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FDDI Network Topologies

77

7

Disadvantages

This configuration suffers from the same disadvantages as the standalone
concentrator, described on page 72. The number of stations connected to each
concentrator is limited by the number of M-ports, and the loss of a
concentrator takes down all of the stations to which it is attached.

Ring of Trees

The ring of trees is a derivative of the tree of concentrators topology described
on page 75. The root concentrator is replaced by a dual-ring to which
dual-attached concentrators are connected, as shown in Figure 7-6. This
topology is ideal for connecting a large number of stations in a campus or
multiple-building network.

Figure 7-6

Ring of Trees

Tree of concentrators (1)

Tree of concentrators (2)

SAS

SAS

SAS

SAS

SAS

SAS

SAS

SAS

DAC

DAC

DAC

DAC

DAC

DAC

DAC

DAC

SAS

SAS

SAS

SAS

Horizontal distribution frame

Intermediate distribution frame

Main distribution frame

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Страница 1: ...arcia Avenue Mountain View CA 94043 USA 415 960 1300 fax 415 969 9131 A Sun Microsystems Inc Business SunFDDI P 1 0AdapterUser sGuide Part No 805 0809 10 Revision A May 1997 Sun Microsystems Computer Company ...

Страница 2: ...ANTABILITY FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON INFRINGEMENT Copyright 1997 Sun Microsystems Inc 2550 Garcia Avenue Mountain View Californie 94043 1100 U S A Tous droits réservés Ce produit ou document est protégé par un copyright et distribué avec des licences qui en restreignent l utilisation la copie et la décompilation Aucune partie de ce produit ou de sa documentation associée nepeut être ...

Страница 3: ...ay void the authority granted to the user by the FCC to operate this equipment FCC Class B Notice This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules Operation is subject to the following two conditions 1 This device may not cause harmful interference 2 This device must accept any interference received including interference that may cause undesired operation Note This equipment has been tested and...

Страница 4: ...rique de la classe A respecte toutes les exigences du Règlement sur le matériel brouilleur du Canada DOC Class B Notice Avis DOC Classe B This Class B digital apparatus meets all of requirements the Canadian Interference Causing Equipment Regulations Cet appareil numérique de la classe B respecte toutes les exigences du Règlement sur le matériel brouilleur du Canada ...

Страница 5: ...R22 1991 Class B EN50082 1 IEC801 2 1991 4 kV Direct 8 kV Air IEC801 3 1984 3 V m IEC801 4 1988 1 0 kV Power Lines 0 5 kV Signal Lines EN61000 3 2 IEC1000 3 2 1994 Pass Class D Supplementary Information This product was tested and complies with all the requirements for the CE Mark _________ S _______________ ______ S _________________ Dennis P Symanski DATE Stephen McGoldrick DATE Manager Product ...

Страница 6: ...R22 1991 Class B EN50082 1 IEC801 2 1991 4 kV Direct 8 kV Air IEC801 3 1984 3 V m IEC801 4 1988 1 0 kV Power Lines 0 5 kV Signal Lines EN61000 3 2 IEC1000 3 2 1994 Pass Class D Supplementary Information This product was tested and complies with all the requirements for the CE Mark _________ S _______________ ______ S _________________ Dennis P Symanski DATE Stephen McGoldrick DATE Manager Product ...

Страница 7: ...rmance 2 2 Hardware Installation 3 Device Instances and Device Names 4 Installation Items 4 Installing SunFDDI P Adapter Cards 5 Connecting Fiber Optic Cables 5 To Connect the Fiber Optic Cable 6 MIC to MIC Coupler 7 Cleaning the Fiber Optic Cable 7 To Clean the Fiber Optic Cable 8 Link Status Indicator Diagnostic LED 9 ...

Страница 8: ...Installation 18 Unloading Drivers 19 Installing SunNet Manager Agents for SunFDDI P 20 To Use pf_install_agents 20 Removing SunFDDI P 22 To Remove SunFDDI P 22 4 Improving Network Performance 23 High Performance FDDI Networks 24 Ring Latency Improvement 24 Data Throughput Improvement 25 Send and Receive Buffers 25 Performance Across Bridges 25 Target Token Rotation Time TTRT 26 Improving Performan...

Страница 9: ...ation 34 To Check the Connections Between Stations 34 To Check the Link Status Indicator 34 Checking the MAC Address 35 To Check the SunFDDI P Driver 36 To Check the IP Addresses 36 To Check the IP Routing 37 To Check the Protocol Statistics 37 To Check the SMT Traffic 38 Solving Common Problems 39 Running the Hardware Self Test Program 44 To Run the Hardware Self Test 44 Loading the Device Driver...

Страница 10: ...yers 53 FDDI Network Architecture 55 FDDI Stations 56 FDDI Concentrators 58 FDDI Failure Recovery 60 Station Wrapping 60 Optical Bypass Switches 62 FDDI Ring Operation 65 Unrestricted Asynchronous Transmission 65 FDDI Performance 66 7 FDDI Network Topologies 69 Basic Dual Ring Network 70 Advantages 70 Disadvantages 71 Standalone Concentrator 72 Advantages 72 Disadvantages 73 Concentrators with Dua...

Страница 11: ...ixed FDDI Ethernet Networks 81 8 Using the SunFDDI Network Utilities 85 Changing the Default MAC Address pf_macid 86 To Change the Default MAC Address with pf_macid 86 Displaying SunFDDI P Statistics pf_stat 87 Displaying Local Interface Statistics 88 Displaying Statistics from Neighboring Stations 94 Monitoring SMT Frames pf_smtmon 98 SMT Frame Classes and Types 100 Filtering Output from pf_smtmo...

Страница 12: ...pf_fddismt7_2 112 Interpreting Traps and Errors 114 MAC Address Formats 117 10 Developing Applications that Run over SunFDDI P 119 Developing Applications with DLPI 120 DLPI Connectionless Service Primitives 121 DLPI Addressing 122 11 Setting Up Servers and Diskless Clients 125 Setting Up a Server and Diskless Clients 126 To Set Up a Server 127 To Introduce Diskless Clients to a Server 127 To Upda...

Страница 13: ...Contents xiii Glossary 141 Index 147 ...

Страница 14: ...xiv SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 ...

Страница 15: ...ed Station SAS 56 Figure 6 5 Dual Attached Station DAS 57 Figure 6 6 Single Attached Concentrator SAC 58 Figure 6 7 Dual Attached Concentrator DAC 59 Figure 6 8 Isolating a Single Station Failure 60 Figure 6 9 Isolating a Single Cable Failure 61 Figure 6 10 Dual Attached Station in Wrap Mode 62 Figure 6 11 Dua Ring Network Divided by Two Faults 63 Figure 6 12 Optical Bypass Switch 63 Figure 6 13 O...

Страница 16: ... Network 81 Figure 7 10 Routing in an FDDI Ethernet Internetwork 82 Figure 8 1 Normal Sequence of PCM States 92 Figure 9 1 Quick Dump Local Statistics 110 Figure 9 2 Quick Dump Neighbor Statistics 111 Figure 9 3 SunFDDI P Proxy Agent 112 Figure 9 4 Specifying the Target Station 112 Figure 9 5 Quick Dump SMT Frames 113 Figure 9 6 Single Attached Station Disconnected 114 Figure 9 7 Single Attached S...

Страница 17: ...roblems Running SunFDDI P 40 Table 5 3 Problems Using the SNM Agents for SunFDDI P 43 Table 8 1 pf_stat States Under the ECM Heading 90 Table 8 2 pf_stat States Under the RMT Heading 90 Table 8 3 pf_stat States Under the PCM Heading 91 Table 10 1 DL_INFO_REQ Frame 122 ...

Страница 18: ...xviii SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 ...

Страница 19: ...first time read Part 2 first Part 1 Installing and Configuring SunFDDI P describes how to turn your machine into a SunFDDI P station It tells you how to install and configure the SunFDDI P device driver and how to tune your FDDI station to get the best performance It also includes troubleshooting advice to help you detect and resolve problems with your FDDI network Part 2 Planning and Implementing...

Страница 20: ...Hardware 97 environment It includes a description of the post installation scripts that configure your machine as an FDDI station Chapter 4 Improving Network Performance describes the configurable network parameters and provides general advice on how to obtain the best performance from your network Chapter 5 Troubleshooting and Diagnostics tells you how to detect and resolve problems with your FDD...

Страница 21: ...ions About SunFDDI contains a list of common questions and their responses UNIX Commands This document may not include specific software commands or procedures Instead it may name software tasks and refer you to operating system documentation or the handbook that was shipped with your new hardware The type of information that you might need to use references for includes Shutting down the system B...

Страница 22: ...computer output Edit your login file Use ls a to list all files machine_name You have mail AaBbCc123 What you type contrasted with on screen computer output machine_name su Password AaBbCc123 Command line placeholder replace with a real name or value To delete a file type rm filename AaBbCc123 Book titles new words or terms or words to be emphasized Read Chapter 6 in the User s Guide These are cal...

Страница 23: ...lume 2 William Stallings Macmillan Publishing Company 1987 NA FDDI Technology and Applications Edited by Sonu Mirchandani and Raman Khanna John Wiley Sons 1993 NA FDDI A High Speed Network Amit Shah and G Ramakrisnan Prentice Hall Inc 1994 NA STREAMS DLPI Specification Sun Microsystems 800 6915 Country Telephone Fax United States 1 800 873 7869 1 800 944 0661 United Kingdom 0 800 89 88 88 0 800 89...

Страница 24: ...un com and select Sales Service On line support SunSolve Online Patches Sun Welcomes Your Comments Please use the Reader Comment Card that accompanies this document We are interested in improving our documentation and welcome your comments and suggestions If a card is not available you can email or fax your comments to us Please include the part number of your document in the subject line of your ...

Страница 25: ...Part1 InstallingandConfiguring SunFDDI P ...

Страница 26: ......

Страница 27: ...system into an FDDI station There are two hardware options SunFDDI P SAS single attached station on fiber SunFDDI P DAS dual attached station on fiber SunFDDI P is a high speed networking product that provides significantly greater bandwidth up to 10 times compared to 10 megabit Ethernet networks It is designed for Sun 4u PCI based system architectures running Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 97 SunFDDI P p...

Страница 28: ...orts 33 MHz operating frequency and 5 0 volt I O signaling Supports 62 5 125 micrometer multimode fiber MMF Provides SunNet Manager agents for the effective management of FDDI stations and networks from a centralized SunNet Manager console requires SunNet Manager 2 2 or later in addition to SunFDDI P Complies with the ANSI X3T9 5 standard for single attached LAN fiber rings and with revision 7 3 o...

Страница 29: ...opening your machine always ensure that the power switch is off O position When the power is off the green light on the front of the machine is unlit and the fan in the power supply is not running Always take care to protect your equipment from the effects of static electricity A lithium battery is molded into the NVRAM TOD chip on the main logic board This battery is not a customer replaceable pa...

Страница 30: ...th the card in the next highest numbered slot and so on Refer to the hardware installation manual that came with your system for instructions on how to identify the PCI slots in your machine Note For machines running Solaris 2 5 1 If a SunFDDI P PCI card is moved from its initial slot to a different one the operating system will find the device in the new slot and assume that it is a new instance ...

Страница 31: ...han one decibel of signal integrity is lost when using the adapter Borderline applications may need to reconfigure the network directly for SC connection if the signal loss materially affects the error rate Fiber optic cable is fragile and should not be subjected to mechanical stress or impact Always observe the following precautions when handling fiber optic cable and connectors Fiber optic cable...

Страница 32: ... cables have raised keys on one side of the connectors see Figure 2 2 There are also keyway notches on the inside of the connector on the card orient the fiber optic cable so that the keys on the cable connectors line up with the keyway notches on the card Also make sure to connect the cable to the proper port either Port A or Port B see Figure 2 2 Warning Not all cables have raised keys to help y...

Страница 33: ...upler are available One with raised keys to help you properly orient the connection One without raised keys which has specific connecting instructions Note Make sure you properly connect the coupler An improper connection will twist or cross the ring Cleaning the Fiber Optic Cable Fiber optic cable connectors can be cleaned if they become contaminated with dirt dust or oil which can cause signal n...

Страница 34: ...otton swab Figure 2 2 Cleaning the End of a Fiber Optic Cable 2 Blow clean dry compressed air around the end of the connector and around the ferrule to dislodge loose dust and grit 3 Clean the adapter by running a pipe cleaner moistened in alcohol running though it Repeat with a dry pipe cleaner 4 Dry the adapter with clean dry compressed air ...

Страница 35: ...not configured or the driver has not been loaded Amber Interface configured no valid line state to an active FDDI network exists Green Connection established to an active FDDI network Blinking green In a dual ring environment this is an invalid connection In a dual homing environment this is normal The connection is in Standby mode Red Adapter fails FDDI path test Refer to Chapter 5 Troubleshootin...

Страница 36: ...10 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 2 ...

Страница 37: ...l the SunFDDI P device drivers utilities and SunNet Manager agents in a Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 4 97 environment It includes instructions on how to check your installation and how to remove the SunFDDI P software if necessary Installation Requirements page 12 Declaring IP Addresses for SunFDDI P page 12 Installing and Configuring SunFDDI P page 13 Installing SunNet Manager Agents for SunFDDI P page...

Страница 38: ...DI P You must assign a unique IP address to each SunFDDI P interface If you have more than one networking interface installed on your machine either multiple SunFDDI P interfaces or some other LAN interface for example an Ethernet interface each interface must be connected to a different subnet Before installing the SunFDDI P software update the files on your NIS NIS server to assign IP addresses ...

Страница 39: ...Mount the CD ROM 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Place the CD ROM in its caddy and load the caddy into the CD ROM drive 3 Mount the CD ROM on a local directory If the Volume Manager vold is running on your machine then the CD ROM is mounted automatically under cdrom sunfddip_1_0 If the Volume Manager vold is not running on your machine create a directory called cdrom sunfddip_1_0 and mount ...

Страница 40: ...tion script is executed automatically when you install the SunFDDI P device driver SUNWpfr This script checks that the hardware is installed and displays the number of SunFDDI P interfaces that it finds If there is no hardware installed the script halts the installation process without installing the software 1 Indicate whether you are installing the driver for a diskless client Type y if you want...

Страница 41: ...IS NIS database or in the etc hosts file the script offers it as a default IP address You must assign a unique IP address to each SunFDDI P interface If you have multiple IP interfaces installed on one machine each interface must be attached to a different FDDI subnetwork 5 Repeat Steps 3 and 4 until you have assigned a host name and IP address for each SunFDDI P PCI card installed in your machine...

Страница 42: ...ctive FDDI network exists Green if the interface is configured and connected to an active network To Install the Utilities man Pages and SNM Agents SUNWpft The SUNWpft package contains the SunFDDI P utilities and man pages By default the base directory basedir for this package is opt You can change the default base directory when you start pkgadd 1M with the R option This package can be installed ...

Страница 43: ...CD ROM from the CD ROM drive If Volume Manager vold is running on your machine the CD ROM is unmounted automatically when it is ejected Do you want to install these setuid setgid files y n q y This package contains scripts which will be executed with superuser permission during the process of installing the package Do you want to continue with the installation y n y The following packages are avai...

Страница 44: ...e FDDI connection If your SunFDDI P station is attached to an active FDDI network try to access a remote station usr sbin umount cdrom sunfddip_1_0 eject cdrom rmdir cdrom sunfddip_1_0 usr bin netstat i Name Mtu Net Dest Address Ipkts Ierrs Opkts Oerrs Collis Queue lo0 8232 loopback localhost 21 0 21 0 0 0 le0 1500 our lan hysop 2146 0 950 1 13 0 pf0 4352 our fddi hysop pf 1086 0 907 0 0 0 usr sbi...

Страница 45: ...DI P station see Chapter 5 Troubleshooting and Diagnostics for help Unloading Drivers The driver for the SunFDDI P 1 0 adapter can be unloaded while the system is running by using the modunload 1M command If the SunNet Manager daemons are running on your system you must kill that process before you unload the SunFDDI P driver If SunNet Manager is configured and running on your system To unload the...

Страница 46: ...to manage using SunNet Manager To Use pf_install_agents 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Start pf_install_agents by typing 3 Type the host names of the console machine s that you want to receive SMT Request Frame SRF trap reports from the local station You can send SRF trap reports to more than one console Each console must have the schemas for SunFDDI P installed for example opt SUNWconn bi...

Страница 47: ...DDI P software package SUNWpf using pkgadd 1M The script copies the SunFDDI P schemas to the destination directory and modifies the local configuration files for SunNet Manager 6 Start the SunNet Manager agents for SunFDDI P by typing Note If you typed n in response to the question Do you want to start the SunNet Manager daemons for SunFDDI at boot time when you installed the SunFDDI P software yo...

Страница 48: ...stalling Solaris Software for detailed information on removing software packages using pkgrm To Remove SunFDDI P 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Use pkgrm to remove SunFDDI P The post remove script removes the modifications made to the system files and updates the package information on your machine 3 Modify the etc hosts file to remove the IP addresses and host names for the SunFDDI P inte...

Страница 49: ...or a detailed description of the FDDI network architecture High Performance FDDI Networks page 24 Ring Latency Improvement page 24 Data Throughput Improvement page 25 Performance Across Bridges page 25 Target Token Rotation Time TTRT page 26 Improving Performance page 27 Caution The procedures for improving network performance are discussed in this chapter however these should be undertaken only b...

Страница 50: ...or video applications are more sensitive to access delay Ring Latency Improvement The ring latency is the physical delay inherent in the FDDI network It is dependent on the number of stations in the ring and the overall length of the ring The speed of the microprocessor in the FDDI station also has a significant effect on ring latency The FDDI specifications define a network that supports up to on...

Страница 51: ...default value 4 Kbytes assigned to these parameters is optimized for transmission across Ethernet connections For applications running over FDDI the send and receive buffers should be set to 32 Kbytes Performance Across Bridges The maximum transmission unit MTU for each physical layer in the network defines the maximum size in octets of the transmitted packets A larger MTU means that more data can...

Страница 52: ... The target token rotation time TTRT is the key FDDI parameter used for network performance tuning In general increasing the TTRT increases throughput and increases access delay For SunFDDI P the TTRT must be between 4000 and 165000 microseconds and is set to 8000 ms by default The optimum value for the TTRT is dependent on the application and the type of traffic on the network If the network load...

Страница 53: ...eceive high water marks for TCP and UDP applications When the number of bytes queued exceeds the high water mark transmission is halted temporarily the backlog can be cleared The low water mark specifies the level to which the queue must drop before transmission is restarted To Tune the High Water Mark Assign consistent values for the transmit and receive high water marks The default value 8192 as...

Страница 54: ...iwat For optimum performance over FDDI connections the UDP high water marks should both be set to 32 Kbytes To Tune the Low Water Mark By default the low water mark is set to 2 Kbytes Provided the high water mark is also tuned increasing the low water mark can improve the performance slightly The low water mark must never be set higher than the high water mark Use ndd 1M to change the TCP and UDP ...

Страница 55: ... can modify the example script to enter your own values if required Tuning the Socket Options For applications that use Sockets the application developer can make more efficient use of the increased bandwidth provided by an FDDI connection by increasing the size of the send and receive buffers used by a specific application This manipulation is restricted to applications and do not affect the othe...

Страница 56: ...isleading Refer to To Disable MTU Path Discovery for instructions on how to accommodate bridges and routers that do not support this feature To Tune the Maximum Transfer Unit MTU The maximum transfer unit MTU has been optimized for pure FDDI networks for FDDI P Follow these steps to change the value of the MTU on a station running SunFDDI P 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Edit the etc syste...

Страница 57: ...e machine is rebooted To Tune the Target Token Rotation Time TTRT The target token rotation time TTRT for the network is the lowest value of T_req bid during the claim process Follow these steps to change the value of T_req bid 1 Log in as root or become superuser 2 Edit the etc system file to add the following line 3 Reboot the machine to apply the changes to the system ndd set dev ip ip_path_mtu...

Страница 58: ...32 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 4 ...

Страница 59: ... if required Note that SunFDDI P supports almost all of the standard SunOS network diagnostic utilities including snoop 1M netstat 1M ping 1M and etherfind 8C For a Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 4 97 environment the default base directory basedir is Troubleshooting Checklist page 34 Solving Common Problems page 39 Running the Hardware Self Test Program page 44 Loading the Device Driver Manually page 45 o...

Страница 60: ...ypes The keys provided with most FDDI cables will help you to avoid crossing or twisting the ring See Connecting Fiber Optic Cables on page 5 for a detailed description For single attached stations SAS cables should be connected by either S M to a concentrator or S S back to back For dual attached stations DAS cables should be connected by either A B B A dual ring or A M M B dual homing To Check t...

Страница 61: ...her the SunFDDI P driver is loaded and the interface is not configured or the driver has not been loaded a Configure the pf interface with the ifconfig 1M command of the form If the LED is red the SunFDDI P driver is not loaded or is loaded incorrectly a Check that the software is installed b Remove the existing version if necessary and reload the software Checking the MAC Address By default the f...

Страница 62: ...M to check the IP addresses assigned to the two SunFDDI P interfaces If the interfaces have the same subnetwork number as shown in this example you must change the IP address assigned to one of the interfaces Ensure that the IP addresses and host names for each SunFDDI P interface are entered in the NIS map or in etc hosts on the local machine if you are not using NIS NIS netstat i Name Mtu Net De...

Страница 63: ...t nr netstat s UDP udpInDatagrams 1423udpInErrors 0 udpOutDatagrams 540 TCP tcpRtoAlgorithm 4tcpRtoMin 200 tcpRtoMax 60000tcpMaxConn 1 tcpActiveOpens 38tcpPassiveOpens 1 tcpAttemptFails 0tcpEstabResets 33 tcpCurrEstab 2tcpOutSegs 427 tcpOutDataSegs 264tcpOutDataBytes 15917 tcpRetransSegs 38tcpRetransBytes 0 tcpOutAck 143tcpOutAckDelayed 56 tcpOutUrg 1tcpOutWinUpdate 0 tcpOutWinProbe 0tcpOutControl...

Страница 64: ...t station is not running SunFDDI P it does not necessarily support the same set of SMT frames If the target station receives an SMT request for an unsupported service it issues a Request Denied Frame RDF Use pf_smtmon 1M to examine the SMT frames netstat k pfo ipacket x ierror y opackets z basedir pf_smtmon i pf inst x h frameclass ...

Страница 65: ...il you enter a valid address The configuration script cannot find the hardware devices installed in the machine Check that the SunFDDI P PCI card is installed correctly and is seated firmly in the PCI slot Use the prtconf command to see if the pf card exists The configuration script cannot load the SunFDDI P driver The procedure fails with the message no available major numbers The number of major...

Страница 66: ...DI P device driver is loaded using modinfo 1M to display information about loaded kernel modules If the device driver is not loaded see Loading the Device Driver Manually on page 45 for detailed instructions The local station can reach FDDI stations located on the same subnetwork but these stations cannot reach the local station Check that the IP address and host name of the local station is enter...

Страница 67: ...red in the NIS map or NIS tables or in etc hosts on each remote station if you are not running NIS or NIS Check that the routing tables are using netstat r Check for an pf interface that shows a route to a gateway with the UG flags set If you can reach the local gateway then the problem probably lies with the IP routing Try to confirm that the remote station is configured and running and if possib...

Страница 68: ...and if possible try to reach the local station from the remote station If you can it indicates that the problem lies with the local IP routing Try to reach the router nearest the remote station If you can it indicates that the fault lies between the remote station and the router If you cannot try to reach a router that is closer to the local station Continue in this way until you have isolated the...

Страница 69: ... station See Using the SunFDDI P Local Agent pf_fddi on page 110 for detailed instructions Cannot recover SMT statistics from the proxy agent The procedure fails with the error message Cannot create RPC client program is not registered Check that you specified the host name or MAC address for the target machine in the properties window for the target station See Using the SunFDDI P Local Agent pf_...

Страница 70: ...boot prompt type This example shows that the primary components on the board are working but that the board is not currently connected to the network sync sync halt ok test pci pf Local MAC Address 0 80 d8 10 3 ed Canonical Interrupt register read write test PASS CMT Processor read write test PASS S Port register test PASS MAC register test PASS DMA register test PASS DMA bus master test PASS Perf...

Страница 71: ...k that there are no partially installed drivers for SunFDDI P a Check for existing SunFDDI P devices in the dev directory b Use rem_drv 1M to remove any installed SunFDDI P devices and remove the device directories c Check the etc name_to_major file for entries of the form pf num and smt num and remove these if they exist 3 Use add_drv 1M to inform the system about the new drivers 4 Check that the...

Страница 72: ...figure the SunFDDI P IP interfaces pf inst The host name assigned to the IP interface must be entered in the NIS map NIS tables or in etc hosts on the local machine Configure the interface using an ifconfig command of the form Note that the modifier netmask takes the netmask defined in the etc netmasks file If this entry is missing you must specify the netmask explicitly using dot notation Provide...

Страница 73: ...Part2 PlanningandImplementing SunFDDINetworks ...

Страница 74: ......

Страница 75: ...lowing specifications ANSI FDDI Physical Media Dependent PMD X3 166 1990 ANSI FDDI Physical Layer PHY X3 148 1988 ANSI FDDI Medium Access Control MAC X 3 139 1987 ANSI FDDI Station Management SMT X3 299 R7 3 formally R7 2 99 FDDI Network Model page 50 FDDI Network Architecture page 55 FDDI Failure Recovery page 60 FDDI Ring Operation page 65 FDDI Performance page 66 ...

Страница 76: ... model that consists of the following components Physical Medium Dependent PMD Layer Physical PHY Layer Medium Access Control MAC Layer Station Management SMT Protocol Figure 6 1 shows the organization of these components and their relationship with other network protocols that use them Figure 6 1 FDDI Architectural Model OSI TCP IP DLPI interface V2 BSD ifnet LLC Subnetwork Access Protocol SNAP M...

Страница 77: ... cabling SunFDDI P supports 62 5 125 micrometer multimode fiber MMF Multimode fiber cannot support such large distances between FDDI stations as single mode fiber SMF which is not supported by SunFDDI P However multimode fiber is cheaper and uses lower cost terminations connectors and light sources Physical PHY Layer The physical PHY layer handles the efficient encoding and decoding of digital dat...

Страница 78: ...redefined time determined by the local timed target rotation timer TTRT on each station When an FDDI station completes transmission it releases the token for use by downstream stations In this way the token rotates continuously around the ring Each attachment to an FDDI network is identified by a unique MAC address The first SunFDDI P card installed in a machine takes its identity from the host re...

Страница 79: ... are carried at the same time as normal network traffic This frame based management is used to Examine and modify FDDI station configuration Schedule synchronous guaranteed and asynchronous priority based traffic Gather network statistics Generate status reports SunFDDI P includes SunNet Manager agents that access the SMT entity to collect and return FDDI statistics to a SunNet Manager console See...

Страница 80: ...1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 6 Figure 6 2 Communication Between FDDI Layers Station management SMT Physical PHY layer Media access control MAC layer Frames Symbols Bit stream Physical medium dependent PMD layer ...

Страница 81: ...y ring Figure 6 3 Basic FDDI Network Architecture The secondary ring serves as a redundant path It is used during station initialization and may be used as a backup to the primary ring in the event of a station or cable failure When a failure occurs the dual ring is wrapped around to isolate the fault and to create a single one way ring The components of a typical FDDI network and the failure reco...

Страница 82: ...ation SAS is attached to the FDDI network through a single connector called the S port The S port has a primary input Pin and a primary output Pout Data from an upstream station enters through Pin and exits from Pout to a downstream station as shown in Figure 6 4 Single attached stations are normally attached to single and dual attached concentrators as described in FDDI Concentrators on page 58 F...

Страница 83: ...condary input output is attached to the secondary ring The flow of data during normal operation is shown in Figure 6 5 To complete the ring you must ensure that the B port of an upstream station is always connected to the A port of a downstream station For this reason most FDDI DAS connectors are keyed to prevent connections between two ports of the same type Figure 6 5 Dual Attached Station DAS D...

Страница 84: ...tached Concentrator SAC A single attached concentrator SAC is attached to the FDDI network through a single connector which is identical to the S port on a single attached station It has multiple M ports to which single attached stations are connected as shown in Figure 6 6 Figure 6 6 Single Attached Concentrator SAC Single attached station SAS Pin Pout Data from upstream station Data to downstrea...

Страница 85: ...hed concentrators and FDDI stations are often arranged in a very flexible network topology called the ring of trees This configuration is discussed in more detail in Chapter 7 FDDI Network Topologies Figure 6 7 Dual Attached Concentrator DAC Single attached station SAS Dual attached concentrator SAC S port Single attached station SAS S port Pin Pout Data from upstream station Data to downstream st...

Страница 86: ...ility of FDDI to recover from such an event increases the reliability of the network significantly Station Wrapping Figure 6 8 shows the effect of a single station failure in an FDDI network that comprises four dual attached stations connected in a basic ring configuration When a failure occurs the SMT entities on the stations on either side of the fault reconfigure the network dynamically to isol...

Страница 87: ...the stations on either side of the failed connection reconfigure the network dynamically so that the primary ring is wrapped onto the secondary ring Figure 6 9 Isolating a Single Cable Failure Wrapping occurs within the MAC layer Figure 6 10 on page 62 illustrates how the dual attached station is reconfigured to wrap the primary ring onto the secondary ring Dual attached concentrators wrap in a si...

Страница 88: ... name suggests these switches provide an optical connection that bypasses the station in the event of failure or if the station needs to be removed from the ring Optical bypass switches can only be used to overcome station faults they have no affect in the event of a cable fault The attenuation in an optical bypass switch is far greater than in a normal FDDI connection therefore the number of opti...

Страница 89: ...n the ring exceeds the total optical power budget Figure 6 12 shows how connecting an optical bypass switch to a dual attached station is used to conserve the connection when the station is switched off or removed from the ring Figure 6 12 Optical Bypass Switch FDDI DAS FDDI DAS FDDI DAS FDDI DAS Failed FDDI DAS Failed cable Secondary ring Primary ring Optical bypass B A Dual attached station Opti...

Страница 90: ... bypass switches The station fault is bypassed effectively to conserve the majority of the network intact however the cable fault still causes station wrapping Figure 6 13 Optical Bypass Switches used in a Network Secondary ring Primary ring FDDI DAS FDDI DAS FDDI DAS Failed FDDI DAS Failed cable Optical bypass Optical bypass Optical bypass Optical bypass ...

Страница 91: ... mode supported in a Solaris 1 x environment Access to the FDDI ring is controlled by a permission token or right to transmit The permission token is a special frame that is passed between stations Unlike the tokens used in a Token Ring network the FDDI permission token contains no additional information The station holding the permission token completes transmission either when it has no more pac...

Страница 92: ... faster the token rotates the more transmission time is allocated to each station If the token is delayed because the network is heavily loaded the amount of transmission time is reduced If THT expires during transmission the current transmission is completed before the token is released The interaction of these two timers causes token rotation to increase reduced transmission time per station in ...

Страница 93: ...ll performance of the network some of which are discussed in Chapter 4 Improving Network Performance However the majority of these suggestions should only be undertaken by experienced system administrators Any improvement made by modifying the actions of the FDDI network is negligible compared to what is gained by making more efficient use of the available bandwidth ...

Страница 94: ...68 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 6 ...

Страница 95: ...eral factors including Cost Network size Required Bandwidth Type of network traffic Fault resistance and network reliability This chapter describes some of the common FDDI network topologies and discusses the primary advantages and disadvantages of each Basic Dual Ring Network page 70 Standalone Concentrator page 72 Concentrators with Dual Homing page 74 Tree of Concentrators page 75 Ring of Trees...

Страница 96: ...a dual ring network dual attached stations are connected directly to the primary and secondary rings Data and the token that controls the flow of data are transmitted in one direction on the primary ring Data flows in the other direction on the secondary ring which is used during ring initialization and as a backup in case of a ring failure Figure 7 1 Basic Dual Ring Network Advantages The primary...

Страница 97: ...g topology is resistant to single failures in the ring two or more failures break the network into parts Small fragments of the network can still function but they are isolated from the other stations Figure 7 2 shows how two faults in a network with five dual attached stations isolates two parts of the network Cable and connection costs can be high in large installations because there are two cab...

Страница 98: ... typical ring architecture of the FDDI network is less obvious in this topology because it exists within the concentrator itself For this reason this arrangement of stations is usually described as a tree with the concentrator as the root Advantages In the standalone concentrator configuration individual stations have less influence on the operation of the network which is controlled by the concen...

Страница 99: ...nfiguration Since the stations do not have to be attached in any fixed order and all cables return to a central concentrator this configuration is useful at sites where FDDI cable has already been installed The A and B ports on a concentrator can be used to connect it to an external dual ring configuration This is a common configuration called the ring of trees which is discussed on page 77 Disadv...

Страница 100: ...ion Under normal conditions the station communicates on its primary path through the B port In the event of a cable or concentrator failure the station switches to the secondary path connected through the A port Dual homing is equivalent to the redundant single attached station RSAS configuration which was supported by SunFDDI 2 0 In the RSAS configuration two single attached interfaces are used t...

Страница 101: ...o M ports only a limited number of stations can be connected in this way The dual homing configuration requires a minimum of two concentrators which are more expensive than single attached or dual attached stations Tree of Concentrators The tree of concentrators is an incremental expansion of the standalone concentrator topology described on page 72 Two or more concentrators are connected in a hie...

Страница 102: ...lows a much larger number of stations to be connected The cumulative length of the network is increased significantly because the limitation on distance occurs between the end station and the nearest concentrator and not between the end station and the root concentrator FDDI SAS FDDI SAS FDDI SAS FDDI SAS FDDI SAS FDDI SAS FDDI SAS FDDI SAS FDDI SAS FDDI SAS FDDI SAS FDDI SAS SAC or DAC SAC or DAC...

Страница 103: ...of trees is a derivative of the tree of concentrators topology described on page 75 The root concentrator is replaced by a dual ring to which dual attached concentrators are connected as shown in Figure 7 6 This topology is ideal for connecting a large number of stations in a campus or multiple building network Figure 7 6 Ring of Trees Tree of concentrators 1 Tree of concentrators 2 SAS SAS SAS SA...

Страница 104: ...ic dual ring and the concentrator based topologies It offers good fault tolerance and is a very flexible configuration Since only a few stations the root concentrators are attached to the dual ring optical bypass switches can be used to increase the reliability of the main distribution frame as described in Optical Bypass Switches on page 62 The small number of stations and the increased reliabili...

Страница 105: ...les are assumed to be Ultra systems that have at least one SunFDDI P interface and one Ethernet interface installed These machines operate as IP routers Special software is not required The combination of the SunFDDI P driver and the SunOS IP routing implementation handles the routing and relaying of packets between FDDI and Ethernet stations Note that the packets on the FDDI ring can be as long a...

Страница 106: ...ree of concentrators of the type described on page 77 is attached to an Ethernet network by connecting your system to the root concentrator as shown in Figure 7 8 Figure 7 8 Tree of Concentrators Attached to an Ethernet Network Ethernet Ethernet FDDI Ethernet IP router FDDI Ethernet IP router FDDI network Ethernet FDDI Ethernet IP router DAC DAC ...

Страница 107: ...me of its FDDI interface by the FDDI network it is recognized by the IP address and host name of its Ethernet interface by the Ethernet network Note that an FDDI Ethernet router usually has the same MAC address on both networks In general stations in an internetwork can be reached via multiple routes The standard routing daemon routed included in the SunOS determines the optimum route between stat...

Страница 108: ...nd slower networks Route 1 across FDDI link jill bob le0 bob pf sam pf sam le0 judy Route 2 across Ethernet link jill bob le0 bob le1 sam le1 sam le0 judy An identical number of hops between the two stations exists regardless of the route taken therefore routed may send all of the traffic across the slower Ethernet link in preference to the faster FDDI link Ethernet FDDI network DAC DAC jill bob l...

Страница 109: ... networks use a routing package that provides routing metrics in addition to hop count for example gated public domain software available by the Center for Theory and Simulation in Science at Cornell University To improve the end to end system performance across the boundary between the networks you may need to alter the default MTU for the FDDI network see Performance Across Bridges on page 25 or...

Страница 110: ...84 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 7 ...

Страница 111: ... it is assumed that you have installed the SunFDDI P software under the default base directory basedir for your operating system The default base directory basedir is Changing the Default MAC Address pf_macid page 86 Displaying SunFDDI P Statistics pf_stat page 87 Monitoring SMT Frames pf_smtmon page 98 opt SUNWconn bin ...

Страница 112: ...flict with other LAN interfaces that also take the host resident MAC address for example an Ethernet le interface or a SunFDDI P 2 0 bf interface In this event change the default MAC address assigned to the first SunFDDI P card installed in the system To Change the Default MAC Address with pf_macid Use the pf_macid 1M utility to recover the card resident MAC address and then modify the system file...

Страница 113: ...s the ARP tables on other stations to include the MAC address of its interface The ES IS protocol performs the same function for SunFDDI OSI running over FDDI If you swap SunFDDI P cards that use the card resident MAC address you must wait until the ARP entries time out or remove the ARP entries from every active station manually before packets can be routed correctly Displaying SunFDDI P Statisti...

Страница 114: ...ample to display the accumulated statistics for the interface pf0 type You can also monitor the interface dynamically active monitor by specifying the interval the elapsed time between interrogations and count the total number of interrogations This displays the incremental difference between the current state and the previous state The minimum interval is one second and the accumulated statistics...

Страница 115: ...physical connection to the FDDI network The following states may be returned by pf_stat under the Ring heading UP SunFDDI P interface physically connected to the active network DOWN SunFDDI P interface disconnected or connected to the inactive network ECM Entity Coordination Management ECM shows the current state of the Entity Coordination Management state machine which controls the following feat...

Страница 116: ...ful connection request TRACE ECM is propagating a trace request to the appropriate entity LEAVE ECM is closing all connections prior to the station leaving the ring PATH_TEST ECM is entering a path test state following trace completion INSERT ECM is sending a request to the optical bypass switch to indicate that the station is entering the ring This disengages the switch CHECK ECM is verifying tha...

Страница 117: ...te RING_OP_DUP RMT has detected that the MAC address is duplicated and flagged the error The ring is operational in this state DIRECTED RMT has been beaconing for an extended period of time and is transmitting a stream of directed beacons prior to initiating recovery TRACE RMT has initiated a trace to recover a stuck beacon Table 8 3 pf_stat States Under the PCM Heading State Meaning OFF PCM is in...

Страница 118: ...This signal is generated when the station is incorporated into an operational network XmitP Transmit Packets Running pf_stat without an interval and count displays the total number of packets transmitted since the interface was activated Running pf_stat with an interval and count displays the number of packets transmitted since the last interrogation VERIFY Second state in the sequence leading to ...

Страница 119: ...rogation The combination of Ring DOWN and RMT ISOLATED indicate that the station is disconnected from the network Start pf_stat Accumulated statistics Path disconnected Path re established Ring_OP received Accumulated statistics Finish pf_stat basedir pf_stat pf0 1 20 Ring ECM RMT PCMS Ring_OP XmitP RecvP UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 2 26 1d UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP IN RING_OP ACTIVE 0 0 0 UP IN RING...

Страница 120: ...ormation about the neighboring stations attached to the interface pf0 type You can also monitor the neighboring stations dynamically active monitor by specifying the interval the elapsed time in seconds between interrogations and count the total number of interrogations The minimum interval is one second and the accumulated statistics are displayed after every tenth interrogation For example to mo...

Страница 121: ... Running pf_stat with an interval and count displays the number of SMT frames received since the last interrogation More detailed information about the SMT frames can be recovered using the pf_smtmon 1M utility described in Monitoring SMT Frames pf_smtmon on page 98 Error Error Frames Running pf_stat without an interval and count displays the total number of error frames received since the interfa...

Страница 122: ... the last interrogation A lost frame is defined as an SMT frame whose reception is aborted by the local station It does not indicate the location of the cause of the error A large number of lost frames can indicate a noise problem on the network either dirt optical fiber or electrical interference UTP SA Station Address Displays the MAC address for the local station UNA Upstream Neighbor Address D...

Страница 123: ...stat m pf0 1 20 PhyS Frame Error Lost SA UNA DNA M c45d5463 1 1b mac_addr1 mac_addr2 mac_addr3 M 27437 0 0 mac_addr1 mac_addr2 mac_addr3 M 27427 0 0 mac_addr1 mac_addr2 mac_addr3 M 27435 0 0 mac_addr1 mac_addr2 mac_addr3 NONE 182f1 0 0 mac_addr1 mac_addr2 mac_addr3 NONE 0 0 0 mac_addr1 mac_addr2 mac_addr3 NONE 0 0 0 mac_addr1 mac_addr2 mac_addr3 M d432 0 7 mac_addr1 mac_addr2 mac_addr3 M 2707e 0 0...

Страница 124: ...rame type pf_smtmon displays all the SMT frames that it receives Use Ctrl C to stop pf_smtmon To display the encoded SMT frames received by interface pf1 type The elements of the SMT frames are defined as follows basedir pf_smtmon i pf inst x h frameclass basedir pf_smtmon i pf1 pf1 nif_request v 0x1 t 0xfc03e781 s 10 0 4 48 6f a5 i 0x28 pf1 nif_response v 0x1 t 0xfc03e781 s 10 0 4 8 24 5c i 0x28 ...

Страница 125: ...4B86EAB 01020001 FC00D94A 00001000 04B86EAB 00000028 00010008 00001000 D478424D 00020004 00010100 00030004 00002000 200B0008 00000001 00000001 pf1 nif_request v 0x1 t 0x5e13 s 10 0 d4 78 42 4d i 0x28 004D0000 0000004F FFFFFFFF FFFF1000 D478424D 01020001 00005E13 00001000 D478424D 00000028 00010008 00001000 0408245C 00020004 01010208 00030004 00001200 200B0008 0000000B 00000002 4AD75A79 pf1 nif_req...

Страница 126: ... MAC capabilities and are used as keep alive notifications that a station is still attached to the ring and functioning An NIF frame can be an announcement a request or a response SIF Status Information Frames These frames carry more detailed information about a station SIF configuration frames describe the station configuration for example number of ports number of MAC entities connection policy ...

Страница 127: ...se Filtering Output from pf_smtmon By default pf_smtmon displays all of the SMT frames received by the local station You can filter the output generated by pf_smtmon by specifying one or more frame classes on the command line nif sif_config sif_operat ecf rdf esf pmf_get For example To display only the RDF frames received by interface pf0 type To display the SIF configuration and SIF operation fra...

Страница 128: ...102 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 8 ...

Страница 129: ... to the SunNet Manager Installation Guide All Sun 4d Sun 4m and Sun 4u systems and most other machines that connect to TCP IP networks support protocols that enable a SunNet Manager console to recover basic information and network statistics In addition SunNet Manager provides a number of agents that are used to recover more detailed information from the network SunNet Manager SNMP simple network ...

Страница 130: ...to that returned by pf_smtmon 1M See Monitoring SMT Frames pf_smtmon on page 98 for detailed information To Install the Standard SNM Agents on a Client Although you can recover basic information from your FDDI station without installing the standard agents supplied with SunNet Manager you can manage your network more completely if you install these agents on each machine You must install the stand...

Страница 131: ...Each console must have the schemas for SunFDDI P installed 4 Specify the destination directory for the SunFDDI P schemas SunNet Manager expects to find the schemas in the directory basedir SUNWconn snm agents The variable basedir is set to opt by default If you installed the SunNet Manager agents and libraries on the FDDI station or if you used getagents to recover the agents from the console then...

Страница 132: ...nager agents for SunFDDI P manually each time you reboot your machine Alternatively you can install the start up script into the etc rc2 d directory Installing the FDDI Schemas on the Console If you install the SunFDDI P software on the console machine you can run pf_install_agents locally See To Install the FDDI Schemas on a Client on page 105 for detailed instructions If you do not have a SunFDD...

Страница 133: ...pt directory 4 On the console machine run pf_install_agents Follow the directions in To Install the FDDI Schemas on a Client on page 105 and specify mnt_dir as the current location of the SunFDDI P schemas The SunFDDI P schemas are located in the directory opt SUNWconn SUNWpf agents and the pf_install_agents script is located in the directory opt SUNWconn SUNWpf utilities usr lib nfs nfs 8 usr lib...

Страница 134: ...modify this file to add the following line to each component workstation server or router definition For example if you want to specify the host name or MAC address of an FDDI interface installed in an Ultra system add the following line to elements schema string 40 Name Mac Address Sun workstations record component ultra1 ultrasparcstation1 string 64 Name string 40 IP_Address string 40 User strin...

Страница 135: ...th the console s graphical editor Note that the Discover facility will only fully recognize the Ethernet le interfaces in your network 4 Modify the component properties of each SunFDDI P station in your network Use the scroll bar to show all of the properties associated with the station You must enter either the host name or the MAC address associated with the SunFDDI P interface in the last field...

Страница 136: ... page 87 for detailed information To Gather Local Station Statistics Use the SunFDDI P local agent to recover a snapshot of the current state of the local FDDI station 1 Click SELECT on the icon for the FDDI station that you want to interrogate 2 Press MENU on the Requests menu button and release MENU on the Quick Dump item 3 Choose pf_fddi as the Agent Schema and if interface as the Group 4 Click...

Страница 137: ...and route as the Group 4 Click SELECT on Apply to display neighbor station statistics similar to those shown in Figure 9 2 Figure 9 2 Quick Dump Neighbor Statistics To Request Information from the Local Agent Use the console to create a request for data that is sent periodically to the SunFDDI P local agent This is similar to running the pf_stat 1M utility and specifying an interval and count as d...

Страница 138: ...est The basic operation of the SunFDDI P proxy agent is shown in Figure 9 3 Figure 9 3 SunFDDI P Proxy Agent To Specify the Target Station 1 Specify the target machine when you enable the SunFDDI P proxy agent in the properties window for the proxy station 2 Use the scroll bar to display the two SunFDDI P agents as shown in Figure 9 4 and enter the host name of the target station on the input line...

Страница 139: ...ions 1 Click SELECT on the icon for the FDDI proxy station that you want to interrogate 2 Press MENU on the Requests menu button and release MENU on the Quick Dump item 3 Choose pf_fddismt7_2 as the Agent Schema and one of the SMT frame types or FDDI MIBs as the Group 4 Click SELECT on Apply to display SMT information similar to that shown in Figure 9 5 Figure 9 5 Quick Dump SMT Frames ...

Страница 140: ... when the ring reconfigures itself automatically The reason for repeated errors and lost frames is more difficult to identify because the fault is signaled by the first system to receive the error frame which is not necessarily the station closest to the problem The trap report in Figure 9 6 was generated by the upstream neighbor after the cable between a single attached station and a concentrator...

Страница 141: ...arbois Old_DNA 10 0 4 b8 6e ab New_DNA europe Current_path 3 SMT_Address rully Source of trap report neighbor to fault Trap indicates change of neighbor Current neighbor Old neighbor returns SRF_Source europe TransitionTimeStamp Parameter_Type 0x1034 Transition_TimeStamp Hi 1 Transition_TimeStamp Lo 2482471160 MAC Frame Error Condition Parameter_Type 0x208d Mac_Index 1 Condition_State 0 Frame_Ct 1...

Страница 142: ... fault Figure 9 9 Dual Attached Station Restarted SRF_Source 0 1 1b 8 10 92 TransitionTimeStamp Parameter_Type 0x1034 Transition_TimeStamp Hi 102 Transition_TimeStamp Lo 2402450560 Peer Wrap Condition Parameter_Type 0x1048 Condition_State 1 PeerWrapCondition 9 Source of trap report neighbor to fault Trap indicates wrap condition SRF_Source rully TransitionTimeStamp Parameter_Type 0x1034 Transition...

Страница 143: ...s always displayed in canonical format by the SunFDDI P network utilities and hardware self test program It is also displayed in canonical format when you reboot your machine The SMT information displayed by SunNet Manager always shows the MAC address in ring format If you specify a target station using a MAC address instead of a host name you must enter it in ring format ...

Страница 144: ...118 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 9 ...

Страница 145: ...entrates on network addressing and other issues that are specific to the SunFDDI P implementation of these interfaces It does not provide a detailed specification of the interfaces DLPI is used to access the services of the SunFDDI P link layer of the SunFDDI P device driver in a Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 4 97 environment without the need for specialized knowledge of the underlying protocol You can o...

Страница 146: ...ailed description of the functions contained in the header is available in the STREAMS DLPI Specification DLPI defines a STREAMS message set state table and conventions that support interaction between a data link service user for example IP or ARP and a data link service provider for example the pf FDDI driver Figure 10 1 illustrates the relationship between DLPI and the layers of the FDDI protoc...

Страница 147: ...Figure 10 2 DLPI Request Response Negotiation DLPI Connectionless Service Primitives Applications developed to run over FDDI use the DLPI connectionless service primitives which support the following set of operations Attaching a STREAM to a given addressable device Getting and setting the physical address of the attached device Binding a data link service access point SAP to the STREAM Transmitti...

Страница 148: ..._INFO_REQ is used to specify the encoding and decoding rules to insert and extract the DLSAP for a given data link provider The information returned by the SunFDDI P device driver is shown in Table 10 1 Table 10 1 DL_INFO_REQ Frame Element Value Description dl_max_sdu 4352 bytes Maximum MTU dl_min_sdu 0 bytes Minimum MTU dl_addr_length 8 bytes Length of DLSAP dl_mac_type DL_FDDI FDDI MAC layer dl_...

Страница 149: ... dl_qos_offset 0 Not supported dl_range_length 0 Not supported dl_range_offset 0 Not supported dl_provider_style DL_STYLE2 Can be cloned dl_addr_offset 76 Offset to address location dl_version 2 DLPI Version 2 dl_brdcst_addr_length 6 Broadcast address length dl_brdcst_addr_offset 84 Offset to broadcast address location Table 10 1 DL_INFO_REQ Frame Element Value Description ...

Страница 150: ...124 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 10 ...

Страница 151: ...ning over FDDI involves these steps 1 Setting up the server so that it can export an operating system for a diskless client and installing the SunFDDI P device driver and utilities 2 Introducing the diskless client to the network 3 Installing the SunFDDI P device driver in the export root client file system for the diskless client 4 Booting the diskless client over the network Setting Up a Server ...

Страница 152: ...file system For each Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 4 97 client you will require 20 Mbytes of disk space under export root 24 Mbytes by default of disk space under export swap In addition you require 10 Mbytes under export exec for the Solaris 2 5 1 Hardware 4 97 template files Sun 4u plus an additional 15 Mbytes under export exec For example If you have five Sun 4u diskless clients running Solaris 2 5 1 ...

Страница 153: ...etc group You need this entry to use admintool to administer remote machines See Solaris 2 5 Setting up User Accounts Printers and Mail Note If you are running NIS on your server you can use admintool to update the local etc hosts and etc ethers files You must merge these files manually into the NIS maps afterwards To Introduce Diskless Clients to a Server Before you can introduce a diskless clien...

Страница 154: ...T on the button corresponding to the naming service used by the server to display list of available hosts If the server is running NIS click SELECT on NIS and type your domain name If the server is running NIS or is not using a naming service click SELECT on None and type the name of the host on which the files etc hosts and etc ethers are located ...

Страница 155: ...etting Up Servers and Diskless Clients 129 11 5 Click SELECT on Apply to display the Host Manager window 6 Press MENU on the Edit menu button and choose the Add Host item to activate the Add Host window ...

Страница 156: ...yte Ethernet MAC address has the form X X X X X X It is stored in NVRAM on the motherboard and is displayed when the system is booted 9 Use MENU to set the Timezone Region and Timezone that are relevant for your location 10 Press MENU on the File Server menu button to display a list of available servers Drag and release MENU to specify a file server The file server is the machine from which the di...

Страница 157: ...u increase the amount of swap space reserved for the diskless client you must ensure that you have sufficient space under export swap on the server 13 Click SELECT on the Add button to update the list of recognized hosts This creates the export file systems for the diskless client on the server and updates the relevant files for the naming service you are using The operation will take a few minute...

Страница 158: ...ich you just ran admintool note the new entries created in the following files etc hosts etc ethers etc timezone etc bootparams 2 On the NIS server update the four files with the information taken from the diskless client s server 3 On the NIS server remake the NIS map by typing 4 Change directories to the diskless client s root file system 5 Update the yp map for the diskless client 6 Replace the...

Страница 159: ...nFDDI P software is installed under opt 2 To redirect the installation so that the package is installed in the root partition for the diskless client type Follow the installation instructions contained in the section Installing and Configuring SunFDDI P on page 13 Booting a Diskless Client Over SunFDDI P You need to specify the SunFDDI P interface when you boot your diskless client over the FDDI n...

Страница 160: ...into the buffer 5 At the prompt type boot then press CTL y to paste your selection Warning Once a diskless client has been booted over the SunFDDI P interface do not move the SunFDDI P card to a different slot ok show nets a pci b 2000 pf 2 b pci a 2000 pf 2 c pci b 4000 SUNW hme 1 1 d pci 1 2000 pf 2 e pci 0 2000 pf 2 f pci 0 4000 SUNW hme 1 1 g sbus f 0 sbf 7ff0 h sbus f 0 SUNW hme 3 8c00000 i s...

Страница 161: ...lower performance than expected See Chapter 4 Improving Network Performance for advice on how to get the best performance from your SunFDDI P station Can I connect a dual attached FDDI station to two different subnetworks No A dual attached station must be either connected to the primary and secondary rings in a dual ring configuration or connected in a dual homing configuration See Dual Attached ...

Страница 162: ...g but this configuration is not supported by the FDDI specifications and is not recommended What is dual homing Dual homing is a special configuration that connects a single dual attached station to two concentrators so that there is a redundant path which is used in the event of a link failure See Concentrators with Dual Homing on page 74 for more information What is the MTBF for the various SunF...

Страница 163: ...rnet FDDI and any other fast network is due to the NFS version 2 protocol It will be removed by NFS version 3 Note that when several NFS operations are performed in parallel several reads and writes in parallel the aggregate throughput is much higher with FDDI than it is with Ethernet 6 How do I disable the SunFDDI P interface Use ifconfig 1M to disable the SunFDDI P interface temporarily It will ...

Страница 164: ...You can install up to eight SunFDDI P 1 0 cards in one machine What kind of connector can be used to connect SunFDDI P 1 0 to optical fiber networks The connector type has been changed for SunFDDI 5 0 to an SC type connector See Chapter 2 Hardware Installation for a description of FDDI cables and connectors What kind of optical fiber can be used to link SunFDDI P 1 0 SunFDDI P uses a 62 5 125 µm s...

Страница 165: ...ch off the FDDI station and then reboot to initialize the station See Optical Bypass Switches on page 62 for a more detailed description How can I increase the distance between two SunFDDI P stations SunFDDI P supports multimode fiber connections only This limits the maximum distance between stations to two kilometers 1 24 miles To increase the distance between stations either Use converters from ...

Страница 166: ...140 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 A ...

Страница 167: ...the number of times per second the signal can change states on the transmission line The transmission line ordinarily uses just two signal states to indicate data transfer making the baud rate equal the number of bits per second that can be transferred See also bps Bps kbps and Mbps bps bits per second A measure of the rate of data transmission See also baud Bps kbps and mbps Bps bytes per second ...

Страница 168: ...or example the 32 bit Internet address binary 11000000 00001001 11001001 00000111 is represented as 192 9 201 7 decimal ECM Entity Coordination Management The portion of CMT that manages the media interface to the FDDI network which includes coordinating the activity of all the PHYs associated with that physical attachment and controlling the optional optical bypass function within the station FDD...

Страница 169: ... as five bits data plus a signal element satisfies the minimum signal transition requirements to transmit synchronization clock within the data stream OSI Open System Interconnection The OSI model is a standard for computer communications protocols and the implementation of these protocols The model is a product of the International Standards Organization ISO and specifies a seven layer architectu...

Страница 170: ...rs you enjoy the network availability afforded by concentrators with single attach connections plus for the RSAS itself the station availability of a dual attach station SAP service access point A logical interface between two adjacent protocol layers such as LLC and IP SAS single attachment station An FDDI station that attaches to a single FDDI ring as distinguished from a dual attached station w...

Страница 171: ...rget Token Rotation Time A parameter in the FDDI MAC protocol that is negotiated by all of the stations on a ring at the time a ring is brought up FDDI uses the TTRT in conjunction with the TRT and THT to allocate bandwidth to individual stations on the ring The FDDI MAC protocol guarantees that the worst case delay a token will experience while circulating the ring will never exceed twice the neg...

Страница 172: ...146 SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide May 1997 ...

Страница 173: ...service 65 traffic 65 attenuation 51 62 B backup 70 bandwidth 1 24 65 66 69 base directory installing SUNWnfr 14 installing SUNWnft 16 basic dual ring 70 battery lithium 3 bidding 65 bit stream 53 boot test 44 bridges 25 42 buffers 25 bulk data transfers 24 bus topology 79 bypass switch 62 C cable failure 55 61 keys 34 specification 2 51 card resident MAC address 35 checking the installation 19 ch...

Страница 174: ...eclaring IP addresses 12 15 default buffer size 25 IP addresses 15 MAC address 35 target token rotation time 26 developing applications 119 device drivers 34 names 4 diagnostic LED 9 16 34 dialogue based traffic 52 directories cdrom sun_fddip_1_0 13 etc rc2 d 21 disabling MTU path discovery 31 disk space 12 diskless clients 125 displaying SunFDDI P statistics 87 distributed clocking scheme 51 dist...

Страница 175: ...ishing the installation 17 frame classes 98 frames 52 65 G gated daemon 83 gateway 142 getagents script 21 104 getsockopt command 29 guaranteed traffic 52 H handling fiber optic cable 5 Sbus cards 5 hardware options 1 self test 44 hierarchical topology 75 high priority 66 high water marks 27 hop count 81 83 horizontal distribution frame 78 host name 12 15 108 host resident MAC address 35 hubs 58 I...

Страница 176: ...g data throughput 25 maximum bandwidth 24 length of ring 24 number of bypass switches 63 number of cards 2 4 number of stations 24 throughput 24 transfer unit MTU 25 83 Mbps 143 media dependent 49 50 51 medium access control MAC 2 49 50 52 memory 12 microprocessor speed 24 minimum requirements 12 mixed FDDI Ethernet networks 79 MMF multimode fiber 51 monitoring SMT frames 98 mount_hsfs command 13 ...

Страница 177: ... PCM 91 peer to peer management 100 permission token 24 65 pf_fddi agent 104 110 pf_fddismt7_2 agent 104 109 112 pf_install_agents 106 pf_install_agents script 20 pf_macid utility 86 pf_smtmon command 38 pf_smtmonutility 101 pf_stat utility 110 pf_stat utility 87 PHY physical layer 49 50 51 143 physical address 122 connection 95 connection management 91 delay 24 layer 49 50 51 media dependent 50 5...

Страница 178: ...38 43 required bandwidth 69 restricted token exchange 65 traffic 65 RFC 1390 25 right to transmit 65 ring 52 architecture 72 failure 70 format 114 length 24 ring management 90 ring of trees 73 77 81 ring of trees configuration 59 ring utilization 24 Ring_OP 92 94 RMT 90 root concentrator 72 77 of the tree 75 rotation time 65 routed 81 routing metrics 83 routing tables 37 RSAS redundant single atta...

Страница 179: ...nt SMT 2 60 status information frames 100 STREAMS DLPI specification xxiii modules 27 subnetwork number 36 Sun Web site xxiv SunFDDI features 1 SunNet Manager 103 console 104 106 daemons 43 proxy agent 103 schemas 20 108 SunOS IP routing 79 SUNWnf package 39 SUNWpf package 21 switches 5 symbols 51 53 synchronization 51 sys dlpi h file 120 system performance 66 T T_max parameter 65 T_opr parameter ...

Страница 180: ... token rotation time 31 the water marks at boot 29 twisting the ring 34 types 100 types of traffic 26 U UDP applications 27 high water marks 27 low water mark 28 udp_recv_hiwat parameter 28 udp_xmit_hiwat parameter 28 udp_xmit_lowat parameter 29 umount command 18 UNA 96 unrestricted traffic 65 unshielded twisted pair 50 upstream station 56 user space 25 user configurable hardware 5 utilities pf_ma...

Страница 181: ... follow Yes No Please explain 3 Were the illustrations clear Yes No Please explain 4 Was the information complete and easy to find Yes No Please explain 5 Do you have additional comments about the SunFDDI P 1 0 Adapter User s Guide You can send detailed comments via email to smcc docs sun com or send a fax to SMCC Doc Feedback at 415 786 6443 Your Name Title Company Name Address City State Provinc...

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