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System Overview

R&S

®

 ZVT

74

Getting Started 1300.0045.62 ─ 10

In contrast to S-, Z- and Y-parameters, wave quantities and ratios are not system-error
corrected. A power calibration can be applied to wave quantities and ratios.

With option R&S ZVA-K6, "True Differential Mode", the analyzer can also determine
balanced wave quantities and ratios.

3.3.2.9

Wave Quantities

A wave quantity measurement provides the power of any of the transmitted or received
waves. The power can be displayed in voltage units (e.g. "V" or "dBmV") or equivalent
power units (e.g. "W" or "dBm").

Examples for using wave quantities

The wave quantities provide the power at the different receive ports of the analyzer.
This is different from an S-parameter measurement, where the absolute power of a lin-
ear device is cancelled. Wave quantities are therefore suitable for the following mea-
surement tasks:

●

Analysis of non-linearities of the DUT.

●

Use of the analyzer as a selective power meter.
To increase the accuracy or correct a possible attenuation in the input signal path,
it is recommended to perform a power calibration.

The notation for wave quantities includes the direction and the test port number. Addi-
tionally, the source port must be specified. The letter a indicates a transmitted wave, b
a received wave.

Examples:

●

a

1

 Src Port 1 is the outgoing wave at test port 1. In a standard S-parameter mea-

surement, this wave is fed to the input port (port 1) of the DUT (forward measure-
ment).

●

b

1

 Src Port 1 is the incoming wave at test port 1. In a standard S-parameter mea-

surement, this is the reflected wave at port 1 of the DUT (forward measurement).

 

Measured Quantities

Содержание ZVT Series

Страница 1: ...R S ZVT Vector Network Analyzers Getting Started Getting Started 1300 0045 62 10 00 Ì Test Measurement ...

Страница 2: ...chwarz would like to thank the open source community for their valuable contribution to embedded computing 2015 Rohde Schwarz GmbH Co KG Mühldorfstr 15 81671 München Germany Phone 49 89 41 29 0 Fax 49 89 41 29 12 164 E mail info rohde schwarz com Internet www rohde schwarz com Subject to change Data without tolerance limits is not binding R S is a registered trademark of Rohde Schwarz GmbH Co KG T...

Страница 3: ...1 3 7 Power on and off 15 1 3 8 Standby and Ready State 16 1 3 9 Replacing Fuses 16 1 4 Starting the Analyzer and Shutting Down 16 1 5 Windows Operating System 17 1 6 Connecting External Accessories 18 1 7 Connecting to a LAN 19 1 7 1 Physical LAN Connection 20 1 7 2 TCP IP Configutation 20 1 7 3 Test Setups with two LAN Connections 21 1 8 Remote Desktop Connection 22 1 9 Firmware Update 23 2 Gett...

Страница 4: ... 58 3 3 Measured Quantities 67 3 3 1 S Parameters 67 3 3 2 Impedance Parameters 69 3 4 Calibration 79 3 4 1 Calibration Standards and Calibration Kits 80 3 4 2 Calibration Types 81 3 4 3 Automatic Calibration 82 3 4 4 Power Calibration 85 3 4 5 Offset Parameters 85 3 5 Optional R S ZVT Extensions 85 3 5 1 Time Domain R S ZVAB K2 87 3 5 2 Arbitrary Generator and Receiver Frequencies R S ZVA K4 87 3...

Страница 5: ...Started 1300 0045 62 10 3 5 9 Long Distance Mixer Delay R S ZVA K10 90 3 5 10 Noise Figure Measurement R S ZVAB K30 90 3 5 11 Frequency Converting Noise Figure Measurement R S ZVA K31 90 Glossary Frequently Used Terms 91 Index 97 ...

Страница 6: ...Contents R S ZVT 6 Getting Started 1300 0045 62 10 ...

Страница 7: ...tions in the follow ing sections Notice that the data sheet may specify additional operating condi tions Chapter 2 of this manual provides an introduction to the operation of the analyzer by means of typical configuration and measurement examples for a description of the operating concept and an overview of the instrument s capabilities refer to chapter 3 System Overview on page 37 For all referen...

Страница 8: ...The standby toggle switch is located in the bottom left corner of the front panel The key serves two main purposes Toggle between standby and ready state Shut down the instrument 1 1 2 Front Panel Connectors The test ports and various additional connectors are located on the front panel of the analyzer Front Panel Tour ...

Страница 9: ...and Receiver Access on page 10 Maximum input levels The maximum input levels at all test ports according to the front panel labeling or the data sheet must not be exceeded In addition the maximum input voltages of the other input connectors at the front and rear panel must not be exceeded It is recommended to use a torque wrench when screwing RF cables on the test port connectors Standard IEEE 287...

Страница 10: ...or each test port n corresponds to the network analyzer type For detailed ordering information refer to the product brochure See also section Converter Control in the help system of your network analyzer The connectors give direct access to various RF input and output signals They can be used to insert external components e g external signal separating devices power amplifiers a ZVAX extension uni...

Страница 11: ...mage to the instrument 1 2 Rear Panel Tour This section gives an overview of the rear panel controls and connectors of the net work analyzer Fig 1 2 R S ZVT rear view The rear connectors are described in detail in the annex Hardware Interfaces in the help system The PORT BIAS panel contains inputs for an external DC voltage bias to be applied to the test ports A separate input is provided for each...

Страница 12: ...for pulse generator signals The CASCADE connector is located between the MONI TOR and the USER CONTROL connectors USER CONTROL is a D sub connector used as an input and output for low voltage 3 3 V TTL control signals EXT TRIGGER is an input for a low voltage 3 3 V TTL external trigger signal Input levels EMC The maximum input levels and voltages of the input connectors at the front and rear panel...

Страница 13: ...d shows no sign of condensation The instrument is positioned as described in the following sections The ambient temperature does not exceed the range specified in the data sheet Signal levels at the input connectors are all within the specified ranges Signal outputs are correctly connected and are not overloaded 1 3 1 Unpacking and Checking the Analyzer To remove the instrument from its packaging ...

Страница 14: ...To avoid damage of electronic components of the DUT and the analyzer the operating site must be protected against electrostatic discharge ESD ESD is most likely to occur when you connect or disconnect a DUT or test fixture to the analyzer s test ports To prevent ESD damage use the wrist strap and grounding cord supplied with the instrument and connect yourself to the GND connector at the front pan...

Страница 15: ...3 5 mm connector types use double shielded measurement cables The use of external accessories for the network analyzers may introduce additional connector cable and cable length requirements Refer to the relevant documentation 1 3 6 Connecting the Analyzer to the AC Supply The network analyzer is automatically adapted to the AC supply voltage supplied The supply voltage must be in the range 100 V ...

Страница 16: ...nly supplies the power switch circuits and the optional oven quartz OCXO 10 MHz reference oscil lator option R S ZVAB B4 order no 1164 1757 02 In this state it is safe to switch off the AC power and disconnect the instrument from the power supply In ready state the left green LED is on The analyzer is ready for operation All modules are power supplied and the analyzer initiates its startup procedu...

Страница 17: ...y step like in any Windows session 2 If desired set the AC power switch to position 0 Off Risk of data loss It is strongly recommended to switch the analyzer to standby state before disconnect ing it from the AC supply If you set the power switch to 0 while the NWA application is still running you will lose the current settings Moreover loss of program data can not be excluded if the application i...

Страница 18: ... the Windows key on the external keyboard or on the hardkey bar of the GUI All necessary settings can be accessed from the Start menu in particular from the Control Panel 1 6 Connecting External Accessories The equivalent USB ports on the front and rear panel of the analyzer can be used to connect a variety of accessories A mouse simplifies operation of the instrument using the controls and dialog...

Страница 19: ...ey are automati cally detected by the operating system If necessary use standard Windows techni ques such as the Add Printer wizard or the device properties pages accessible via Windows Control Panel to install missing or enhanced device drivers and to configure connected devices 1 7 Connecting to a LAN A LAN connection is used to integrate the analyzer into a home company network This offers seve...

Страница 20: ... be assigned automatically If the network does not support DHCP or if the analyzer is set to use manual TCP IP configuration the configuration must be entered manually The active TCP IP configuration is displayed in the Instrument Information section of the Info Setup Info dialog By default the analyzer is configured to use dynamic TCP IP configuration This means that it is safe to establish a phy...

Страница 21: ... Windows XP Control Panel Network Connections Local Area Connection Sta tus Local Area Connection Properties Internet Protocol TCP IP Properties Windows 7 Control Panel Network and Internet Network and Sharing Center Change adapter settings Change Settings of this conection Internet Protocol version 4 TCP IPv4 Properties 1 7 3 Test Setups with two LAN Connections The two LAN connectors on the rear...

Страница 22: ...nection Properties Internet Protocol TCP IP Properties Advanced Windows 7 Control Panel Network and Internet Network and Sharing Center Change adapter settings Change Settings of this conection Internet Protocol ver sion 4 TCP IPv4 Properties Advanced Both instruments must have independent IP addresses see chapter 1 7 2 TCP IP Configutation on page 20 Contact your LAN administrator for details Avo...

Страница 23: ...Password protection The analyzer uses a user name and password as credentials for remote access In the factory configuration the user name is instrument the password is 894129 To pro tect the analyzer from unauthorized access it is recommended to change the factory setting On network analyzers equipped with a Windows XP version earlier than 5 1 Service Pack 3 instrument is preset for both the user...

Страница 24: ...ote control command SYSTem FIRMware UPDate setup_file_name to start the installation 3 Follow the instructions of the setup wizard Setup files can be stored and installed again The default drive letter of the internal hard disk is C External storage devices are automatically mapped to the next free drive letters D E etc Factory calibration A firmware update does not affect the factory calibration ...

Страница 25: ...s where you can select the test setup screen configuration and measurement parame ters configure the essential channel settings and perform a guided calibration Measurement stages in the wizard The different dialogs of the S parameter wizard correspond to the typical stages of any measurement 1 Select the test setup 2 Select the measurement parameters and the diagram areas 3 Define the sweep range...

Страница 26: ...ended to preset the instrument in order to set it to a definite known state 1 Proceed as described in chapter 1 4 Starting the Analyzer and Shutting Down on page 16 to switch on the instrument and start the NWA application The Graphi cal User Interface GUI on your external monitor shows the analyzer s main win dow including the hardkey and softkey bars 2 Connect the input port of your DUT to test ...

Страница 27: ...ement parameter and specify the sweep range 1 In the CHANNEL keypad of the hardkey bar press START CENTER and enter the lowest frequency you want to measure in the Start Frequency numeric entry bar e g 5 GHz 2 Press STOP SPAN and enter the highest frequency you want to measure in the Stop Frequency numeric entry bar e g 5 5 GHz 3 In the TRACE keypad of the hardkey bar press MEAS and select the for...

Страница 28: ... ZV Z21 contains an appropriate male short standard with known physical properties With a single short standard it is possible to perform a normalization compensating for a frequency dependent attenua tion and phase shift in the signal path Due to the analyzer s calibration wizard calibration is a straightforward menu guided process 1 Unscrew the DUT and connect the male short standard from calibr...

Страница 29: ...ext The next dialog of the calibration wizard shows that only a single calibration stand ard needs to be measured 5 Click the box Short m to initiate the measurement of the connected short standard The analyzer performs a calibration sweep and displays a message box with a pro gress bar After completing the sweep the analyzer generates a short sound and a green checkmark appears in the checkbox Pe...

Страница 30: ... its default position center of the sweep range A marker symbol triangle appears on the trace The stimulus value frequency and response value magnitude of the reflection coefficient converted to a dB value at the marker position is displayed in the marker info field in the upper right corner of the diagram 2 Press MARKER FUNCT and activate Min Search The marker jumps to the absolute minimum of the...

Страница 31: ...sion or in an external application Data transfer is made easier if external accessories are connected to the analyzer or if the instrument is integrated into a LAN Refer to Connecting External Accessories and chapter 1 7 Connecting to a LAN on page 19 to obtain information about the neces sary steps 1 Press TRACE FUNCT and activate Import Export Data Export 2 In the Export Data dialog opened selec...

Страница 32: ...alibration will correct the system errors for all transmission and reflection S parameters The S parameter wizard System Measurement Wizard S parameter wizard will guide you through the essential steps of a standard transmission measure ment 2 3 Basic Tasks The following sections describe how to solve basic tasks that you will frequently encounter when working with the instrument In particular you...

Страница 33: ...enu 2 Select All Programs Accessories Accessibility Win XP Ease of Access Win 7 On Screen Keyboard The System External Tools submenu contains a shortcut to the Windows on screen keyboard Simply click Mouse Keyboard lnk to open the keyboard 2 3 2 Scaling Diagrams The analyzer provides several alternative tools for setting the sweep range and cus tomizing the diagrams Pick the method that is most co...

Страница 34: ...ardkey bar Right click the scale section in the trace list and select the parameters from the context menu Select the parameters from the Trace Scale menu Use the marker functions MARKER FUNCT key of the hardkey bar 2 3 2 3 Autoscale The Autoscale function adjusts the scale divisions and the reference value so that the entire trace fits into the diagram area To access Autoscale use one of the foll...

Страница 35: ...articular magnifying diagrams without entering explicit numeric values You simply place a marker to a trace point and use the marker values to change the sweep range or move the trace relative to the vertical axis A mouse makes it easier to activate click or move drag and drop mark ers To set the sweep range use one of the following methods Define Start and Stop values 1 Create two normal markers ...

Страница 36: ...upper diagram edge leaving the values of the vertical divisions Scale Div and the overall vertical scale unchanged Analogously click Min Marker to move the trace towards the lower diagram edge or click Ref Value Marker to move the trace towards the Reference Value 2 3 2 6 Enlarging the Diagram Area The analyzer provides different tools for customizing the contents and size of the dia gram areas Ma...

Страница 37: ...of functions to perform a particular measurement and to customize and optimize the evaluation of results To ensure that the instrument resources are easily accessible and that user defined configurations can be conven iently implemented stored and reused the instrument uses a hierarchy of structures Global resources can be used for all measurements irrespective of the current measurement session o...

Страница 38: ...ps In the System External Tools submenu you can find demo setups vbs for vari ous measurement scenarios You can modify the demo setups and store them to a zvx file for later use Moreover the S Parameter Wizard provides predefined opti mized setup s for many measurements 3 1 3 Traces Channels and Diagram Areas The analyzer arranges displays or stores the measured data in traces which are assigned t...

Страница 39: ... of particular values on the trace by means of markers Limit check The Trace menu provides all trace settings They complement the definitions of the Channel menu Each trace is assigned to a channel The channel settings apply to all traces assigned to the channel If a trace is selected in order to apply the trace settings it becomes the active trace In manual control there is always exactly one act...

Страница 40: ...nnel settings an additional red asterisk symbol appears in the status bar All analyzer settings can still be changed during sweep initialization If necessary the analyzer terminates the current initialization and starts a new preparation period Dur ing the first sweep after a change of the channel settings an additional red asterisk symbol appears in the status bar 3 1 4 Data Flow The analyzer pro...

Страница 41: ...System Overview R S ZVT 41 Getting Started 1300 0045 62 10 Basic Concepts ...

Страница 42: ...on an external monitor provides all control elements for the measurements and contains the diagram areas for the results There are several alternative ways to access an instrument function Using the menus and submenus of the menu bar provides all settings Using the softkeys of the softkey bar alternative to the previous method Using the hardkey bar preselection of the most important menus For furt...

Страница 43: ...le menu provides standard Windows functions to create save recall or print setups to copy the current screen and to shut down the application The Trace menu provides all trace settings and the functions to create select modify and store different traces In addition the menu provides the marker search and limit check functions The Channel menu provides all channel settings and the functions to crea...

Страница 44: ...select S parameters for multi port measurements or mixed mode S parameters A menu command with no arrow or dots directly initiates an action Example S21 selects the forward transmission coefficient S21 as measured quantity A dot preceding the menu command indicates the current selection in a list of alter native settings Example In the figure above S21 is selected as measured quantity 3 2 1 3 Soft...

Страница 45: ...s a submenu with further related settings A softkey with no arrow or dots directly initiates an action Navigation softkey optional Softkey no 8 or softkeys no 7 and no 8 are reserved for navigation More and More 2 2 toggle between two groups of softkeys which belong to the same menu The softkeys are provided whenever the active menu contains more than 7 commands Menu Up activates the higher level ...

Страница 46: ...he hardkey bar is displayed by default but can be hidden Display Config View to gain screen space for the diagram areas 3 2 1 5 Status Bar The status bar Display Config View shows the statistics for the sweep average if sweep average is on an Ext Ref section if the analyzer is configured to use an External Reference clock the progress of the sweep the error log opener icon if the error log is non ...

Страница 47: ...llowing additional settings The settings in the Window menu arrange several windows containing one or more diagram areas within the entire screen Each window corresponds to a setup Only one setup can be active at a time and only the traces of the active setup are updated by the current measurements Various settings to assign traces to diagram areas are provided in the Trace Traces submenu Diagram ...

Страница 48: ... setup are distinguished by area numbers in the upper right cor ner Use the context menu or the functions in the Display menu to display hide or change the title and to add and customize diagram areas 3 2 2 2 Traces A trace is a set of data points displayed together in the diagram area The individual data points are connected so that each trace forms a continuous line Screen Elements ...

Страница 49: ...isplay the current measurement result in a diagram area but is also capable of storing traces to the memory recalling stored traces and defin ing mathematical relations between different traces There are three basic trace types Data traces show the current measurement data and are continuously updated as the measurement goes on Data traces are dynamic traces Memory traces are generated by storing ...

Страница 50: ...ow the measured data is presented in the graphical display Trace Format The next sections show the value of the vertical or radial diagram divisions Scale Div and the reference value Ref The channel section shows the channel that each trace is assigned to It is omitted if the all traces in the diagram area are assigned to the same channel The type section indicates Invisible if a trace is hidden O...

Страница 51: ...yzer provides three different basic marker types A normal marker Mkr 1 Mkr 2 determines the coordinates of a measure ment point on the trace Up to 10 different normal markers can be assigned to a trace A reference marker Ref defines the reference value for all delta markers A delta marker Δ indicates the coordinates relative to the reference marker The stimulus value of a discrete marker always co...

Страница 52: ... Level value Mkr 4 indicates the center of the peak calculated as the arithmetic mean value of the LBE and UBE positions The Paste Marker List allows you to select marker values as numeric entries see chapter 3 2 3 4 Paste Marker List on page 58 Marker Info Field The coordinates of all markers defined in a diagram area are displayed in the info field which by default is located in the upper right ...

Страница 53: ... with extended set tings for all markers of the active trace Select the options in the Show Info panel to customize the information in the info field Active Trace Only Stimulus Info Off Right click the info field to open a context menu providing frequently used marker settings To change the position of the marker info field select Movable Marker Info from the context menu Drag and drop the info fi...

Страница 54: ...Right click the section and call the Channel Manager from the context menu to change the channel name The measurement mode identifier section optional indicates a special test mode of the channel e g the measurement of a 2nd harmonic H2 a 3rd har monic H3 or the mixer mode Mix or an arbitrary frequency conversion mode Arb The stimulus axis section shows the frequency or power stimulus axis current...

Страница 55: ...nel Select Channel Stimulus and Channel Power Bandwidth Average menus 3 2 2 5 Context Menus To provide access to the most common tasks and speed up the operation the analyzer offers context menus right click menus for the following display elements Diagram area Marker info field Trace list separate context menus for trace name section measured quantity sec tion format section scale section and cha...

Страница 56: ...effect immediately so that the effect on the measure ment is observable while the dialog is still open This is especially convenient when a numeric value is incremented or decremented e g via the rotary knob In most dialogs however it is possible to cancel an erroneous input before it takes effect The settings in such dialogs must be confirmed explicitly The two types of dialogs are easy to distin...

Страница 57: ... and closes the keyboard The current string is written into the input field of the calling dialog See also chapter 3 2 3 1 Immedi ate vs Confirmed Settings on page 56 Cancel discards the current selection and closes the keyboard The input field of the calling dialog is left unchanged The on screen keyboard allows you to enter characters in particular letters without an external keyboard To enter n...

Страница 58: ...e entered using the input field of the numeric entry bar The numeric entry bar appears just below the menu bar as soon as a function implying a single numeric entry is activated In contrast to dialogs it does not hide any of the display elements in the diagram area The numeric entry bar contains the name of the calling function a numeric input field including the Cursor Up Down buttons for data va...

Страница 59: ...format which is appropriate to the analysis of a partic ular measured quantity see chapter 3 2 4 6 Measured Quantities and Display For mats on page 66 3 2 4 1 Cartesian Diagrams Cartesian diagrams are rectangular diagrams used to display a scalar quantity as a function of the stimulus variable frequency power time The stimulus variable appears on the horizontal axis x axis scaled linearly sweep ty...

Страница 60: ...of the sweep variable The formulas also hold for real results which are treated as complex values with zero imaginary part y 0 Trace Format Description Formula dB Mag Magnitude of z in dB z sqrt x2 y2 dB Mag z 20 log z dB Lin Mag Magnitude of z unconverted z sqrt x2 y2 Phase Phase of z φ z arctan y x Real Real part of z Re z x Imag Imaginary part of z Im z y SWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio SWR 1 z...

Страница 61: ...ht lines originating at the center The following example shows a polar diagram with a marker used to display a pair of stimulus and response values Example Reflection coefficients in polar diagrams If the measured quantity is a complex reflection coefficient S11 S22 etc then the cen ter of the polar diagram corresponds to a perfect load Z0 at the input test port of the DUT no reflection matched in...

Страница 62: ...ollowing example shows a Smith chart with a marker used to display the stimulus value the complex impedance Z R j X and the equivalent inductance L A comparison of the Smith chart the inverted Smith chart and the polar diagram reveals many similarities between the two representations In fact the shape of a trace does not change at all if the display format is switched from Polar to Smith or Inver ...

Страница 63: ...e unit Smith chart can be used to read the normalized impedance of the DUT The coor dinates in the normalized impedance plane and in the reflection coefficient plane are related as follows see also definition of matched circuit converted impedances Z Z0 1 Γ 1 Γ From this equation it is easy to relate the real and imaginary components of the com plex resistance to the real and imaginary parts of Γ ...

Страница 64: ...ram is not linear The grid lines correspond to points of constant conduc tance and susceptance Points with the same conductance are located on circles Points with the same susceptance produce arcs The following example shows an inverted Smith chart with a marker used to display the stimulus value the complex admittance Y G j B and the equivalent inductance L A comparison of the inverted Smith char...

Страница 65: ... correspond to negative inductive and positive capacitive susceptive components of the admittance respectively Example Reflection coefficients in the inverted Smith chart If the measured quantity is a complex reflection coefficient G e g S11 S22 then the unit inverted Smith chart can be used to read the normalized admittance of the DUT The coordinates in the normalized admittance plane and in the ...

Страница 66: ... Display Formats The analyzer allows any combination of a display format and a measured quantity The following rules can help to avoid inappropriate formats and find the format that is ide ally suited to the measurement task All formats are suitable for the analysis of reflection coefficients Sii The formats SWR Smith and Inverted Smith lose their original meaning standing wave ratio normalized im...

Страница 67: ...i Delay ON transmission coefficients Sij The default formats are activated automatically when the measured quantity is changed 3 3 Measured Quantities This section gives an overview of the measurement results of the network analyzer and the meaning of the different measured quantities All quantities can be selected in the Trace Meas submenu The definitions in this and the following sections apply ...

Страница 68: ...fined as the ratio of the wave quantities b1 a1 measured at PORT 1 forward measurement with matched output and a2 0 S21 is the forward transmission coefficient defined as the ratio of the wave quanti ties b2 a1 forward measurement with matched output and a2 0 S12 is the reverse transmission coefficient defined as the ratio of the wave quanti ties b1 reverse measurement with matched input b1 rev in...

Страница 69: ... as Sij i j 1 to 4 The parameters conisdered so far are referred to as single ended S parameters The S parameter description can also be used to describe different propagation modes of the waves at the output and input ports This results in so called mixed mode S param eters The analyzer measures either single ended or mixed mode S parameters 3 3 2 Impedance Parameters An impedance is the complex ...

Страница 70: ...rameters The converted impedances Zii are calculated from the reflection S parameters Sii according to ii ii i ii S S Z Z 1 1 0 The transmission parameters are calculated according to 2 0 0 0 0 j i Z Z S Z Z Z j i ij j i ij The converted admittances are defined as the inverse of the impedances Examples Z11 is the input impedance of a 2 port DUT that is terminated at its output with the reference i...

Страница 71: ... Z parameters can be interpreted as follows Z11 is the input impedance defined as the ratio of the voltage V1 to the current I1 measured at port 1 forward measurement with open output I2 0 Z21 is the forward transfer impedance defined as the ratio of the voltage V2 to the current I1 forward measurement with open output I2 0 Z12 is the reverse transfer impedance defined as the ratio of the voltage ...

Страница 72: ...hed circuit parameters A two port transmission parameter Yij I j can describe a pure serial impedance between the two ports Relation with S parameters The converted admittances Yii are calculated from the reflection S parameters Sii according to ii ii ii i ii Z S S Z Y 1 1 1 1 0 The transmission parameters are calculated according to 99 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 j i j i Z Z Z S Z Z S Y ij j i ij j i ij ij Exa...

Страница 73: ...ut terminated in a short circuit V2 0 Y21 is the forward transfer admittance defined as the ratio of the current I2 to the voltage V1 forward measurement with output terminated in a short circuit V2 0 Y12 is the reverse transfer admittance defined as the ratio of the current I1 to the voltage V2 reverse measurement with input terminated in a short circuit V1 0 Y22 is the output admittance defined ...

Страница 74: ... measurement where the absolute power of a lin ear device is cancelled Wave quantities are therefore suitable for the following mea surement tasks Analysis of non linearities of the DUT Use of the analyzer as a selective power meter To increase the accuracy or correct a possible attenuation in the input signal path it is recommended to perform a power calibration The notation for wave quantities i...

Страница 75: ...utgoing wave b an incoming wave Examples b2 a1 Src Port 1 is the ratio of the outgoing wave b2 at port 2 and the incident wave a1 at port 1 this corresponds to the S parameter S21 forward transmission coeffi cient b1 a1 Src Port 1 is the ratio of the wave quantities b1 and a1 measured at PORT 1 this corresponds to the S parameter S11 input reflection coefficient 3 3 2 11 Unbalance Balance Conversi...

Страница 76: ...t is possible to shift the calibration plane using length offset parameters Differential and common mode parameters can be evaluated with a single test setup 3 3 2 12 Balanced Port Configurations Defining a logical ports requires two physical analyzer ports The ports of an analyzer are equivalent and can be freely combined Moreover it is possible to assign arbitrary independent reference impedance...

Страница 77: ...is done in a single dialog refer to the help system for details and measurement examples The most com monly used balanced port configurations and impedances are predefined and can be selected in the Measurement Wizard Depending on the test setup the analyzer provides different types of mixed mode parameters refer to the following sections for details 3 3 2 13 Mixed Mode Parameters Mixed mode param...

Страница 78: ...xed mode output reflection coefficient defined as the ratio of the wave quantities b2 mode mout reverse measurement with matched input b2 in the figure above and a1 0 to a2 mode min measured at PORT 2 If mout is different from min the S parameters are called mode conversion fac tors 3 3 2 14 Mixed Mode Parameters for Different Test Setups Which types of mixed mode parameter are available depends o...

Страница 79: ...a of the standards with their known ideal response The difference is used to calculate the system errors using a partic ular error model calibration type and derive a set of system error correction data 3 The system error correction data is used to correct the measurement results of a DUT that is measured instead of the standards Calibration is always channel specific because it depends on the har...

Страница 80: ...or a particular connector type The magnitude and phase response of the calibration standards i e their S parame ters must be known or predictable within a given frequency range The standards are grouped into several types Open Through Match correspond ing to the different input quantities for the analyzer s error models The standard type also determines the equivalent circuit model used to describ...

Страница 81: ...pen Short and Match1 at source port Through2 S11 S21 or S22 Reflection tracking Source match Directivity Transmission track ing Medium to high Unidirectional trans mission measure ments in any direc tion and between any combination of ports TOSM 2 or more ports or UOSM Open Short Match1 at all ports Through2 between all directed port pairs All Reflection tracking Source match Directivity Load matc...

Страница 82: ...cking Source match Directivity Load match Transmission track ing High lowest requirements on standards Reflection and transmission mea surements on DUTs with 2 or more ports especially for planar circuits 1 Or any other 3 known one port standards To be used in a guided calibration the known standards must be declared to be open short and match irrespective of their properties 2 Or any other known ...

Страница 83: ... 1164 0480 42 R S ZN Z51 R S ZVB4 R S ZVB8 100 kHz to 8 5 GHz 3 5 mm f 4 1319 5507 34 R S ZN Z51 R S ZVB4 R S ZVB8 100 kHz to 8 5 GHz 3 5 mm f 2 1319 5507 32 R S ZN Z51 R S ZVB4 R S ZVB8 100 kHz to 8 5 GHz type N f 4 1319 5507 74 R S ZN Z51 R S ZVB4 R S ZVB8 100 kHz to 8 5 GHz type N f 2 1319 5507 72 R S ZN Z51 custom configura tion R S ZVB4 R S ZVB8 The R S ZN Z51 allows a free mixed port configu...

Страница 84: ...50 36 R S ZN Z152 R S ZVT8 100 kHz to 8 5 GHz SMA f 6 1319 6003 36 R S ZN Z153 R S ZVT8 100 kHz to 8 5 GHz SMA f 4 1319 6178 34 The units contain calibration standards that are electronically switched when a calibra tion is performed The calibration kit data for the internal standards are also stored in the calibration unit so that the analyzer can calculate the error terms and apply the cal ibrat...

Страница 85: ...on An external power meter is connected to the reference plane The analyzer modifies its source power until the power meter reading corre sponds to the desired source power value 2 Receiver power calibration The analyzer uses the calibrated source signal to adjust the power reading at the receiver port The analyzer provides power calibration wizards for various measurement modes 3 4 5 Offset Param...

Страница 86: ...ng rate of 12 5 ns R S ZVA K8 Converter Control Measurements at frequencies beyond the analyzer s operating range R S ZVA K9 Mixer Delay w o LO Access Measurement of the absolute or relative group delay of a mixer R S ZVA K10 Long Distance Mixer Delay Mixer delay measurement with two different network analyzers one providing the source ports the other the receive port R S ZVA K17 5 MHz Receiver Ba...

Страница 87: ...te unwanted responses by means of a time gate and transform the gated result back into the frequency domain 3 5 2 Arbitrary Generator and Receiver Frequencies R S ZVA K4 Measurements at arbitrary not necessarily equal generator and receiver frequencies provide a wealth of applications e g intermodulation measurements vs frequency and power hot S parameter measurements For intermodulation distortio...

Страница 88: ...ernal mixer including phase e g the complex conversion loss or reflection coefficients In contrast to scalar mixer measurements with option R S ZVA K4 mixer phase or vector mixer measurements provide mag nitude and phase information including group delay about the mixer under test MUT To assess the phase information the IF signal at the mixer output is converted back to the original RF frequency u...

Страница 89: ...equency converting measurement with an external test set frequency converter The frequency converters use frequency multi pliers to transform the RF source signal from one of the network analyzer ports into a high frequency stimulus signal A dual directional coupler separates the reference and measurement channels from the waveguide test port A second signal Local Oscilla tor LO is used for down c...

Страница 90: ...to noise ratio SNR to the input SNR provi ded that a thermal noise signal is fed to the input It is a measure of the degradation of the SNR caused by the device The method of measurement offers several advantages No additional noise source is required The result can be obtained in a single sweep The test setup is as simple as for a basic transmission measurement The DUT must be connected only once...

Страница 91: ...rol One trace of each channel that has been selected as the active trace CALCulate Ch PARameter SELect trace name Many commands e g TRACE act on the active trace It can be different from the active trace in manual control C Cal pool The cal pool is a collection of correction data sets cal groups that the ana lyzer stores in a common directory Cal groups in the pool can beapplied to different chann...

Страница 92: ...ith measurement data and updated after each sweep dynamic trace Diagram area Rectangular portion of the screen used to display traces Diagram areas are arranged in windows they are independent of trace and channel settings Directivity error Measurement error caused by a coupler or bridge in the analyzer s source port causing part of the generated signal to leak through the forward path into the re...

Страница 93: ... the upper and lower tone frequencies and their integer multiples Intermodulation suppression The ratio of the power of an intermoulation product to the power of the lower tone fundamental wave Isolation error Measurement error caused by a crosstalk between the source and receive port of the analyzer L Limit check Comparison of the measurement results with the limit lines and display of a pass fai...

Страница 94: ...VT P Partial measurement Measurement at a specified stimulus value maintaining definite hardware settings Depending on the measurement type several partial measure ments may be needed to obtain a measurement point A full n port S parameter mea surement requires n partial measurements with n different drive ports Peak Local maximum or local minimum dip on the trace In the Trace Search menu it is po...

Страница 95: ...he sweep variable frequency power time point number where a measurement is taken Also termed sweep point Sweep Series of consecutive measurements taken at a specified sequence of stimu lus values series of consecutive measurement points Sweep point Value of the sweep variable stimulus value frequency power time where a measurement is taken Sweep range Continuous range of the sweep variable frequen...

Страница 96: ...rough and Line which are both assumed to be ideally matched Beyond that the through must be lossless and its length must be exactly known Especially useful for DUTs in planar line technology TRM A calibration type which requires a low reflection low loss Through standard with an electrical length that may be different from zero a Reflect and a Match Espe cially useful for DUTs in test fixtures TSM...

Страница 97: ... 10 EMI Suppression 15 Evaluation of data 30 EXT TRIGGER 11 F Factory calibration 24 Firmware update 23 Freq conv noise figure R S ZVA K31 90 Front panel 7 Fuses 16 G Getting Started 25 Global resource 37 Ground connector 10 H Hardkey bar 46 I IEC Bus 11 Impedance 69 Instrument calibration 28 Instrument Setup 14 26 Inverted Smith chart 64 IP address setting 20 L LAN 1 LAN 2 11 LAN connection 20 do...

Страница 98: ...top 22 S S parameter 67 multiport 69 S parameter wizard 25 Saving data 31 Scaling diagrams 33 Screen elements 42 Setup 38 Single ended mode 75 77 Smith chart 62 Softkey bar 44 SOURCE OUT 10 Source power calibration 85 Standby and ready state 16 Standby key 8 Startup and shutdown 16 Status bar 46 Step size 57 Sweep range selection 27 Sweep range setting 33 T Test port 9 Time domain R S ZVAB K2 87 T...

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