input Low 0V 2V This signal is internally pulled up so the pin can be left floating if not used An...

Страница 21: ...r supply strongly depends on the power source from which the power is drained The following three common categories are discussed 5V input typically PC internal regulator output 12V input typically automotive Battery Power Supply Nominal Supply Voltage 3 8 V Max Supply Voltage 4 2V Normal Operating Voltage Range 3 4 V 4 20 V TIP In order to be compatible with the sibling wireless modems in the Tel...

Страница 22: ...X mode with GPS OFF Voice Data 700 Voice Data channel Max power Worst best case depends on network configuration and is not under module control Total supply current from the main battery with the device off and the 32 768 MHz crystal oscillator on This specification applies only for case operating temperatures from 30o C to 60o C CC864 DUAL Mode Average mA Mode Description IDLE mode with GPS ON f...

Страница 23: ...t 10V A protection diode should be inserted close to the power input to protect the module from power polarity inversion A typical example of a linear regulator with 5V input is below 3 3 2 12V Input Source Power Supply Design Guidelines The desired output for the power supply is 3 8V Due to the large difference between the input voltage and the desired output a linear regulator should not be used...

Страница 24: ...ke protection below must be inserted close to the power input in order to save the CC864 DUAL from power polarity inversion Power supplies for automotive use are complicated so many factors must be considered such as over voltage reverse polarity cranking load dump booster batteries forced charging etc A spike protection diode must be inserted close to the power input to clean the supply from spik...

Страница 25: ... ion cell battery is ideal to supply the power to the module The suggested battery capacity is from 500mAh to 1000mAh Warning DO NOT USE any Ni Cd Ni MH or Pb battery types directly connected to the modem Their use can lead to overvoltage and damage to the module USE ONLY Li Ion battery types A bypass low usually 100uF tantalum ESR capacitor rated to at least 10V with adequate capacity must be pro...

Страница 26: ... charging process which progresses as follows Charging begins with trickle charging which limits the current and avoids pulling the VDD down Once a minimum battery voltage is established using trickle charging constant current charging is enabled by the firmware in order to charge the battery quickly this mode is sometimes called fast charging When the Li ion battery approaches its target voltage ...

Страница 27: ...t supply on a deeply discharged battery would cause the battery to draw excessive current pull the VDD voltage down and possibly cause a module malfunction or shutdown due to an under voltage lockout condition Trickle charging is used by the module firmware until the main battery reaches a predefined threshold which is usually about 3 0V for Li ion batteries The threshold varies with battery type ...

Страница 28: ...the remaining charging process The end of the constant voltage charging is typically detected by allowing voltage operation for a pre determined duration beyond crossing the VBATDET threshold in the internal charger IC lasting for one and a half to two hours The firmware limits the predetermined duration to 120 minutes because charging for too long can damage the battery 3 3 4 4 Pulse Charging The...

Страница 29: ...at sink can therefore be smaller than the calculated 700mA maximum RMS current or there can be no heat sink simple chip package In average network conditions the device transmit power is lower than the maximum and thus the current consumption is less than 500mA For these reasons the thermal design is rarely a concern and using the ground plane where the power supply chip is placed as the heat sink...

Страница 30: ... the power line at the current peaks frequency of 216 Hz that will reflect on all the components connected to that supply introducing a noise floor at the burst base frequency For this reason while a voltage drop of 300 400 mV may be acceptable for power loss it may not be acceptable for noise considerations If the application does not have an audio interface but only uses GSM UMTS data then this ...

Страница 31: ... be co located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter End Users must be provided with transmitter operation conditions for satisfying RF exposure compliance OEM integrators must ensure that the end user has no manual instructions to remove or install the CC864 DUAL module Antennas used for this OEM module must not exceed 5 12dBi gain in CDMA and 6 12dBi gain in PCS for m...

Страница 32: ...e Manufacturers of mobile fixed or portable devices incorporating this module are advised to clarify any regulatory questions and to have their complete product tested and approved for FCC compliance 3 4 2 Antenna Installation Guideline To avoid subjecting the application to FCC SAR requirements if possible the antenna should be at least 20 cm from all persons during operation In general the anten...

Страница 33: ... VBATT can vary from 3 4 to 4 2V DC Supply enable is controlled internally by the module Current measurement circuit provided AT command controlled Voltage measurement circuit provided AT command controlled Integrated HW protection for Antenna Short Circuit 40mA current draw 3 5 2 Combined Cellular GPS Antenna Requirements Path 2 The CC864 DUAL can support the use of a combined Cellular GPS antenn...

Страница 34: ...ue Frequency range 1575 42MHz GPS L1 Bandwidth 1 023MHz Gain 1 5dBi Gain 4 5dBi Impedance 50 ohm Amplification 14dB Supply voltage Must accept from 3 to 5 V DC Current consumption 20mA Typical 40mA max 3 6 GPS Antenna Installation Guidelines Installation of the GPS antenna should follow the guidelines below The antenna should not be co located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or ...

Страница 35: ...uirement for wireless carrier approval testing as well The application controlling the device may be placed into tri state disconnected or act as a gateway for the serial data when reprogramming occurs All application designs should include a means to reprogram the module 3 8 1 UART Serial Interface The CC864 DUAL UART functions as the controlling interface between the module and the host hardware...

Страница 36: ...30 Ring Indicator Output from the CC864 DUAL indicating the incoming call condition NOTE According to V 24 the RXD and TXD signals are referred to from the perspective of the application Therefore these signals are referred to in the opposite direction for the module TXD on the application side will be connected to the receive line here named TXD Receive line of the module s serial port and vice v...

Страница 37: ...r voltage multiplying ratio on the level translator Note that the negative signal voltage must be less than 0 V so that some form of level translation is always required The simplest way to translate the levels and invert the signal is by using a single chip level translator There are several available differing in the number of drivers and receivers and levels NOTE Always use a true RS232 level t...

Страница 38: ...supplied from the main 3 8V the level translator IC outputs on the module side i e the CC864 DUAL inputs will work at 3 8V interface levels stressing the module inputs beyond their maximum input voltage range The RS232 serial port lines are usually connected to a DB9 connector with the layout shown in the following figure 3 8 1 3 5V UART Level Translation If the host application uses a microcontro...

Страница 39: ...maximum of 9 resistors of 47 KΩ pull up can be connected to the VAUX1 pin provided no other devices are connected to it The pulled up lines are module s input lines connected to open collector outputs in order to avoid latch up problems on the module Care must be taken to avoid latch up on the module and the use of this output line to power electronic devices shall be avoided This is especially tr...

Страница 40: ...3 V Logic high RL 15 k to GND IO 1 mA 2 8 3 6 Output signal crossover voltage 1 30 2 00 V Terminations High Z state output impedance 0 V VDD 3 6 V measured at D and D pins to GND 300 kΩ Transceiver output impedance Active high or active low 6 18 Ω Series output resistance D D 28 33 44 Ω Internal pull up resistor VTRM to D VTRM to D 1 425 1 500 1 575 kΩ Internal pull down resistor D to GND D to GND...

Страница 41: ...old tdelay 1 µs Vhys 50 mV 0 85 V TRM V 3 9 Analog Audio Interface NOTE There are variants of the CC864 DUAL available including data only and voice support Please verify the module is voice enabled before attempting to use the Audio Functions The CC864 DUAL contains two distinct bi directional analog audio blocks MT lines for handset function HF lines for hands free function or earphone function ...

Страница 42: ...y equivalent connected in Differential mode Mic_MT 1st differential microphone path Line coupling AC Line type Balanced Coupling capacitor 100nF Differential input resistance 20kOhm Differential input voltage 1 03Vpp HSMic G 0dB Gain steps 7 Gain increment 6dB per step Mic_HF 2nd differential microphone path Line coupling AC Line type Balanced Coupling capacitor 100nF Differential input resistance...

Страница 43: ...nfiguration the unused output line must be left open Not respecting this constraint the output stage will be damaged Ear_MT Differential Line out Drivers Line coupling DC Line type Differential Output load resistance 32 Ω Signal bandwidth 150 4000 Hz 3 dB Differential output voltage MAX 734 mVrms Gain steps 7 Gain increment 3dB per step Ear_HF Fully Differential Power Buffers line coupling DC line...

Страница 44: ... for the CC864 DUAL module Pin number Pin name Pin type Functional description 16 MIC_MT AI Microphone 1 input 15 MIC_MT AI Microphone 1 input 14 MIC_HF AI Microphone 2 input 13 MIC_HF AI Microphone 2 input 10 EAR_HF AO Headphone output 1 right side 9 EAR_HF AO Headphone output 2 left side 12 EAR_MT AO Earphone amplifier output 11 EAR_MT AO Earphone amplifier output 3 9 4 Handset Interface The ear...

Страница 45: ...no single ended microphone interface The positive input contains the signal and is AC coupled directly to the microphone while the negative input is AC coupled to ground A 100pF capacitor is connected across the two AC coupling capacitors on the microphone side A 27pF capacitor bypasses the microphone output The positive microphone terminal is connected to the bias voltage 1 8V through a 2 2 Ohm b...

Страница 46: ...C864 Dual Module Pin 13 Pin 14 Pin 9 Pin 10 The module also supports a differential headset interface as shown in the figure below MIC_HF 1 8V HS earpiece 32Ω 100pF HS MIC 27pF 2 2KΩ MIC_HF EAR_HF EAR_HF CC864 Dual Module Pin 13 Pin 14 Pin 9 Pin 10 27pF 27pF 3 9 6 Car Kit Speakerphone Interface For the car kit speaker phone configuration the power output requirement is usually at least 4W therefor...

Страница 47: ...module The amplifier must have a mute control to be used while not in conversation to eliminate background noise and to save power The power to the amplifier must be decoupled as much as possible from the CC864 DUAL power supply by either keeping separate wires or by placing bypass capacitors of adequate value close to the amplifier power input pins The biasing voltage of the amplifier must be sta...

Страница 48: ...OCK CMOS 2 6V 63 TGPIO_10 PCM_TX I O TGPIO10 Configurable GPIO PCM_TX CMOS 2 6V 65 TGPIO_18 PCM_RX I O TGPIO18 Configurable GPIO PCM_RX CMOS 2 6V 71 TGPIO_17 PCM_SYN C I O TGPIO17 Configurable GPIO PCM_SYNC CMOS 2 6V 3 11 I2 C Bus Interface Future I2 C is a two wire bus for inter IC communication widely supported by peripheral components It is not currently supported and is reserved for future use...

Страница 49: ...Range 0V 2 5 V Resolution Accuracy 8 bit Conversion time 15 4uS Analog measurement output or sensor output e g battery voltage temperature can be connected to the ADC pin with proper signal conditioning and can be read via AT command Note In a product variant including the default configuration where the CC864 DUAL has external active GPS antenna support only one of ADC2 or ADC3 can be used even w...

Страница 50: ... the following formula Integrated output voltage 2 6 value 255 3 12 2 2 Enabling the DAC An AT command is available to control the DAC function AT DAC enable value value scale factor of the integrated output voltage 0 255 8 bit precision and must be present if enable 1 Refer to the SW User Guide or AT Commands Reference Guide for the full description of this function 3 12 2 3 Low Pass Filter Examp...

Страница 51: ...ut Low AUDIO MUTE 59 TGPIO_04 I O Configurable GPIO CMOS 2 6V Input Low CONVERSATION 78 TGPIO_05 I O Configurable GPIO CMOS 2 6V Input Low RFTXMON 68 TGPIO_06 I O Configurable GPIO CMOS 2 6V Input ALARM 73 TGPIO_07 I O Configurable GPIO CMOS 2 6V Input Low BUZZER 67 TGPIO_08 I O Configurable GPIO CMOS 2 6V Input Low POWER_SAVING 76 TGPIO_09 I O Configurable GPIO CMOS 2 6V Input Low 63 TGPIO_10 I O...

Страница 52: ... the pins have a push pull output and therefore the pull up resistor can be omitted 3 13 3 TGPIO_06 ALARM This pin when configured as alarm output is controlled by the CC864 DUAL It goes high when the alarm starts and low again after receiving an alarm control AT command This output may be used to power up the module itself or the external application at the alarm time providing the option to prog...

Страница 53: ... the host provides this signal to the module thereby setting the module into power saving mode This signal is active low When the module enters power saving mode every active item including the UART is turned off so that current consumption is considerably reduced 3 14 Miscellaneous Interface Signals 3 14 1 VAUX1 A regulated power supply output is provided to supply small devices This output is ac...

Страница 54: ...tor is charged when the module is on and supplies power to the RTC circuit when the module is turned off WARNING NO devices must be powered from this pin 3 14 3 STAT_LED Network Status LED This pin is an open collector output signal with an internal pull up resistor The STAT_LED pin shows information on the network service availability and call status The STAT_LED pin usually needs an external tra...

Страница 55: ...OS high level If the reset procedure and boot sequence is finished successfully PWRMON is changed to high state 3 14 5 AXE The AXE pin can be used for audio path switching The handset path or handsfree path can be selected with this signal State Audio Path Low Hands free mode Tx MIC_HF Rx EAR_HF or EAR_HF High Handset mode Tx MIC_MT Rx EAR_MT If this pin is set to a low state the module uses the h...

Страница 56: ...est set Depending on the customer application these pads include but are not limited to the following signals TXD RXD ON OFF RESET GND VBATT TX_TRACE RX_TRACE PWRMON USB D USB D USB V_BUS USB_ID TIP If the application uses USB as the main interface to the module this is sufficient to capture any debug and trace data no other UARTS needed provided the application can export the data stream from the...

Страница 57: ...UAL must adhere to design guidelines for all interfaces to and from the module e g power supply audio paths level translators Otherwise degraded performance could be experienced or in the worst case an operational failure of the module To assist with designs the EVK2 presents a series of different solutions which cover the most common design requirements on the market These can be easily integrate...

Страница 58: ...ate CODEC GPIO General Purpose Input Output GPS Global Positioning System HF Hands free I2C Inter Integrated Circuit JDR Jammer Detector JTAG Joint Test Action Group ANSI ICEEE Std 1149 1 1990 MT Micro Telephone or Handset MT or HS PCM Pulse Coded Modulation PDM Pulse Density Modulation in a DAC RTC Real Time Clock R UIM Removable User Identity Module S GPS Simultaneous GPS TGPIO Telit General Pur...

Страница 59: ...et earphone signal output phase Audio 12 EAR_MT AO Handset earphone signal output phase Audio 13 MIC_HF AI Hands free microphone input phase nominal level 3mVrms Audio 14 MIC_HF AI Hands free microphone input phase nominal level 3mVrms Audio 15 MIC_MT AI Handset microphone signal input phase nominal level 50mVrms Audio 16 MIC_MT AI Handset microphone signal input phase nominal level 50mVrms Audio ...

Страница 60: ...face CMOS 2 6V USB 35 USB_ID I USB_ID input 47K CMOS 2 6V 48 USB_VBUS AI A O USB_VBUS power supply 5V 79 USB_D I O USB Data USB Internal Transceiver In Output 2 8V 3 6V 80 USB_D I O USB Data USB Internal Transceiver In Output 2 8V 3 6V DAC and ADC 37 ADC_IN1 AI Analog Digital converter input A D 38 ADC_IN2 AI Analog Digital converter input A D 39 ADC_IN3 AI Analog Digital converter input A D 40 DA...

Страница 61: ...IO4 Configurable GPIO Conversation CMOS 2 6V 60 TGPIO_14 I O Telit GPIO14 Configurable GPIO CMOS 2 6V 61 TGPIO_15 I O Telit GPIO15 Configurable GPIO CMOS 2 6V 62 TGPIO_12 AUDIO CALL BUTTON I O Telit GPIO12 Configurable GPIO Audio Call Button CMOS 2 6V 64 TGPIO_22 I O Telit GPIO22 Configurable GPIO CMOS 1 8V 66 TGPIO_03 AUDIO MUTE I O Telit GPIO03 Configurable GPIO Audio Mute CMOS 2 6V 67 TGPIO_08 ...

Страница 62: ...otect current leakage 2 6V 78 TGPIO_05 RFTXMO N I O Telit GPIO05 Configurable GPIO Transmitter ON monitor CMOS 2 6V Reserved 17 41 42 43 44 47 69 Warning All reserved pins must be left open and unconnected they may not be used for any routing purposes on the application PCB NC NR pins They are reserved for internal Telit use or future expansion NOTE RTS must be connected to the GND on the module s...

Страница 63: ... correct the interference by one or more of the following measures Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver Connect the equipment into an outlet of a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected Consult the dealer or an experienced radio TV technician for assistance Changes or modification not expressly approved by the ...

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