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PPFD

- Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density is the photon flux density of PAR. Measured in

either umls or uE., PPFD, or “photosynthetic photon flux density”, is the number of PAR
photons incident on a surface in time and area dimensions (per meter squared per second).
These terms are equivalent for PAR Clip leaf radiation measurements. Furthermore, both can
be presented in either of the equivalent dimensions, micro-moles (µmols) or micro-Einsteins
(µE).

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Содержание OS1p

Страница 1: ...OS1p User s Guide Preliminary Advanced Version with RLCs for Algae and Higher Plants The New Standard in Portable Chlorophyll Fluorometers OS1p040111Advanced...

Страница 2: ...HARDWARE OVERVIEW AND MEASUREMENT PRINCIPLES 56 LIGHT SOURCES 57 Modulated light source 57 Saturation pulse light source 57 The LED actinic light source 58 The far red light source 58 THE FIBER OPTIC...

Страница 3: ...n 97 Basic definitions 97 Relative Electron Transport Rate 98 e capture and quantum eff setting leaf absorption PSII ratio 98 Error messages 99 QUENCHING PROTOCOL HENDRICKSON KLUGHAMMER LAKE MODEL 100...

Страница 4: ...136 Relative Electron Transport Rate 139 Entering a note with a measurement 141 Other RLC function buttons 141 Measurement review 142 Help screen 143 Basic definitions 143 Error messages 143 CHAPTER...

Страница 5: ...DATA FORMATS 171 OVERVIEW 171 Data format information 172 Fv Fm data file format 172 Y II data file format 173 Quenching data file format Hendrickson Klughammer equations 174 RCL Rapid Light Curve dat...

Страница 6: ...rophyll fluorescence with scientific references To select the best chlorophyll fluorescence measuring parameter for your application consult the Plant Stress Guide provided as a separate document The...

Страница 7: ...response messages When an example of a program screen is given you may assume that this is shown as it will appear on the OS1p The user interface consists of a high resolution color graphic touch scr...

Страница 8: ...t quanta are converted to chemical energy by chlorophylls in a protein environment Electron transfer starts in the reaction center when a chlorophyll molecule transfers an electron to a neighboring pi...

Страница 9: ...ide supplied on this disc or visit www optisci com under stress testing In 1989 Bernard Genty found that there is a linear correlation between fluorescent quantum photosynthetic yield measurements in...

Страница 10: ...light curves will be provided in 2011 without additional charge for those that buy the advanced version of the OS1p The advanced version also allows the user to select quenching protocols of interest...

Страница 11: ...etermine quenched Fo or Fod Modulated light source This is the light source that makes light adapted quantum photosynthetic yield measurements possible along with direct measurements of Fo and Fo or F...

Страница 12: ...used to calculate qN NPQ qP qL Y NPQ Y NO qE qT and qI Fo is minimal fluorescence after dark adaptation It is measured with a modulated light intensity too dim to drive photosynthesis and yet bright e...

Страница 13: ...t is a normalized ratio Y II or Yield Measuring Screen Yield or quantum photosynthetic yield of PSII Fm Fs Fm This test is also known as F Fm or Y II Yield of PSII is a fast light adapted test taken a...

Страница 14: ...equivalent to the micro mol Both terms have been used extensively in biology and radiation measurements mls is a micro mole also abbreviated mol or mol m 2 s 1 This a dimension that involves both tim...

Страница 15: ...tosynthetic photon flux density is the number of PAR photons incident on a surface in time and area dimensions per meter squared per second These terms are equivalent for PAR Clip leaf radiation measu...

Страница 16: ...ighting conditions Genty 1989 Maxwell K Johnson G N 2000 Rascher 2000 It is affected by closure of reaction centers and heat dissipation caused by non photochemical quenching Schreiber 2004 As ambient...

Страница 17: ...nthesis and Fm maximum fluorescence value measured during a saturation pulse and is taken to mean that all PSII reaction centers are closed In a high light environment this may not be true and the mul...

Страница 18: ...orrelate well with CO2 assimilation More advanced fluorometers provide built in illuminators for greater experimental control of light irradiation intensity This allows pre illumination with a control...

Страница 19: ...le turnovers of primary PSII receptor QA and the reduction of plasotoquinone to plastoquinol This raises Fms or Fm and can cause an overestimate of Yield by less than 10 Baker and Oxborough 2004 Schre...

Страница 20: ...the upper most layers of the leaf while gas exchange measurements measure lower layers as well Schreiber 2004 9 In CAM plants gas exchange measurements are not possible during daylight hours so Yield...

Страница 21: ...curves These measurements are usually determined when a plant reaches steady state photosynthesis however Klughammer states that Y NO is not limited to steady state measurement if his simplified equat...

Страница 22: ...lt in fluorometer light sources used as actinic sources for quenching measurements and light curves decline in intensity during these measurements This is due to the fact that heat from the internal l...

Страница 23: ...eters and a quenching relaxation protocol that works with either the Hendrickson lake model or the puddle model protocols The quenching relaxation protocol has been retained because it allows for the...

Страница 24: ...re listed below Kramer s equations Y II Fm Fs Fm or Fm Fm qL qP Fod Fs or qL qP Fo F Y NO 1 NPQ 1 qL Fm Fo 1 Y NPQ 1 Y II Y NO Hendrickson Klughammer and Schreiber s simplified equations Y II Fm Fs Fm...

Страница 25: ...dissipation David M Kramer Giles Johnson Olavi Kiirats Gerald E Edwards 2004 Klughammer and Schreiber 2008 A low Y NPQ at high light levels is an indication of sub optimal photoprotective mechanisms K...

Страница 26: ...on photochemical quenching It provides an estimate of quenching without knowledge of Fo or Fod The advantage of NPQ over qN depends on the specific application NPQ is more heavily affected by non phot...

Страница 27: ...relaxation method Some researchers in the past have also divided qN into qE qT and qI instead of NPQ Lichtenthaler 1999 The relaxation characteristics of field plants can vary with changing environmen...

Страница 28: ...lash This is a very intense short lasting flash of light that is designed to saturate PSII and close all available reaction centers For higher plants the optimal time duration for a saturation pulse h...

Страница 29: ...not enough time for full re oxidation 4 The fluorescence signal rises again due to the turning on of an actinic light source to drive photosynthesis The fluorescence signal competes for energy with p...

Страница 30: ...ons take between fifteen and twenty minutes to adjusts to a light level and therefore steady state photosynthesis takes between fifteen and twenty minutes Maxwell and Johnson 2000 Under photo inhibito...

Страница 31: ...k height is a result of the relaxation of non photochemical mechanism including photo protective mechanisms state transitions and eventually photoinhibition Lichtenthaler found that the relaxation of...

Страница 32: ...e is some overlap between photoprotective mechanisms and state transitions Lichtenthaler 1999 It is valuable to use a PAR Clip and a shroud to measure all quenching parameters This ensures that all me...

Страница 33: ...PQ would cause an error Rosenqvist and van Kooten 2006 state that a time of between one and two minutes is required for complete relaxation of saturation pulse NPQ When in doubt use two minutes If one...

Страница 34: ...testing With a saturation pulse duration of 0 1 seconds an algorithm that averages only the highest eight points over a 0 025 second time period saturation pulse NPQ will not reduce the optimal measur...

Страница 35: ...re oxidize the plastoquinone pool and the CaMn4OxCly cluster while longer periods deplete respiratory substrates through respiration in cyanobacteria and chlororespiration in higher plants and algae...

Страница 36: ...change In Aquatic Plants Gorbunov 2001 is a good source for corals and Consalvey 2004 is a good source for Algae For information regarding dark adaption for rapid light curves Rascher 2000 is a good...

Страница 37: ...for Relative ETR is ETR Yield or F Fm 0 84 0 50 PPFD or PAR In this equation Yield represents overall PSI and PSII yield It assumes an average leaf light absorbance to be 84 and the portion of light p...

Страница 38: ...st be transported for every CO2 molecule assimilated or O2 molecule evolved Absolute electron transport rate is measured by gas exchange measurements While linear and curve linear correlation with CO2...

Страница 39: ...nt of both yield and ETR Maxwell and Johnson 2000 found that it takes between 15 minutes and 20 minutes for plants to reach steady state For more information on this topic see Opti Sciences App note 0...

Страница 40: ...S P 1983 Chilling damage to photosynthesis in young Zea mays II Photochemical function of thylakoids in vivo Journal of Experimental Botany 34 189 197 Baker N R Oxborough K 2004 Chlorophyll fluoresce...

Страница 41: ...ignature of Photosynthesis edited by George Papaqeorgiou and Govindjee published by Springer 2004 PO Box 17 3300 AA Dordrecht The Netherlands page 627 628 Burke J 2007 Evaluation of Source Leaf Respon...

Страница 42: ...isms of two photochemical reactions in algae as studied by means of fluorescence In Studies on Microalgae and Photosynthetic Bacteria University of Tokyo Press Tokyo pp 353 372 Demming B Winter K 1988...

Страница 43: ...is and photoprotection in symbiotic corals Limnol Oceanogr 46 1 2001 75 85 Govindjee Baker N DE Sturler E Ort D Long S 2005 Chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics in leaves predicted from a mod...

Страница 44: ...nfrared Reflectances Remote Sensing of Environment 1989 Hunt E R 2008 references to Hunt 2008 reflect e mail consultation with Dr Hunt in 2008 Available on request Ikegami I 1976 Fluorescence changes...

Страница 45: ...l 110 903 912 Larcher W Neuner G 1989 Cold induced sudden reversible lowering of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence after saturating light pulses A sensitive marker for chilling susceptibility Plant Phy...

Страница 46: ...r N R 1985 Evaluation of a technique for the measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence from leaves exposed to continuous white light Plant Cell Environment 8 539 547 OHASHI Y NAKAYAMA N SANEOKA H FUJITA...

Страница 47: ...k level chlorophyll fluorescence yield Photosynth Res 25 199 211 Rosenqvist E van Kooten O 2006 Chlorophyll Fluorescence A General Description and Nomenclature From Chapter 2 Practical Applications of...

Страница 48: ...z Physikalische Zeitsschrift 20 183 1886 Simona Apostol 2006 Leaf Fluorescence as Diagnostic Tool for Monitoring Vegetation Leaf Fluorescence as Diagnostic Tool for Monitoring Vegetation Book series N...

Страница 49: ...ava A 2004 Analysis of Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Transient From Chapter 12 Chlorophyll a Fluorescence a Signature of Photosynthesis edited by George Papaqeorgiou and Govindjee published by Springer 2...

Страница 50: ...96 About the perpetual state changes in plants approaching harmony with their environment Archs Sci Gen ve 49 173 203 Tsimilli Michael M P cheux M and Strasser RJ 1998 Vitality and stress adaptation o...

Страница 51: ...s of Phenolic Plant Metabolites Blackwell Scientific Publications Oxford 1994 Weis E Lechtenberg D 1989 Fluorescence analysis during steady state photosynthesis Phil Trans R Soc Lond B 323 253 268 Yil...

Страница 52: ...chlorophyll fluorescence The system is simple to use light in weight and battery powered making it an excellent choice for field studies It represents culmination of several years of testing and devel...

Страница 53: ...to ten hours Full measurement control from on board computer system Graphic touch screen 1 Gbyte of non volatile flash memory Versatile software optimized for variations in testing procedures One mod...

Страница 54: ...lot used for MMC SD format data cards up to one GByte The port can bee used for data transfer to other computers or other OS5p fluorometers and it can be used for software updates USB port used for da...

Страница 55: ...ly turns on when the OS1p is turned off and the unit is plugged in If the light is flashing check the charger connection Make sure that it is properly inserted and the wall outlet is working If there...

Страница 56: ...longer than 690 nm The average intensity of this modulated light is adjustable from 0 to 1 mol m2 s It is adjusted to samples so that it does not drive photosynthesis in dark adapted tests The source...

Страница 57: ...ne in Excel using the measuring file ETR Yield X PAR X 0 94 X 0 5 for blue modulated light Saturation pulse light source is a short pulse of intense light designed to fully reduce a leaf s PSII system...

Страница 58: ...sfer from PSII to PSI and it allows the fast re oxidation of PSII The far red source may be used in the Fv Fm protocol to rapidly re oxidize PSII before measurement During the yield test when artifici...

Страница 59: ...due to loss of power Housing and Carrying Case The OS1p is housed in a durable wear resistant ABS plastic case This is the same material that is used in the manufacture of motorcycle helmets It also c...

Страница 60: ...re on the fiber connects to the jack labeled remote on the right side panel see figure 2 3 Right Panel Introduction to running tests As with any electronic measuring tool it is important to turn on th...

Страница 61: ...he speaker The autoOff button allows the instrument to turn off automatically when not in use The time is adjustable between zero minutes and twenty minutes by using the and buttons At the zero settin...

Страница 62: ...y to Test button Letters will appear in the Key Test Area Adjust the sensitivity and the repeat rate for personal preferences When done press back to Setup Touch Panel Calibrate Do not make this adjus...

Страница 63: ...uke Hendrickson simplified lake model quenching equations along with NPQ resurrected from the puddle model by Klughammer for the lake model Parameters include Y NPQ Y NO Y II and NPQ When used with a...

Страница 64: ...sample being tested to get reliable measurements Fv Fm dark adaption times can vary due to light history Times of twenty minutes to an hour are common Some scientists only work with pre dawn dark adap...

Страница 65: ...s Shorter times may be used to study the effects of plant protective mechanisms For more information see the section on Dark adaptation 2 Modulation light intensity setting Fv Fm is Fm Fo Fm Fo or min...

Страница 66: ...s of NPQ and to obtain a reliable Fv Fm measurement 9 Overlap of PSI fluorescence Part of the minimum fluorescence the Fo parameter in Fv Fm or Fm Fo Fm contains PSI fluorescence as well as PSII fluor...

Страница 67: ...ceed to use the existing file and change to use a different file A second box appears and asks if you want to add measurements or append the loaded file cancel and go back to the main menu or overt ov...

Страница 68: ...est Data Collection screen Fv Fm Measurement Pulse Screen ________________________________________ Fv Fm Test Setup Screen 1p Configuration Loader Screens Loading measuring parameter preset files High...

Страница 69: ...ulation intensity setting put a leaf of the type to be measured in a study in a dark clip and dark adapt Place the fiber optic probe all the way into the dark clip and expose the dark adapted area of...

Страница 70: ...h a dark clip Saturation intensity is approximately 6 200 umols when used with a PAR Clip Fv Fm Measurement Pulse Screen Setting saturation pulse duration and graphic screen display of the measuring t...

Страница 71: ...een displaying the full Fv Fm trace on a partial basis or displaying the full saturation pulse trace and the subsequent trailing fluorescence signal after the saturation pulse The default setting is t...

Страница 72: ...w feature included with the OS1p makes it possible to enter a note with any measurement or to require a note with every measurement To enter a note press the Log Setup button Next press Enter a Note A...

Страница 73: ...changed and a new file name is not given to this new set of parameters then the changes will be made to the existing preset file Follow the directions listed above to save measuring parameters in fil...

Страница 74: ...n high volume that want to change the file name for a second field or a sub set The measuring parameters stay the same as the existing file and the code allows easy and fast differentiation of differe...

Страница 75: ...protocol After a session is ended data and traces may still be viewed by going to the main menu selecting Data Management highlighting the file of interest with your finger and pressing view If a trac...

Страница 76: ...mits thereby saturating the pre detector the error message IR to High will be displayed Fluorescent signal too low appears if there is not enough signal getting to the detector This may be due to the...

Страница 77: ...lectron sinks For more information review the Plant Stress Guide provided at www optsci com In the Y II test mode it is assumed that the sample is being illuminated by an actinic light source to drive...

Страница 78: ...ues When the optional PAR Clip is not used this number sets the PAR reading It has a range from 0 to 2496 uE in steps of 1 uE 1 uml and it allows estimated ETR If the PAR Clip is used then the measure...

Страница 79: ...regardless of the light intensity Roseqvist van Kooten 2006 Longer durations create a form of saturation pulse NPQ that rounds the tail end of the pulse maximum value and reduces the average maximum...

Страница 80: ...small error This is not a problem for comparing similar samples because PSI fluorescence does not change with light intensity temperature or plant stress PAR is photosynthetically active radiation Rad...

Страница 81: ...ettings To make a measurement with the default setting programmed into the OS1p at the factory place the single end of the fiber optic bundle into either the open body clip or the PAR Clip The PAR Cli...

Страница 82: ...e Setup Screen Changes that are made to the Y II Collection Control screen the Y II Measurement Pulse Setup screen and the Y II Test Setup screen can all be saved in a single measuring file by pressin...

Страница 83: ...f the new option is selected and the test set up can be named and it is saved when Ent is pressed To load previously created tests press Load preset Press the test of interest After it is highlighted...

Страница 84: ...erent than a measuring file A Measuring file or Data file contains presets data and saved traces A preset file only contain parameter presets and no data To store the preset in a new measuring file lo...

Страница 85: ...re of the sample The optimum setting for Y II is not as critical as it is for Fv Fm and quenching measurements It must however be high enough to make a measurement and prevent the Fluorescence signal...

Страница 86: ...ated even at the highest intensity and Fm values are reduced If the Duration is too long on most chlorophyll fluorometers the saturation pulse peak becomes subject to a type of NPQ that rounds the tai...

Страница 87: ...fluorescence data after the saturation pulse The default setting is to display the partial trace for reasons of speed To view the trailing edge of the saturation pulse adds time to the measurement In...

Страница 88: ...88 One can also test for the proper saturation flash width by using the flash zoom and trying various saturation flash widths The diagram below explains how to evaluate the flash...

Страница 89: ...d ETR measurements when actinic light levels are high When used The Fm value displayed on the graphic screen represents Fm at infinity The R2 value is also displayed on the graphic screen Saturation p...

Страница 90: ...cence value Hugh Earl 2004 At high actinic light levels Fm the fluorescence value measured by a modulated chlorophyll fluorometer to determine saturation level is underestimated due to nonphotochemica...

Страница 91: ...e continued reduction of PSI and the re oxidation PSII Options are offered for off on and pre Off turns the far red light off during the test The Pre setting allows illumination of the sample with far...

Страница 92: ...nts 100 is approximately 1500 mols with a PAR Clip The actual intensity is recorded when the PAR Clip is used For correct Y II measurements the Dur duration should be set so that the leaf reaches stea...

Страница 93: ...endent PAR meter at the leaf plane and leaf angle When Default PAR is used all measurements of ETR appear using the setting selected When a PAR clip is connected to the OS1p the Default PAR setting is...

Страница 94: ...button Next press Enter a Note A touch keyboard will appear and one can enter up to a 38 characters note with each measurement To require the note screen to appear with each measurement press the Add...

Страница 95: ...ters stay the same as the existing file and the code allows easy tracking where appropriate Press the Kwik Name button and the Kwik name becomes the logging file name moving forward Current Sample Pre...

Страница 96: ...will stay intact if one goes to different screens within the Y II protocol If one turns off the instrument changes the file name or goes to a different protocol then the session is ended After a sess...

Страница 97: ...s for the screen shown It also allows one to capture the existing screen image in memory for later retrieval on a PC Basic definitions of Parameters may be viewed by touching the window shown below in...

Страница 98: ...e the default settings in the ETR equation are considered to be average plant values for relative comparison of measurements e capture is the ratio of PSII reaction centers to PSI reaction centers and...

Страница 99: ...eiber 2004 Note Four electrons must be transported for every CO2 molecule assimilated or O2 molecule evolved It has been found that Rapid Light Curves are a better solution in a variable light environ...

Страница 100: ...are very few reference papers available that use the Kramer lake model at this time however NPQ is well understood by most and there is a wealth of reference literature available for the many uses of...

Страница 101: ...with a similar light history It is common for researchers to choose dark adaptation times anywhere from overnight using pre dawn values to twenty four hours Shorter times are not normally used to stud...

Страница 102: ...t to measure leaf irradiation or light level at the leaf and leaf temperature Comparing Y II values taken at different light levels and different temperature levels introduces a significant error unle...

Страница 103: ...ion pulse NPQ If saturation pulses are not separated by this distance range then an error caused by this type of saturation pulse NPQ will result It will accumulate with each saturation pulse When in...

Страница 104: ...values 17 Far red illumination Ambient actinic sunlight contains far red light to activate PSI The internal LED actinic light filters out far red light To approximate sun light the far red light shou...

Страница 105: ...that have been set The other option is to create a new file Quenching Measuring Screen small screen second small screen Press Proceed to use the existing file and Change to use a different file A seco...

Страница 106: ...or quenching Measuring Screen Set up screen 1 Set up screen 2 Set up screen 3 Stored test preset file screen Preset values are selected by touch Log set up screen Arrow appear when there are more pres...

Страница 107: ...ation touch the upper right graphic display window of the quenching measuring window and then touch the Flash Width button It is best to use the Y II protocol or the Fv Fm protocol to test the correct...

Страница 108: ...108 Setting saturation pulse width...

Страница 109: ...of 120 seconds allows twenty minutes at a set light level before the quenching measurement is made For extra safety changing the flash count to 15 may improve results The LED actinic light source outp...

Страница 110: ...ght levels leaves resist the complete closure of all PSII reaction centers that is normally expected when using a saturation pulse Even with a 6 400 mol saturation pulse some reaction centers remain o...

Страница 111: ...ht is set correctly if it is high enough to get a reading when the measuring button is pressed but not too high so that it is driving photosynthesis The setting is linear The Gain should be as low as...

Страница 112: ...e at much lower levels than sun leaves Set up screen 3 Using Default PAR This allows one to enter a PAR light level into measuring files when PAR is measured with a separate instrument and if the PAR...

Страница 113: ...ion centers can be found in Chapter one Baker 2008 recommends using a integrating sphere to measure leaf absorption values for more exacting requirements For a more in depth discussion on this topic s...

Страница 114: ...race has 12 000 data points With this in mind one may have to limit the number of traces per file because spread sheets usually have a limited number of rows This can also vary with the version of spr...

Страница 115: ...urns off the instrument changes the file name or goes to a different protocol then the session is ended After a session is ended data and traces may still be viewed by going to the main menu selecting...

Страница 116: ...uring screen Change the logging file name The preset and all measurements will be logged to the new file name and all data traces and the presets can be used for measurement or transferred to a comput...

Страница 117: ...e intensity of the modulated source being too low or the gain control set too low FL 3600 pos det pin out appears if the combination of the modulated light intensity and modulated light gain are set t...

Страница 118: ...ns however the need to study and measure the reaction of plants under changing ambient conditions and the need to study light saturation characteristics has driven research into methods such as rapid...

Страница 119: ...X axis It is common for the first measurement to be made in the dark and the second step at a low PAR level It is also common for successive steps to be measured at higher light levels with the last...

Страница 120: ...line at low PAR values created by relating ETR to PAR It provides a measure of quantum efficiency Schreiber 2004 ETRmax is a measure of a leaf s photosynthetic capacity or maximum electron transport r...

Страница 121: ...onds works for the samples he has measured Ralph also shows that all RLC cardinal points including ETRmax change substantially with different actinic step times Since RLC vary significantly at differe...

Страница 122: ...ith no actinic light to drive photosynthesis This allows for rapid reoxidation of QA without significant relaxation of non photochemical quenching Ralph also recommends the 5 10 second dark adaptation...

Страница 123: ...clusion Even with these limitations the literature supports that Rapid Light Curves offer a tool to investigate the saturation characteristics of plants One must be careful in drawing additional concl...

Страница 124: ...gher the light level the lower the Y II value When measuring Y II in the field it is extremely important to measure leaf irradiation or light level at the leaf and leaf temperature Comparing Y II valu...

Страница 125: ...with almost all higher plants 11 Saturation pulse intensity Set it to 100 it will not damage the plant 12 PSI fluorescence Part of the fluorescence signal contains PSI fluorescence as well as PSII flu...

Страница 126: ...nt will open up and a small screen will appear within the larger screen It will show the file name and ask if the if one wants to Proceed to measuring with this file and the parameters that have been...

Страница 127: ...e leaves it is not recommended that you use default settings for RLC measurements Drill down menu for RLC Press windows to go to other screens Test Menu RLC Measuring Screen Test Setup Screen Log Set...

Страница 128: ...rom this screen when complete Follow the directions listed above to save measuring files To up load previously created parameter sets and measuring files follow the directions listed below RLC Measuri...

Страница 129: ...Use the up and down arrows to scroll through the tests if there are more than are shown on the screen Exit if done or Exit if there is no action Copy presets parameters into a new measuring file Inse...

Страница 130: ...ance from the sample and the nature of the sample The optimum setting for RLC is not as critical as it is for Fv Fm and quenching measurements if momentary dark adaptation is used as in Ralph 2005 but...

Страница 131: ...is too high will give an incorrect reading of Fo a value that should be a pre photosynthetic measurement The setting is linear The Gain should be as low as possible for the best signal to noise ratio...

Страница 132: ...lue is 0 8 seconds and works well for most higher plants tested If the duration is not long enough then PSII will not be fully saturated at any light intensity and Fm values are reduced On most modula...

Страница 133: ...test Intensity is again adjustable between 5 and 100 with 5 increments The duration setting is used with the pre setting to allow pre illumination with far red light from one second to sixty seconds...

Страница 134: ...ng is off for this feature By using the or button the feature can be turned on The Step Actinic Intensity can be set between from 0 to 100 in 1 increments 100 is approximately 1 500 mols with a PAR Cl...

Страница 135: ...e Next press each step button that will be used in the RLC and enter a measured Step Default PAR Value When the Step Default PAR Value is pressed a key board screen will appear Default PAR can be set...

Страница 136: ...nd ETR measurements when actinic light levels are high When used The Fm value displayed on the graphic screen represents Fm at infinity The R2 value is also displayed on the graphic screen Saturation...

Страница 137: ...scence value Hugh Earl 2004 At high actinic light levels Fm the fluorescence value measured by a modulated chlorophyll fluorometer to determine saturation level is underestimated due to nonphotochemic...

Страница 138: ...the second window down from the top on the left had side of the RLC measuring screen RLC Measuring Screen Under Fm Measure select Step Int Lin Regr For using the standard single saturation pulse meth...

Страница 139: ...02 The ratio of PSII reaction centers to PSI reaction centers change with plant species and type The number of PSII reaction centers tends to be lower in C4 plants than in C3 plants Laisk and Loreto 1...

Страница 140: ...es U Schreiber 2004 Note Four electrons must be transported for every CO2 molecule assimilated or O2 molecule evolved It has been found that Rapid Light Curves are a better solution in a variable ligh...

Страница 141: ...epresents the year 10 the month 11 the date 29 and the hour 15 24 hour clock This is especially valuable for people making measurements in high volume that want to change the file name for a second fi...

Страница 142: ...rotocol If one turns off the instrument changes the file name or goes to a different protocol then the session is ended After a session is ended data and traces may still be viewed by going to the mai...

Страница 143: ...10 5 or less the warning message Battery Low will appear and a long beep will be sounded If the amount of in band IR radiation is above set limits thereby saturating the pre detector the error message...

Страница 144: ...Main Menu and press the Data Mgmt image Main Menu A Screen will appear that says USB Remote PC Access Mode V1 0 The OS1p is now connected to your host PC Ready to transfer data or update files Use the...

Страница 145: ...these conditions the fluorometer becomes a removable drive for the PC The PC screen is now used to transfer files not the OS1p With many versions of the Windows operating system a small window appear...

Страница 146: ...or change the system file or the system file name Files that end in DAT are data measuring files Files the end in FVM YLD KIN or some other suffix are measuring recipes If the file will not open in E...

Страница 147: ...er and click on My Computer The image should look something like the one shown below The OS1p drive may be listed as OS1P and the appropriate new drive letter designation Below the drive is listed as...

Страница 148: ...148 Microsoft Windows Screen on a PC Microsoft Windows Screen on a PC Select Excel...

Страница 149: ...ong as the file has been completely transferred Do not disconnect the cable until file transfer is complete Microsoft Windows Screen on a PC When done there is usually a double beep sound from the OS1...

Страница 150: ...even when power is lost KB indicates the amount of memory space that is used The date and time of file creation are also displayed SD Card provides the same information from an inserted 1Gbyte data ca...

Страница 151: ...t Remove the card If one does not have an MMC SD data card port on their computer take the MMC SD adapter provided with the OS1p and insert it into a USB port while the computer is on The data card sh...

Страница 152: ...shown below the computer mouse Select the Open folder to view files option After clicking on Open folder to view files the following window will appear Microsoft Windows Screen on a PC From this wind...

Страница 153: ...e should look something like the one shown below The OS1p drive may be listed as OS1P and the appropriate new drive letter designation Below the drive is listed as G but it may be any letter In some c...

Страница 154: ...t remove the data card until file transfer is complete Erase allows the erasure of files in the flash memory or on the inserted SD data card Select HDD to erase a file from the internal flash memory o...

Страница 155: ...to the Main Menu screen and press Data Mgmt Main Menu The following data management screen will appear Touch the file that you want to view and it will become highlighted as shown below Then press Vi...

Страница 156: ...ile If you are lower as shown on the left had screen the asterisk is lower File viewer with quenching graph To display quenching graphs use the Page arrow buttons and the Line arrow buttons to highlig...

Страница 157: ...are updates may be available for improvement of existing functionality or to increase instrument functionality To update software versions contact Opti Sciences Inc 603 883 4400 www optisci com or sup...

Страница 158: ...ll down view of diagnostic screens Main diagnostic Screen Battery and Power test screen Test screen for Test screen for PAR Clip Test Screen for memory fluorometer function details Software Version No...

Страница 159: ...es do not require calibration The Nickel Metal Hydride battery that is supplied with the OS1p is a very reliable type of battery It exhibits no memory effects whatsoever It is recommended that when th...

Страница 160: ...not connect anything other than the provided charger to the charger jack or you may damage the OS1p As the battery ages it will lose its ability to hold a charge When this gets to four hours send the...

Страница 161: ...sources especially the saturation source require a large amount of power to operate properly Current models are supplied with a Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries The charge life of the NMH battery is ei...

Страница 162: ...oose Charger is defective Dead battery Check connections Replace charger Contact factory Remote trigger does not initiate a test Remote trigger wire is not plugged in correctly OS5p is not in proper t...

Страница 163: ...that has been corrected in the latest version of software occasionally causes this problem Contact Opti Sciences Inc to reload the latest version of software Fluorescence signal is noisy Battery is in...

Страница 164: ...t is not fully charged If the light is flashing check the charger connection Nothing is required Nothing is required Turn on the OS1p and go to diagnostics Check battery capacity for the battery charg...

Страница 165: ...the PAR Clip is ETR Y II x PAR x 0 84 x 0 50 This equation uses average plant values for relative comparison between samples of the same species For more exacting ETR values the leaf absorption and th...

Страница 166: ...it is designed to record the actinic value just before the saturation pulse to the measuring file When using the PAR Clip internal actinic light intensities are slightly more that half of the intensit...

Страница 167: ...nt PAR clips have also been used for fixed level illumination studies and predetermined variable illumination studies as well In such cases quenching studies quenching relaxation studies and plant per...

Страница 168: ...s equations Y II Fm Fs Fm qL qP Fod Fs or qL qP Fo F Y NO 1 NPQ 1 qL Fm Fo 1 Y NPQ 1 Y II Y NO Optional Available in 2011 Puddle model parameters qP Fms Fs Fms Fo or qP Fm F Fm Fo Above 0 4 Fo or Fod...

Страница 169: ...e source Adjustable 0 1500 E Far red 735 nm LED with far red cut off filter Fod or Fo determination and for re oxidizing PSII before Fv Fm measurements Intensity and duration adjustable Detector and F...

Страница 170: ...ydride battery or AC current Battery Life 8 to 12 hours of continuous operation Dimensions 7 75 in x 6 in x 4 5 in in carrying bag 7 25 in x 5 38 in x 3 25 in without bag Weight 3 0 lbs including fibe...

Страница 171: ...umber is a user set able option When joint saving of trace and data is desired press the Save Trc trace button on the measuring screen of each protocol that is being used This will save the trace from...

Страница 172: ...ted in a ASCII format that is comma delimited with a character 13 CR code at the end of each line This type of data output format while bulkier than binary coding is compatible with most data analysis...

Страница 173: ...173 Y II data file format...

Страница 174: ...174 Quenching data file format Hendrickson Klughammer equations...

Страница 175: ...175 RCL Rapid Light Curve data format...

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