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A d v a n c e d S t r u c t u r e s S e t

H u m a n A r m M o d e l

22

012-12719B

Human Arm Model: Details

Force Vector Diagram

The Advanced Structures Set allows students to build a realistic arm model and directly measure the forces
exerted by the biceps muscle (tension in the cord).

The diagram shows the forces acting on the lower arm.

Suggestions

Vary the length and angle of the upper and lower arm, as well as the point of attachment of the cord connected to
the Load Cell.

Extra Equipment

Model

Hooked Mass Set

SE-8759

Large Slotted Mass Set

ME-7566

Load Cell

PS-2200

Load Cell Amplifier

PS-2198

The Load Cell

represents the
biceps muscle

W

W

a



Slotted

masses

Cord

These cords allow the

angle of the upper

arm to change.

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Содержание ME-6992B

Страница 1: ... PASCO Structures System Advanced Structures Set ME 6992B Instruction Manual 012 12719B 012 12719 ...

Страница 2: ... ii The PASCO Advanced Structures Set includes the ME 6988A Force Structures Bracket for connecting a struc ture to a PASCO Force Platform ...

Страница 3: ...eflection Under Load 9 Bridge Challenges for Students 10 Measuring Static and Dynamic Loading 10 Forces on a Boom 11 Human Leg Model 13 Teeter Totter 15 Human Back Model 17 Tower Crane 19 Human Arm Model 21 Angle Crane 23 Catapult 25 Camelback Truss Bridge and Multilength Combinations 27 Truss Bridge with Cross Bracing and Trestle with Cross Bracing 28 PAStrack Trestle with Cross Bracing 29 Tower ...

Страница 4: ...I Beam Suspension Bridge 37 Flat Beam Suspension Bridge 38 Cable Stayed Bridge 39 Cable Stayed Bridge Details 40 Baltimore Bridge and Arched Causeway Bridge Details 1 41 Arch Truss Bridge 42 Cantilevered Truss Bridge 43 Tied Arch Bridge with Cross Bracing 44 Double Tied Arch Bridge with Flexible I Beams 45 PAStrack Cable Stayed Bridge 46 Cable Stayed Bridge Construction Suggestions 47 Resonance St...

Страница 5: ...1 5 cm 16 21 O Ring 12 7 4 Flexible Beam 17 cm 16 22 Pulley 12 8 5 Flexible Beam 24 cm 16 23 Collet 24 9 Flat 3 X 4 Beam 19 cm 16 24 Spacer 12 10 Flat 4 Beam 17 cm 16 25 Sliding Connector 12 11 Flat 2 X 3 Beam 12 5 cm 16 26 Angle Connector 24 12 Flat Connector 6 27 Cord Tensioning Clip 32 13 Full Round Connector 6 28 Yellow Cord 1 roll 14 Half Round Connector 42 Force Structures Bracket not shown ...

Страница 6: ... screws for building trusses Bridge Set ME 6991 A larger set with road bed and cables for building bridges and roller coasters Load Cell Amplifier PS 2198 Can plug in up to six Load Cells requires a PASPORT interface to connect to the USB port of a computer Load Cell and Amplifier Set PS 2199 Load Cell Amplifier PS 2198 with four 100 N Load Cells PS 2200 ME 6985 Flexible I Beam Set ME 6996 Cord Lo...

Страница 7: ... to connect to the USB port of a computer About the Components Beams There are five sizes of plastic I Beams labeled 1 through 5 Beam 1 is the shortest beam There are three sizes of Flexible I Beams labeled 3 4 and 5 and three sizes of Flat Beams labeled 2 X 3 F4 and 3 X 4 Assembling Beams All beams attach to connectors in the same way Use the included screws 6 32 slotted to attach beams to a con ...

Страница 8: ...ll Round Connector The full round connector has eleven slots labeled A through H and X Y and Z for attaching beams Flat Connector The flat connector has eight slots labeled A through E and X Y and Z for attaching beams Straight Connector The straight connector can connect two beams to make a longer beam Angle Connector The angle connector can allow a beam to be con nected to a half round connector...

Страница 9: ... removed the wheel can be used as a large pul ley Force Platform Structure ME 6988A The PASCO model ME 6988A Force Platform Structures Bracket includes two brackets and four thumbscrews The adapter bracket is designed to connect members of the PASCO Structures System to a PASCO Force Platform not included The brackets can also serve as foundation plates for larger structure models Please see the F...

Страница 10: ... calibrated however you can re calibrate them in software or on the datalogger Assemble the fixture shown in Figure 10 to support the load cell See the documentation for your software or datalogger for instructions When calibrating a load cell it is necessary to apply a known load Hold or clamp the fixture at the edge of a table and hang a mass from it as shown Note that the hanging mass applies t...

Страница 11: ... stiffness Queenpost Truss To make a queenpost truss separate the kingpost truss in the middle and add a square section Legs can be added to any truss or bridge Figure 15 Roof Truss Use 4 and 5 beams to build a simple roof truss or a roof truss structure with legs Figure 13 A simple kingpost truss 4 4 4 5 5 Figure 14 Left A three dimensional kingpost truss structure Right Kingpost truss with cross...

Страница 12: ...ls built to two different scales In spanning a particular distance why wouldn t you use the smaller scale bridge and add more panels An examination of the forces in the mem bers of each size bridge will give the answer If the smaller and larger bridges have the same num ber of panels and experience the same load the forces in any member of the smaller bridge is the same as the same member in the l...

Страница 13: ...int For the GLX set the Motion Sensor sample rate to 50 Hz In the Sensor Setup window change the Reduce Smooth Averaging from Off to 5 points Using Load Cells Figure 23 shows two bridges of the same type but different scale For a given load the deflection is different Also note that the forces in some of the members are being measured using load cells to discover the difference caused by the size ...

Страница 14: ...Static Load Apply a static load to the bridge by hanging a hooked mass from one of the floor beams and insert load cells into the structure as shown in Figure 24 Loosen all the screws in the structure so the members are resting on their pins This will eliminate any extra moments due to the screws and the tension and compression readings will agree with the calculated values Dynamic Load With the l...

Страница 15: ...d from the Load Cell over the pulley to the boom Flat Connector 2 Stack slotted masses on the flat connector Straight Connector Half Round 1 Pulley Axle Short Angle Connector Half Round Cord Tensioning Clip Full Round 1 Load Cell Angle Connector 3 1 1 Top Pulley Detail Half Round Angle Connector Full Round 3 3 3 Half Round 1 1 Extra Equipment Model Extra Equipment Model Hooked Mass Set SE 8759 Ang...

Страница 16: ...value Suggestions The triangular support structure for the upper pulley is constructed to allow the cord to be horizontal By using different components students can change the height of the pulley and thus vary the angle of the cord How does that affect the measured forces The supporting cord is shown tied to a cross member near the end of the boom What changes if the cord is moved to the end of t...

Страница 17: ...alf Round Angle Connector 3 5 5 3 1 Flat Connector 2 Attach cord to this I beam Cord Cord Angle Connector 2 Load Cell Detail Knee Detail Stack masses on the flat connector Use a cord tensioning clip to connect a cord to the Load Cell Put the cord over the pulley and attach the end to the front cross member of the knee Extra Equipment Model Large Slotted Mass Set ME 7566 Large Table Clamp ME 9472 L...

Страница 18: ...he articulated leg uses a rubber band not included as the quadriceps muscle and has a Load Cell on the foot to measure the force that the toe exerts on the ball The impulse area under the curve of force versus time is equal to the resulting momentum of the ball The Load Cell represents the quadricep muscle in the upper leg W Large Table Clamp Load Cell Load Cell Amplifier ...

Страница 19: ...m 1 2 4 5 4 Straight Connector 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 1 Angle Connector Half Round Axle Medium 2 2 4 4 Use a hanger and mass at this end and a hooked mass at the other end Pivot Detail Short End of Teeter Totter Detail Extra Equipment Model Hooked Mass Set SE 8759 Mass and Hanger Set ME 8979 ...

Страница 20: ...the teeter totter by increasing or decreasing the number of segments or sections Vary the placement of the pivot it does not have to be as shown Place the hanging masses at different locations How will you know that the torque on the right side equals the torque on the left side Mass and Hanger Hooked Mass ...

Страница 21: ... Half Round 5 4 2 1 2 Cord Hooked Mass Slotted Masses Load Cell 4 Lower Back Detail Cord Note that the model can be built with fewer than five Load Cells if necessary Full Round Half Round Axle Medium Pulley Screw 1 3 5 Angle Connector Angle Connector Half Round 3 Half Round 1 Full Round 1 Half Round Load Cell 3 Full Round 4 4 Tie a cord to the cord tensioning clip on the Load Cell Thread the cord...

Страница 22: ...ad Cell both on one side but care must be taken to ensure that the spine is cen tered and balanced side to side The actual force is thus twice the measured value Suggestions Experiment with the back at different angles and use the Load Cell to measure the tension in the cord What is the affect of increasing or decreasing the angle of the back Experiment with the amount of weight attached to the en...

Страница 23: ...nsioning Clip 2 4 3 2 4 5 4 3 4 4 Half Round Collet Pulley Collet Axle Short Angle Connector Straight Connector 2 3 4 3 1 Cord Cord Cord Collet Tie cords from the cord tensioning clips on the top of the tower to both ends of the crane Base of Tower Detail Front End of Crane Detail Midsection of Crane Detail Top of Tower Detail Load Counter weight 4 3 Cord Tensioning Clip 2 Full Round 2 2 Straight ...

Страница 24: ...needed to attach the I beam members of the Tower Crane to the Force Platform Suggestions The drawing shows the supporting cords attached to the front most cross beam of the long end of the boom If the support cords are attached closer to the tower as shown in the photograph above how does that affect the ten sion The answer is not obvious because although the lever arm is shorter the angle that th...

Страница 25: ...ioning Clip Load Cell Angle Connector Straight Connector Angle Connector Flat Connector Axle Short Angle Connector Flat Connector 5 4 2 1 Full Round Half Round Half Round 4 4 4 4 4 5 3 Flat Connector Cord Cord Tie a cord from the cord tensioning clip on the Load Cell to the 4 beam on the forearm Stack masses on top of the flat connector Forearm Detail Upper Arm Detail Load Cell Detail 5 ...

Страница 26: ... the cord The diagram shows the forces acting on the lower arm Suggestions Vary the length and angle of the upper and lower arm as well as the point of attachment of the cord connected to the Load Cell Extra Equipment Model Hooked Mass Set SE 8759 Large Slotted Mass Set ME 7566 Load Cell PS 2200 Load Cell Amplifier PS 2198 The Load Cell represents the biceps muscle W Wa Slotted masses Cord These c...

Страница 27: ... Connector Angle Connector 4 5 Angle Connector 4 5 Half Round Half Round Axle Long Flat Connector Collet Screw Spacer 4 4 5 Half Round Cord Tensioning Clip Collet Pulley Screw Flat Connector Cord Tensioning Clip Pulley Collet 4 5 Half Round Full Round 5 5 4 4 4 2 4 2 Flat Connector Rear Axle Medium Rear Axle Detail Front Axle Long Front Axle Detail Top Front Axle Detail Top Front Axle Boom Detail ...

Страница 28: ...lat connector to stabilize the crane Attach load here Thread the load cord over the bottom pulley at the front of the boom Thread the cord over the pulley on the front top axle Attach the load cord to the flat connector on the front axle Loop a cord from the half round over the pulley and back to the half round Repeat on the other side Criss cross cords at the front and rear of the base Experiment...

Страница 29: ...e 1 beam and then through the hole at the midpoint of the 5 beam Thread it through the hole in the other 1 beam and attach the end to the other cord tensioning clip Axle Long Collet Half Round Collet Half Round 5 4 4 5 4 Collet Pulley with O Ring Flat Connector 4 1 Cord Half Round Half Round Straight Connector 4 Catapult Base Detail 3 Axle Medium 3 Use a cord about 24 cm 10 in long to make a loop ...

Страница 30: ...akes a loop Hang the loop at the end of the catapult arm Pull the catapult arm down so that the pulley projectile is near the table top and the catapult arm is touching the front of the base Release the catapult arm to send the pulley projectile on its way Question What happens to the motion of the catapult as the 1 kg mass is allowed to drop The small tab at the end of the Catapult Arm keeps the ...

Страница 31: ...d Full Round Half Round Angle Connector Angle Connector 4 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 3 5 4 4 Flat Connector Half Round Multilength Combinations 1 2 3 2 plus Straight Connector SC plus 1 4 3 SC 2 5 4 SC 2 4 SC 3 5 SC 1 4 SC 4 2 Angle Connector Angle Connector Note that the Angle Connector can be adjusted to lengthen or shorten the beam ...

Страница 32: ...th Cross Bracing 28 012 12719B Truss Bridge with Cross Bracing 5 4 3 2X3 Flat 4 Flat 4 3X4 Half Round 2 3 5 3 3 3X4 3X4 3 Angle Connector 3 Full Round Angle Connector 2 5 5 Angle Connector 2 3 3 Half Round Trestle with Cross Bracing 5 5 4 4 4 ...

Страница 33: ...ith Cross Bracing PAStrack Trestle with Cross Bracing PAStrack 3 3 2X3 3 3X4 3 Flat 4 Flat 4 3 Half Round 1 Angle Connector Nut and Bolt for PAStrack Flat Connector Nut and Bolt Flat Connector Angle Connector 1 PAStrack Half Round Half Round ...

Страница 34: ...ower with Cross Bracing 30 012 12719B Tower with Cross Bracing 3 3 2 3 4 4 4 Angle Connector 3 3 Angle Connector Angle Connector 3 3 3 Angle Connector Angle Connector Angle Connector 3 3X4 3X4 Flat 4 2X3 Half Round Half Round 3 ...

Страница 35: ...gh a hole in the lower rear axle Loop the two rubber cords around the pulley on the front axle and then loop the cords around the pulley on the upper rear axle Finally attach the Cord Tensioning Clip to the Sliding Connector Turn the Drive Wheel by hand to wind the rubber cord around the lower rear axle or place the car on the floor and push it backwards so that the rubber cord winds around the lo...

Страница 36: ...russ Set Members Axle Long 26 6 cm 2 5 Beam 24 cm long 24 Collet 24 4 Beam 17 cm long 54 Pulley 12 3 Beam 11 5 cm long 54 Wheel 4 2 Beam 8 cm long 24 Tire 4 1 Beam 5 5 cm long 24 ME 6999A Angle Connector Spares Half Round Connector 42 Angle Connector 24 ME 6994 Truss Set Screws Straight Connector 24 Screw 6 32 300 Sliding Connector 12 ME 6996 Cord Lock Spares Cord Tensioning Clip 32 Cord Braided 1...

Страница 37: ...ms bend more in this orientation they form a curve The I Beams used in this manner will take a set and be permanently bent The bridge models on this page feature a road bed and mini car These items are included in the ME 6991 Bridge Set and the ME 6995 Road Spares Set See the PASCO catalog or web site at www pasco com for more infor mation I Beam Suspension Bridge 2 5 meter long Cable Stayed Bridg...

Страница 38: ... be permanently bent This picture shows the entire bridge structure with three Load Cells attached 1 Bridge Set ME 6991 OR 1 Advanced Structures Set ME 6992A 1 Bridge Set ME 6991 1 Angle Connector Spares ME 6999 2 Advanced Structures Sets ME 6992A 4 4 4 4 5 5 Half Round Half Round Straight Connector Straight Connector 3 2 4 1 3 Half Round Half Round Half Round 4 4 Road bed assembly Tower End assem...

Страница 39: ...s details of the end assembly The next picture shows details of the axle that is the joint between the end assembly and the road bed assembly Half Round Half Round Half Round 3 Axle long 1 1 Straight Connector 2 Road bed clip Straight Connector 1 Road 4 4 4 4 Straight Connector Cord Cord 3 Axle long Cord Tensioning Clip Half Round Half Round Half Round 1 3 4 4 Cord connects to cord clip goes throu...

Страница 40: ...t shown I Beam Suspension Bridge Road Bed Assembly The middle section of the road bed assembly has eight 4 beams on the top of each side and six 4 beams on the bottom of each side The middle of the bottom part of the structure is joined by a 2 beam on both sides The two Half Round Half Round Half Round Full Round Full Round Full Round Angle Connector Angle Connector 1 1 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 3 1 4 Middl...

Страница 41: ...dge model using Flexible I Beams for the suspension beams instead of the hard plastic I Beams Midpoint of middle section 2 2 4 4 Angle Connector Tower connects to this full round 1 Half Round 1 Left half of middle section Flexible I Beam Suspension Bridge 3 2 3 2 1 Flex 3 Flex 4 Flex 5 Straight Connector Half Round Full Round 3 3 X 4 Flat 4 2 X 3 4 4 Angle Connector 5 Flex 5 Flex 4 Flex 4 Cord Ten...

Страница 42: ...suspension bridge model using Flat Members for the suspension beams instead of I Beams Flat Members Suspension Bridge 3 2 3 2 1 Straight Connector Half Round Full Round 3 2 X 3 2 X 3 4 4 Straight Connector 5 Cord Tensioning Clip Straight Connector 3 2 3 3 2 Cord Road Bed and Mini car included in the ME 6991 Bridge Set ...

Страница 43: ...Cable Stayed Bridge 4 5 Angle Connector Straight Connector 5 1 2 Half Round Straight Connector 3 2 3 3 2 Straight Connector 4 Half Round Angle Connector Angle Connector 3 2 3 5 Angle Connector 2 2 1 1 3 Axle Axle Use 2 beams as the cross pieces for the road bed Mini car Road Bed Road Bed and Mini car not included ...

Страница 44: ...Angle Connector Cord Tensioning Clip Cord Tensioning Clip Cord Tensioning Clip Cord Tensioning Clip Connect two cords to each cord tensioning clip 1 Axle Collet 5 Flat Connector 3 3 1 Half Round Tower Base Detail Tie a knot in one end of the cord and thread the cord through a hole on the half round connector ...

Страница 45: ...idge Arched Causeway Bridge Detail 1 Baltimore Bridge 2 3 meter long Baltimore Bridge Details 3 4 5 Half Round Full Round Flat Connector 5 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 3 5 3 Half Round 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 Angle Connector Angle Connector Straight Connector 1 1 Cord Tensioning Clip ...

Страница 46: ...1 3 3 Angle Connector 1 1 1 Straight Connector 3 Cord Tensioning Clip 3 2 2 Angle Connector Angle Connector Angle Connector 3 3 Angle Connector 3 5 4 4 4 Full Round 1 Flat Connector Straight Connector 2 5 3 Half Round Arch Truss Bridge Detail 5 3 cross piece 4 4 3 3 2 Angle Connector Angle Connector 4 5 2 2 1 5 ...

Страница 47: ...sing components from two ME 6992A Advanced Structures Sets four sets of PAStrack ME 6960 and four sets of PAStrack Curved Sections ME 6841 5 Flat 4 3 4 3 3 Cantilevered Truss Bridge Details 3 Cross bracing 3X4 3 Angle Connector Angle Connector 4 4 Cross bracing 2X3 Full Round Half Round Angle Connector 1 Cross bracing 2X3 Flat 4 5 5 5 Flat 4 3 3 1 Angle Connector 3 4 Angle Connector Angle Connecto...

Страница 48: ... 3X4 3 Angle Connector Angle Connector 3 3 3 3 2 Half Round 3 Angle Connector 1 Flat Connector Axle Inset Details F4 3X4 4 4 4 Tied Arch Bridge Details 4 F4 5 5 3 4 4 Full Round Axle Flat Connector 1 Cord Inset Details Cord Tensioning Clip 1 Slotted masses not included Use a Flat Connector and four 2 I Beams for the platform for the slotted masses ...

Страница 49: ...or SC Straight Connector CTC Cord Tensioning Clip AC AC 1 Flex 5 Sliding Connector SC 4 3 3 4 F4 F4 4 3 3X4 Flex 4 2 Full round CTC 2 4 Flex 4 Flex 4 Flex 4 Flex 4 Flex 5 Flex 5 Flex 4 Slotted masses not included Flex 4 Flex 4 Flex 4 Flex 4 3X4 SC Sliding Connector Flex 5 1 1 1 CTC CTC 2 2 2 3 3 1 CTC CTC CTC 4 CTC CTC 1 AC CTC Tie one end of the cord through the hole in the beam The cord goes bet...

Страница 50: ...to the T slot on the side of the PAStrack and PAStrack Curved sections The PAStrack Cable Stayed Bridge shown on this page was constructed using components from two ME 6992A Advanced Structures Sets four sets of PAStrack ME 6960 and four sets of PAStrack Curved Sections ME 6841 2 AC AC Angle Connector SC Straight Connector CTC Cord Tensioning Clip NB Nut and Bolt Axle 3 4 2 SC Axle Flat Connector ...

Страница 51: ...ough a hole in the I Beam Cord Tensioning Clip Full Round PAStrack section Flat Connector Nut and Bolt for PAStrack Cord Tensioning Clip Begin and end the cord here Loop the cord through the Cord Tensioning Clip 2 1 Full Round Add a second PAStrack section to each side Cord Tensioning Clip Tie a knot at one end of the cord Cord Tensioning Clip Double Cords ...

Страница 52: ...which has nodes at both ends the resonance beam has a node at one end and an antinode at the other Resonance Beam Build a resonance beam using five 5 I beams and four Straight Connectors SC Use four Flat Connectors four 2 I beams and a Full Round Connector to build a base for the beam as shown below Place slotted masses such as those from the ME 7566 Large Slotted Mass Set on top of the Flat Conne...

Страница 53: ... to measure the amplitude of its movement Use four 2 I beams and a Flat Connector as shown to build the support for the slotted masses at the ground floor of the structure Equipment Needed Part Number Mechanical Wave Driver SF 9324 Function Generator PI 8127 Rod 25 cm threaded ME 8988 Small A Base ME 8976 Banana Plug Patch Cords SE 9750 or SE 9751 Resonance Tower Structure F4 F4 Half Round 3 Full ...

Страница 54: ...re Oscillations To study damped oscillations replace the top floor of the tower with a pendulum as shown When the pendulum is tied in place with cord and cannot swing the tower s oscillations persist When the pendulum is allowed to swing the oscillations are damped Mount a Motion Sensor on a support rod to measure the oscillations 50 g mass 1 1 Half Round 5N Load Cell Measure Acceleration Slotted ...

Страница 55: ...ed holes for storing the thumbscrews when they are not in use Advanced Set ME 6992A The largest set with pulleys axles and additional connectors that make possible bridges which have angles other than 45 and 90 degrees This set can also be used to build suspension bridges cranes cars and catapults The Force Platform allows the student to measure tension and compression forces in trusses bridges ro...

Страница 56: ...rent I beam members to be used between two Brackets mounted on a Force Platform Let the span of a structure be the distance between its attachment positions on two Brackets Let the separation of the structure be the distance between two vertical members attached to the same Bracket The center attachment positions labeled 3 allow a span and separation of a 3 I beam mem ber The next two attachment p...

Страница 57: ...lt and attached to the Force Platform Structures Bracket and a Force Platform Examples include large bridges and a tower crane Other Uses for the Bracket You can use the Force Platform Structures Bracket on a different force measurement platform if you have the means to attach the Bracket to your platform As shown in Figure 4 it is also possible to attach a structure to just one Force Platform Str...

Страница 58: ...ibited Trademarks PASCO and PASCO scientific are trademarks or registered trademarks of PASCO scientific in the United States and or in other countries All other brands products or service names are or may be trademarks or service marks of and are used to iden tify products or services of their respective owners For more information visit www pasco com legal Patents Pending The following PASCO pro...

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