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O

PERATION

 

M

ANUAL

 

P

ROMO

®

 

2000

 

 

P

ALAS

®

 

G

MB

H,

 

M

ARCH

 

2010,

 

V

ERSION

 

V001032010

 

20

 

5

 

Ensuring

 

correct

 

test

 

conditions

 

 

In

 

case

 

of

 

disadvantegeous

 

test

 

conditions,

 

the

 

measuring

 

result,

 

i.e.

 

the

 

determined

 

particle

 

size

 

distribution

 

of

 

the

 

single

 

measurements,

 

can

 

considerably

 

differ

 

from

 

the

 

actual

 

existing

 

values

 

in

 

the

 

aerosol

 

flow.

 

 

Therefore,

 

please

 

pay

 

attention

 

to:

 

 

Representative

 

sample

 

taking

 

 

Isokinetic

 

sampling

 

 

Minimal

 

particle

 

losses

 

through

 

the

 

aerosol

 

transport

 

 

No

 

coincidence

 

error

 

 

Please

 

note:

 

Palas®

 

regularly

 

offers

 

training

 

courses

 

about

 

these

 

topics.

 

 

As

 

a

 

basic

 

principle,

 

the

 

Promo®

 

system

 

can

 

only

 

measure

 

and

 

display

 

data

 

it

 

has

 

been

 

registred

 

in

 

its

 

optical

 

measuring

 

volume.

 

That

 

means,

 

the

 

aerosol

 

sampling

 

flow

 

should

 

be

 

lead

 

there

 

as

 

straight

 

as

 

possible.

 

Therefore,

 

please

 

pay

 

attention

 

to:

 

 

 

‐ 

short

 

tubes

 

for

 

the

 

aerosol

 

 

‐ 

if

 

possible,

 

metal

 

tubes,

 

in

 

no

 

case

 

longer

 

plastic

 

tubes

 

(high

 

particle

 

separation

 

due

 

to

 

elec

‐

trostatic

 

charging)

 

 

‐ 

vertical

 

aerosol

 

guiding,

 

as

 

bigger

 

particles

 

(>

 

5

 

µm)

 

sediment

 

respectively

 

the

 

aerosol

 

sepe

‐

rates

 

As

 

basic

 

principle

 

of

 

all

 

counting

 

scattered

 

light

 

measuring

 

technologies,

 

just

 

one

 

single

 

particle

 

may

 

be

 

in

 

the

 

optically

 

limited

 

measuring

 

volume

 

of

 

the

 

sensor

 

at

 

the

 

same

 

time.

 

This

 

due

 

to

 

the

 

fact,

 

that

 

the

 

scattered

 

light

 

of

 

the

 

single

 

particle

 

is

 

being

 

evaluated

 

for

 

the

 

determination

 

of

 

the

 

particle

 

size.

 

 

If

 

more

 

than

 

one

 

particles

 

are

 

in

 

the

 

measuring

 

volume

 

at

 

the

 

same

 

time,

 

these

 

particles

 

are

 

measured

 

as

 

one,

 

i.e.

 

the

 

particle

 

is

 

being

 

measured

 

too

 

big

 

and

 

the

 

number

 

to

 

small.

 

 

To

 

measure

 

correctly,

 

one

 

has

 

to

 

dilute.

 

The

 

Palas®

 

dilution

 

systems

 

have

 

proven

 

themselves

 

in

 

practice

 

at

 

the

 

market.

 

If

 

requested,

 

they

 

can

 

be

 

heated

 

and

 

be

 

used

 

in

 

overpressure

 

and

 

under

‐

pressure.

 

 

If

 

a

 

measurement

 

has

 

been

 

done

 

correctly

 

with

 

a

 

dilution,

 

this

 

measurement

 

supplies

 

a

 

finer

 

par

‐

ticle

 

size

 

distribution

 

and

 

a

 

higher

 

particle

 

concentration

 

as

 

result,

 

compared

 

to

 

a

 

measurement

 

in

 

coincidence.

 

A

 

separation

 

efficiency

 

that

 

was

 

measured

 

in

 

coincidence

 

is

 

always

 

worse

 

compared

 

to

 

one

 

being

 

measured

 

under

 

correct

 

conditions.

 

 

The

 

advices

 

given

 

here

 

are

 

surely

 

not

 

sufficient

 

to

 

ensure

 

a

 

correct

 

measurement

 

in

 

any

 

case.

 

In

 

case

 

of

 

particular

 

problems,

 

please

 

contact

 

Palas®

 

directly.

 

 

 

5.1

 

Measurement

 

errors

 

Содержание Promo 2000

Страница 1: ...Operation Manual Light scattering spectrometer Promo 2000 ...

Страница 2: ...4 1 How to calibrate your sensor for the selected measurement range with CalDust1100 18 4 2 Calibration of the velocity 19 5 ENSURING CORRECT TEST CONDITIONS 20 5 1 Measurement errors 20 5 1 1 Methodic errors 21 5 1 2 Accidental errors 21 5 1 3 A gross error 21 5 2 Important comparison 22 5 3 Error identification of optical measuring devices 23 5 4 Advantages of counting measuring procedures 23 5 ...

Страница 3: ...order zone error 33 6 7 Impact of the device parameters 33 7 OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT 35 Cuvette Heating for welas digital 1000 welas digital 2000 welas digital 3000 Promo 2000 Promo 3000 welas 1000 welas 2000 welas 3000 PCS 2010 PCS 2000 35 7 1 Contents 35 7 1 1 Function 35 7 1 2 Setup and cabling of the cuvette heating 35 7 1 3 Maintenance and Cleaning 36 8 TECHNICAL DATA 39 ...

Страница 4: ...mo shuts down then automatically Do not switch off the mains switch before the operating system shut down automatically For measurements in overpressure and underpressure a pressure resistant cuvette is needed The pressure resistant cuvette can be installed subsequently For this the optics of the sensors has to be re adjusted on the premises of Palas The pressure resistant cuvette is able to work ...

Страница 5: ...per mains volt age 2 2 Auxiliary equipment check Please also verify immediately after unpacking the instrument if the delivery of all auxiliary equipment is complete Besides the sensor and the control unit the following parts should be available Mains cable for control unit 2 optical fibres standard length 3 m 1 tube for connection of internal pump to the sensor 1 cable RS232 for Modbus interface ...

Страница 6: ...ch off the on off switch before the operating system shut down automatically The lamp is switched on by the on off switch The operation hour counter runs as long the power is on The lamp has a standard lifetime of 2000 hours In case of a lamp exchange the hour record ing has to be noted down as it cannot be reset RS232 Modbus interface Filter unit to protect the internal pump from the aerosol Powe...

Страница 7: ...en disconnecting the optical fibre from the detector of the supply unit the supply unit must be switched off Any failure to comply with these rules can lead to damages of optical and electronic parts of the light detector The socket below the amperemeter serves to test the lamp efficiency of the lamp and the func tionality of the optical fibre To do such a test the optical fibre needs to be connec...

Страница 8: ...all optical fibres must be connected correctly to the supply unit and to the sensor Especially when disconnecting the optical fibre from the detector of the supply unit the supply unit must be switched off Any failure to comply with these rules can lead to damages of optical and electronic parts of the light detector Carefully plug the cables into the socket and fix by turning the screwed nut to t...

Страница 9: ...d correctly to the supply unit and to the sensor Especially when disconnecting the optical fibre from the detector of the supply unit the supply unit must be switched off Any failure to comply with these rules can lead to damages of optical and electronic parts of the light detector Carefully plug the cables into the socket and fix by turning the screwed nut to the right The tube of the pump must ...

Страница 10: ...lug connection from the sensor housing at the bottom side of the sensor see picture above Then the two hexagon cap screws have to be loosened To do so use the correspondent wrench After that the measuring volume can be taken away from the sensor Move the aerosol guide tube from the bottom side at the connection of the pump tube slowly upwards Pump tube with connection for sensor Connection of the ...

Страница 11: ...trol unit has to be cleaned from time to time and should be changed if the flow is dropping below its nominal value Attention If you have a sensor with a special cuvette welas heatable and or pressure resistant you have to remove the optical glasses of the cuvette with a special key before you clean the cuvette with pressurised air Clean the optical glasses of the cuvette also only with an optical...

Страница 12: ...it to the fiber coat nor to the fiber bend protection The fiber may not be bent too closely The maximum bending radius of 10 cm should not be under run The right for compensation does not exist in the case of natural wear and tear or damage which arises after the passage of risk due to incorrect or careless handling excessive operational demand unsuitable equip ment or due to special influences ...

Страница 13: ... the detector input this may cause se vere damage to the detector Please use on the touch screen the button Accessoirs This view is shown by pressing the button suction pump signals digital IO in the menu overview Promo has an internal control and data acquisition card This card can optionally be used for the following purposes control of the internal pump recording of analogue and digital signals...

Страница 14: ...ture absolute pressure sensor volume flow Status of the digital inputs and outputs Two analogue signals are not specific If the fiber is in good condition you will have a certain voltage indicated by the needle The value however is depending on the quality of the light source itself but should nevertheless always be larger than 1 V With this test you can also check the quality of your light source...

Страница 15: ...e lamp module of the supply unit Then the module can be pulled out by holding it on the fibre connectors Next the lamp connector is removed by turning it and pulling it off the connector The 2 screws on the round plate have to be opened Turn the plate and remove it Now the lamp can be removed carefully Please take care not to damage the glass part of the lamp Insert the new lamp in the same way 4 ...

Страница 16: ...the sensor or at the sockets of the optical fibres to the sensor the warranty is not valid anymore Within damages made by improper handling of the heatable and or pressure tight cuvette espe cially by cleaning with improper solvent cleaning e g Aceton the user will lose the warranty of the instrument Sealed screws In this picture not all sealed screws can be seen ...

Страница 17: ...pose a flexible tube is attached with a fitting to the aerosol inlet of the sensor By shaking of and knocking at the supplied container CalDust 1100 the particles inside the con tainer are brought into an airborne condition During the measurement hold the tube into the container with CalDust 1100 Now the particles are sucked off from the air into the sensor This display is shown by pressing the bu...

Страница 18: ...r cali bration here CalDust 1100 Behind the dust mate rial a number here 130 gives you the so called target channel for the raw data distribution You can also see the value for the measured velocity related to the position of the red cross within the time distribution and the present velocity cali brated velocity that is currently used 4 1 How to calibrate your sensor for the selected measurement ...

Страница 19: ... pump In case you have a pressure resistant sensor e g welas sensor 2070 P or a pressure resistant and heatable sensor e g we las sensor 2070 HP and if the pressure or temperature conditions change you have to calibrate and adjust the particle velocity as well Always try to calibrate your sensor with CalDust 1100 at the same pressure and temperature conditions as your subsequent measurements Howev...

Страница 20: ...aerosol sepe rates As basic principle of all counting scattered light measuring technologies just one single particle may be in the optically limited measuring volume of the sensor at the same time This due to the fact that the scattered light of the single particle is being evaluated for the determination of the particle size If more than one particles are in the measuring volume at the same time...

Страница 21: ...e measurement is repeated unter the same conditions a methodic error occurs in the same size and with the same sign 5 1 2 Accidental errors Accidental errors mainly arise by imperfection of the human sense organs unskilfulness in measuring and metering outer impacts with statistically affect e g vibrations variations in voltage or temperature etc Accidental errors have a statistic character and po...

Страница 22: ...Repeating accuracy The repeatability is a degree for the conformity of measuring results being determined under the same conditions The repeatability determines the scatter of the measurements Reproducibility Reproducibility conditions DIN 1319 1 In contrary to the repeatability the reproducibility refers to test conditions The reproduci bility of e g a filter test system can only be determined by...

Страница 23: ...ribution the particle number up to class xi is added and to be divided through the total of all measured particles see tables on the next page column Q0 n Q0 xi ni nges i 1 Please note that the so achieved Q0 xi value has to be applied at the upper limit of the class 5 4 Advantages of counting measuring procedures Always high resolution e g 128 channels over the measuring range as characterization...

Страница 24: ...waves with the transition of a transparent medium to another Reflection Throwing back of light waves at the boundary surface of two media Diffraction Diversion from light waves from their original direction at the boundary surface of two me dia if not refraction and reflection Absorption Weakening of the light waves with the incidence at boundary surface Extinction Weakening of the light waves by ...

Страница 25: ...e particles This is the measuring principle of the Palas scattered light spectrometers 5 8 Particle characteristics Equivalent diameter 5 8 1 Particle characteristics 1 Geometric attributes chord length surface projection area volume 2 mass 3 sedimentation velocity 4 interferences nce circumfere x 1 Rayleigh dispersion I x6 10 Mie dispersion I f 1 Geom dispersion I x2 m x f I ...

Страница 26: ... a sphere with the same surface xs a sphere with the same projection area xP a sphere with the same sedimentation velocity xw a sphere with the same interference xF 5 9 Optical limitation of the measuring volume With white light and a small measur ing volume a homogeneous intensity distribution in the measuring volume can be achieved ...

Страница 27: ...acity and classification accuracy qr d d d dmin dmax d The more exactly the measured diameter d complies with the real diameter of the particles so much the better is the classification accuracy The smaller the distance between dmin and dmax so much the better is the resolution capacity Qr d ...

Страница 28: ...r which the measurement range can de viate due to technical reasons ability to measure even in high concentrations due to white light 90 scattered light detection even intensity distribution of light inside the measurement volume correction of border zone error with T aperture optically defined measurement volume coincidence detection welas sensor 2070 max concentration up to 2 x 105 P cm welas se...

Страница 29: ...rve These curves show that a measurement device that works with laser light fig 1 and fig 2 does not supply a clear calibration curve within the wave length of the light Promo works with white light as light source and with a 90 light scattering This guarantees a clear calibration curve see fig 5 ...

Страница 30: ...ARCH 2010 VERSION V001032010 30 6 3 High resolution capacity These curves show that the welas recognises a bi modal distribution in the range between 0 3 m and 0 6 m This is possible due to the high quality resolution capacity of this device ...

Страница 31: ... 105 P cm welas sensor 2100 max concentration up to 1 x 105 P cm welas sensor 2200 max concentration up to 1 6 x 104 P cm welas sensor 2300 max concentration up to 8 x 103 P cm welas sensor 2500 max concentration up to 8 x 10 P cm Hence the optimal sensor type for each application can be chosen T aperture Aerosol duct Optical fibre connection Optically limited measuring volume available in differe...

Страница 32: ...pper volume the measured value is discarded This technology enables measurements of particle size and quantities in high concentrations with out border zone errors The measurement is displayed corrected in coincidence due to the flight time measurement of each particle The Promo control unit has a lamp module with white light which enables operation up to 2000 hours without water cooling The scatt...

Страница 33: ...hotomultipliers with measurement volumes of different sizes were compared Did the comparison not correspond to the specified values the particle was discarded Thus the border zone error was corrected but not eliminated The T aperture technology of Promo allows an exact determination of size and concentration of the aerosol 6 7 Impact of the device parameters Border zone error The particle size spe...

Страница 34: ...ification precision Instruments with a good classification precision over the total measurement range supply re liable distributions Resolution capacity During correlation measurements e g with impactors the correlation factor becomes bet ter the higher is the resolution capacity Instruments with a high resolution capacity are able to measure bi and tri modal distributions that are located close t...

Страница 35: ...he cuvette This condensation would disturb the measurement which is taken through these windows As second particles from a hot aerosol are transported towards cold surfaces by diffusion and contaminate theses surfaces This process can be reduced by heating the surfaces of the aerosol transporting ways tubes Due to this not only the cuvette should be heated but also the whole way of the aerosol fro...

Страница 36: ...r eyes To take the cuvette out of sensor unit remove the connections of the tube and unscrew the two screws that hold the cuvette Then the cuvette can be taken out by pulling it on the upper tube and pushing it in the same time on the lower part of the tube When the cuvette is taken out of the sensor unit you can check the glass windows by looking through Please note all small contaminations have ...

Страница 37: ... same way The optical glasses can be cleaned with optical tissue or using clean acetone and a tissue Take care not to damage the surface of the glasses Whenever they are damaged they have to be replaced by optical glasses of the same thickness and same surface quality in most cases the glasses have to be coated Insert the glasses and the tightenings in the same way as they have been inserted befor...

Страница 38: ...laced on the pane of glass as in the picture a Teflon tightening is placed below the pane of glass Before reinserting the cuvette to the sensor unit please check the front lenses of the optical sys tem for contamination They should be protected from dirt by the cuvette but sometimes it hap pens that there are particles or dirt on the lenses and then they have to be wiped with optical tis sue ...

Страница 39: ...nsor 2500 max concentration up to 8 x 10 P cm Suction volume flow standard Working range of suction pump 5 l min pressure on the inlet of the Promo max 50 mbar above ambient pressure max 100 mbar below ambient pressure Only welas sensors P with pressure resistant cuvette Pressure range for the sensor unit from 50 mbar absolute up to 10 bar over ambient pressure Only welas sensors HP cuvette heatab...

Страница 40: ...oms allowed temperature range from 10 C to 30 C maximum relative humidity 80 sound emission 85 dBA Do not dew sensor or electronics Cleaning The housings can be cleaned with non aggressive detergents e g household detergent or spirit For cleaning of optical lenses see correspondent chap ter in operation manual Weight Promo control unit Sensor 13 kg 3 kg Technical data are subject to change The rea...

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