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December 2019

LDC-3706 Series Laser Controller

Constant Temperature Mode Operation

1. Plug the LDC-3706 Instrument into an appropriate AC power source supplying the correct

mains voltage and frequency for the instrument (refer to the rear panel for the correct ratings)

2. Turn on the LDC-3706; the TEC output will be disabled at power up and the unit will

automatically configure its parameters to the state which existed when the power was last
shut off

3. Press

the

SELECT

soft button in the TEC MODE section of the front panel until the TEMP

LED is selected

4. Press

the

TEC

soft button in the PARAMETER section of the front panel to adjust the

applicable limits, sensor type, sensor calibration constants, and external fan control

5. Adjust the temperature setpoint by enabling the ADJUST KNOB for TEC parameter

adjustment by pressing the

TEC

button in the ADJUST section of the front panel (upper

right). Use the ADJUST KNOB to change the setpoint temperature to the desired value by
rotating clockwise to increase the parameter and counter-clockwise to decrease. The new
parameter is now stored in non-volatile memory

6. The user can display measured voltage, current, or sensor value or the temperature setpoint

on the TEC side display (LEFT) and cycle through the available display parameters by
pressing the

LEFT

(left) and

RIGHT

(left) display buttons

7. Enable the TEC output of the LDC-3706 by pressing the

soft button (left) in the TEC

MODE section of the front panel. This button has a toggling action so pressing this button
once more will disable the TEC output.

Содержание LDC-3706 Series

Страница 1: ...rt com Newport Corporation 31950 Frontage Road Bozeman MT USA PHONE 1 800 459 9459 1 406 556 2481 FAX 1 406 586 9405 EMAIL sales ilxlightwave com Newport Corporation Irvine and Santa Clara California...

Страница 2: ......

Страница 3: ...s ix Chapter 1 Introduction and Specifications 1 Safety Considerations 1 Initial Inspection 1 Shipping Kit 1 Product Overview 2 Options and Accessories 5 LDC 3706 Specifications 6 Chapter 2 General Op...

Страница 4: ...nt Panel 31 General Guidelines for Sensor Selection and Safety Limits 31 Sensor Options 31 Safety Limits 35 Constant Temperature Mode Operation 36 Constant Sensor Mode Operation 37 Constant Current Mo...

Страница 5: ...ommended Equipment 97 Environmental Conditions 97 Warm up 98 Calibration Adjustments 98 Thermistor Calibration 98 IC I AD590 or equivalent Sensor Calibration 99 IC V LM335 or Equivalent Sensor Calibra...

Страница 6: ...l 4 Figure 2 1 Laser Diode Connection Configurations 17 Figure 2 2 Front Panel Display 19 Figure 2 3a The Setpoint Current 25 Figure 2 3b The Measured Current 25 Figure 2 4 Example Thermistor Resistan...

Страница 7: ...arning indicates a potentially dangerous situation which can result in serious injury or death General Safety Considerations If any of the following conditions exist or are even suspected do not use t...

Страница 8: ...LX Lightwave products Indoor use only Ordinary Protection This product is NOT protected against the harmful ingress of moisture IEC Class I Equipment grounded type Mains supply voltage fluctuations ar...

Страница 9: ...tion warrants this instrument to be free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year from date of shipment During the warranty period ILX will repair or replace the unit at our o...

Страница 10: ...tape or metal bands Send the instrument transportation pre paid to ILX Lightwave Clearly write the return merchandise authorization number on the outside of the box and on the shipping paperwork ILX...

Страница 11: ...please have the following information Model Number Serial Number End user Name Company Phone Fax Description of what is connected to the ILX Lightwave instrument Description of the problem If ILX Ligh...

Страница 12: ...December 2019 x LDC 3706 Series Laser Controller...

Страница 13: ...ice Do not use the LDC 3706 instrument until trained service personnel can verify safe operation Visible damage Severe transport stress Prolonged storage under adverse conditions Failure to perform in...

Страница 14: ...e laser protection features The built in temperature controller can work with a wide range of temperature sensors and thermoelectric modules to deliver precise laser temperature control over a wide ra...

Страница 15: ...December 2019 3 LDC 3706 Series Laser Controller Figure 1 3 LDC 3736 Front Panel Figure 1 4 LDC 3736 Rear Panel...

Страница 16: ...December 2019 4 LDC 3706 Series Laser Controller Figure 1 5 LDC 37620 Front Panel Figure 1 6 LDC 37620 Rear Panel...

Страница 17: ...oller Cable Fan Wires 10 Amp DB25 to Unterminated CC 594H TEC Controller to Laser Mount Cable 5 Amp DB25 to DB9 CC 595S TEC Controller to Laser Mount Interconnect 10 Amp DB25 to 7W2 CC 596H Temperatur...

Страница 18: ...December 2019 6 LDC 3706 Series Laser Controller LDC 3706 Specifications...

Страница 19: ...December 2019 7 LDC 3706 Series Laser Controller...

Страница 20: ...December 2019 8 LDC 3706 Series Laser Controller...

Страница 21: ...December 2019 9 LDC 3706 Series Laser Controller...

Страница 22: ...December 2019 10 LDC 3706 Series Laser Controller...

Страница 23: ...cable must be plugged into an approved three contact electrical outlet or used with a three contact to two contact adaptor with the grounding wire connected to an electrical ground safety ground ILX...

Страница 24: ...gment displays indicate 8 Left display shows the model number the serial number and the firmware version of the controller The displays show the calibration dates for the instrument During the front p...

Страница 25: ...ted to less than 6 USB Communication The USB connector is located on the back rear panel next to the GPIB connector This USB connector is the square B style connector A standard USB A B cable is requi...

Страница 26: ...nnector in order for the laser output to be enabled The short can be a direct short across the pins or a switch to prevent laser operation until the switch is closed If a short does not exist between...

Страница 27: ...Module 13 N C 14 Sensor 14 Fan 15 Sensor 15 Fan 16 Fan Pins 14 and 15 are Fan and Fan respectively for only CC501S 17 Cable ID 1 18 Cable ID 2 19 N C 20 N C 21 TE Module 22 TE Module 23 N C 24 TE Modu...

Страница 28: ...utput current without using the GPIB or USB remote interfaces Analog Temperature Control Input An isolated BNC connector is located on the rear panel of the LDC 3706 that provides the capability to ad...

Страница 29: ...ered on ILX also recommends that the connections to the LDC 3706 output be made using twisted pairs with an earth grounded shield See Figure 2 1 below The output terminals of the instrument are left f...

Страница 30: ...laser connections of the LDC 3706 Laser Controller are electrically isolated from ground and each other So if a 4 pin connection is made no common connections no additional jumpers are required Figur...

Страница 31: ...n Off The POWER button toggles between power on and standby power off Adjust Knob and Enable Button The ADJUST knob and enable buttons TEC and LAS located below the ADJUST knob is located on the upper...

Страница 32: ...igh Low Limits Depending on the sensor selected the user can configure high and low limits for resistance current or voltage Sensor The Sensor parameter allows the user to select the type of sensor fo...

Страница 33: ...e display SET left in the AUTO TUNE mode starts the auto tune procedure MODE Button Cycles through PRESET MANUAL and AUTO TUNE modes The selected mode is indicated by an illuminated LED The output wil...

Страница 34: ...will calculate a thermal system s PID coefficients through an iterative PID temperature control process To enter the auto tune mode first press MODE until the AUTO LED is illuminated and then SELECT t...

Страница 35: ...6 has exceeded the user defined temperature limits CURRENT LIMIT Left Illuminated if the LDC 3706 temperature controller has reached the user defined current limit Laser Current Source Setup LASER But...

Страница 36: ...output and reading laser diode voltage readings and the monitor diode current reading See chapter 5 for more details STORE Button Stores instrument parameters for control mode setpoints limits sensor...

Страница 37: ...ut The dot matrix display at the bottom of the screen cycles through available measurements and the mode setpoint The available measurement and setpoint parameters are listed under General Operation P...

Страница 38: ...ther or loaded with less than 0 1 Doing so may result in damage to the instrument Temperature control must be enabled prior to the laser output to protect against thermal runaway of the laser device I...

Страница 39: ...LASER MODE soft button until the CURRENT LED is illuminated 5 Select the maximum output current range for the laser by pressing the RANGE soft button under LASER RANGE For best performance select the...

Страница 40: ...tage bias and LD TEC error link Also make sure to adjust to either LOW or HIGH bandwidth mode based on the maximum required modulation frequency The maximum frequency bandwidth for each range can be f...

Страница 41: ...select the lowest range that allows the laser to be run at the maximum desired output current 6 Press LASER under PARAMETER to adjust the laser current limit voltage limit power limit calibration PD...

Страница 42: ...ht measurement can be triggered for each step in laser current The trigger output is always enabled NOTE The minimum time required for setpoint to be reached varies based on the type of setpoint chang...

Страница 43: ...near resistance versus temperature characteristics of typical thermistors Calibrating a thermistor consists of measuring its resistance at various temperatures and fitting this measured data to the St...

Страница 44: ...possible The importance of maximizing voltage variation is shown in Figure 2 4 which shows resistance as a function of temperature for a thermistor The values shown were selected for simplicity in thi...

Страница 45: ...imit of 600 A which is approximately 325 C For IC Current sensors used with the LDC 3706 the 4 wire sensor measurements pins 7 and 8 should not be connected The use of the 4 wire sensor will cause ina...

Страница 46: ...usen equation as shown below 1 100 For T 0 C 1 For T 0 C where 0 The IEC 60751 Callendar Van Dusen constants are listed below and are used as default values in the LDC 3706 Laser Diode Controller 3 90...

Страница 47: ...ication it eventually becomes heat saturated wherein the heatsink can no longer dissipate the heat being generated When the heatsink becomes saturated the TEC current increases in an attempt to cool t...

Страница 48: ...sor calibration constants and external fan control 5 Adjust the temperature setpoint by enabling the ADJUST KNOB for TEC parameter adjustment by pressing the TEC button in the ADJUST section of the fr...

Страница 49: ...rol Use the SET button to select the parameter to adjust and then use the ADJUST KNOB to change the parameter to the desired value Clockwise rotation will increase the parameter and counter clockwise...

Страница 50: ...button to select the parameter to adjust and then use the ADJUST KNOB to change the parameter to the desired value Clockwise rotation will increase the parameter and counter clockwise rotation will de...

Страница 51: ...ease the parameter and counter clockwise rotation will decrease the parameter Allow the parameter adjustment to time out three seconds or press the SET button to save the new parameter in non volatile...

Страница 52: ...December 2019 40 LDC 3706 Series Laser Controller...

Страница 53: ...front panel until the GPIB Address is displayed on one of the dot matrix displays The instrument comes from the factory configured with the GPIB address set to 1 The LDC 3706 instrument s GPIB address...

Страница 54: ...is a computer it may also designate itself as a listener when it needs to collect data from designated talkers If there is more than one controller only one can be the Controller in Charge CIC Contro...

Страница 55: ...ates whether a device can receive the next byte of data or message NDAC not data accepted indicates whether a receiving device has accepted a byte of data or message DAV data valid indicates that the...

Страница 56: ...tive network The design of the connectors the process of enumeration the host software and the device firmware allows devices to be described as Plug and Play When the USB device is enumerated and get...

Страница 57: ...nication protocols Command Syntax This section describes command syntax and structure This information must be understood in order to effectively write GPIB control programs The syntax of GPIB command...

Страница 58: ...overflow the data I O buffer Terminators A program message terminator identifies the end of a command string These are the valid termination sequences END GPIB EOI NL END Many computers terminate GPIB...

Страница 59: ...d by any of the following ASCII strings Table 3 4 Parameters NR1 Integer 20 20 NR2 Floating Point 20 0 20 0 NR3 Scientific Notation 2 0E 1 2 0e 1 2 0E 1 2 0e 1 For more information on these definition...

Страница 60: ...white space Do not use white space before the question mark in a query command More than one command may be in the same command string if the commands are separated with semicolons GPIB uses a flexibl...

Страница 61: ...gins each mnemonic The diagrams below show the syntax structure for common commands common command queries and common commands with numeric data required Figure 3 3 Common Command Diagrams Numeric dat...

Страница 62: ...LDC 3706 See EVEnt and CONDition commands for details for LASer and TEC condition and event registers Figure 3 4 Status Reporting Scheme Command Timing This section describes for each device dependent...

Страница 63: ...until the no operation flag is true This is essentially the same as waiting for the OPC flag to become true because the no operations pending flag is used to set the OPC flag bit 0 of the Standard Ev...

Страница 64: ...December 2019 52 LDC 3706 Series Laser Controller...

Страница 65: ...mmary This section contains all of the commands for the LDC 3706 listed in alphabetical order Table 4 1 contains a list and a description of each IEEE 488 1 common command Table 4 2 contains the instr...

Страница 66: ...entification string OPC Generates the Operation Complete message in the Standard Event Status Register OPC Places an ASCII character 1 into the Output Queue RCL integer Used to recall a stored setup c...

Страница 67: ...rt offset R CVD R0 for the Callender Van Dusen RTD equation TEC CALCulate TRANsform TEMPerature ICI OFFSet nrf Set offset term for ICI current to temperature equation TEC CALCulate TRANsform TEMPeratu...

Страница 68: ...rent calibration procedure LAS TEC CALibrate DATE nrf nrf nrf Update calibration date of instrument LAS TEC Parameters are month date year LAS TEC CALibrate DATE Report calibration date of instrument...

Страница 69: ...LAS TEC ENABle EVEnt nrf Set value of selected instrument s Event Enable register LAS TEC ENABle EVEnt Report value of selected instrument s Event Enable register LAS TEC FORMat SREGister string Set...

Страница 70: ...en processing an LIV DATA query LAS LIV READCOUNT Report number of data points to read out when processing an LIV DATA query LAS LIV DATA nrf Report LIV data LAS LIV TEMPerature INFO Reports temperatu...

Страница 71: ...t Report current setpoint for IC sensor TEC SENSor ICI LIMit LOW nrf Set low current limit for IC sensor TEC SENSor ICI LIMit LOW Report low current limit for IC sensor TEC SENSor ICI LIMit HIGH nrf S...

Страница 72: ...Report the photodiode power limit setpoint LAS SOURce 1 POWer LEVel IMMediate nrf Set the laser diode power setpoint LAS SOURce 1 POWer LEVel IMMediate Report the laser diode power setpoint LAS SOURce...

Страница 73: ...for the TEC controller PID control loop TEC SOURce 1 TEMPerature LCONstants GAIN nrf Set the P term for the TEC controller PID control loop TEC SOURce 1 TEMPerature LCONstants GAIN Report the P term f...

Страница 74: ...ors on the system on or off N A SYSTem BEEPer ENABLe Reports the on off state for audio indicators N A SYST ERRor ALL Report all errors in error queue N A SYSTem ERRor CODE ALL Report all error codes...

Страница 75: ...sponding bit in the standard event status enable register bit 5 will be enabled in the status byte register See ESR for a description of each bit in the status register along with a diagram of the rep...

Страница 76: ...was available Bit 3 Device Specific Error is an error has occurred that is neither a command query or execution error Bit 4 Execution Error means a parameter was evaluated to be outside the legal inpu...

Страница 77: ...a sequential command that holds off all subsequent commands until the 1 is returned Make sure to set the timeouts appropriately when using this command when long delays are expected Examples OPC A res...

Страница 78: ...ion A bit value of zero indicates a disabled condition Bit 6 will be ignored Setting the service request enable register allows the programmer to select which summary messages in the status byte regis...

Страница 79: ...I Wait to Continue Description Prevents the instrument from executing any further commands until all pending operations are complete Notes This command can be used to make the instrument wait until an...

Страница 80: ...lue 3 908 Example CALC TRAN TEMP CVD A 3 908 Sets CVD A to 3 908 10 3 C 1 CALCulate TRANsform TEMPerature CVDusen B nrf TEC CALCulate TRANsform TEMPerature CVDusen B Description Sets Reports coefficie...

Страница 81: ...FFS 0 Sets the ICI sensor offset to 0 C CALCulate TRANsform TEMPerature ICI GAIN nrf TEC CALCulate TRANsform TEMPerature ICI GAIN Description Sets Reports slope compensation for a temperature to curre...

Страница 82: ...ultiplied by 10 4 Notes The Steinhart Hart equation 1 2 ln R C3 ln R Where is the resistance at temperature Reset Value 2 347 Example CALC TRAN TEMP SHH B 2 347 Sets C2 to 2 347 x 10 4 CALCulate TRANs...

Страница 83: ...r the TEC current output calibration procedure if the TEC controller mode is selected see the INSTrument SELect command Parameters DATA a number representing the actual current in Amps Example CAL CUR...

Страница 84: ...1000UA DATA nrf TEC Description Send data point for the 1 mA RTD resistance calibration procedure Parameters DATA a number representing the actual resistance in Ohms Example CAL RTD1000UA DATA 1000 Se...

Страница 85: ...int for the laser voltage calibration procedure if the laser diode mode is selected or for the TEC voltage calibration procedure if the TEC controller mode is selected see the INSTrument SELect comman...

Страница 86: ...ntroller CONDition LAS TEC Description Reports the selected instrument s Condition status register See chapter 3 Status Reporting Example COND A response of 1025 bits 10 and 0 set indicates the output...

Страница 87: ...oded value to set in the register Example ENAB COND 16 Only bit 4 is set when an interlock error occurs the Laser Condition Summary bit will be set in the Status Byte EVEnt LAS TEC Description Reports...

Страница 88: ...hexadecimal OCTal 2 octal BINary 3 binary Reset Value ASCii Example FORMat SREGister OCT Changes the output format to Octal INPut BIAS VOLTage nrf LAS INPut BIAS VOLTage Description Sets Reports phot...

Страница 89: ...STABLELDI nrf LAS LIV STABLELDI Description Sets Reports laser diode current to be stable at before starting LIV Parameters Setpoint in Amps LDC 3726 0 0 5 LDC 3736 0 4 LDC 37620 0 20 Reset Value 0 0...

Страница 90: ...ription Reports the number of points in an LIV measurement LIV BEGIN LAS Description Starts the LIV sampling process LIV INPROGRESS LAS Description Reports if LIV measurements are in progress Notes Re...

Страница 91: ...s MEASure SCALar CURRent 1 LAS TEC Description Reports the laser diode output current in Amps in laser driver mode or the TEC controller output current in Amps in TEC controller mode MEASure SCALar CU...

Страница 92: ...for off 1 for on Reset Value 0 Example OUTP 0 Turns off the external fan PID AUTOtune TEC PID AUTOtune Description Sets reports the status of PID Auto tuning Parameter run or stop Example PID AUTO run...

Страница 93: ...xample SENS ICI SET 300 Sets the setpoint for the IC sensor to 300 A SENSor ICI LIMit LOW nrf TEC SENSor ICI LIMit LOW Description Sets Reports current lower limit for the IC sensor Parameters 0 600 R...

Страница 94: ...cription Sets reports enabled state of laser driver analog modulation Parameters 0 or 1 0 for off 1 for on Reset Value 0 Example SOUR AM 1 Sets analog modulation on SOURce 1 CURRent LIMit HIGH nrf TEC...

Страница 95: ...Parameters Range must be an accepted value for the instrument Range LDC 3726 LDC 3736 LDC 37620 Low 0 100 1 00 10 0 Med 0 200 2 00 20 0 High 0 500 4 00 N A Reset Value LDC 3726 0 100 LDC 3736 1 00 LDC...

Страница 96: ...LIM 0 001 Sets the photodiode power limit to 1mW SOURce 1 POWer LEVel IMMediate nrf LAS SOURce 1 POWer LEVel IMMediate Description Sets reports laser driver photodiode power setpoint Parameters Power...

Страница 97: ...Sets reports TE sensor resistance high limit Parameters 0 00 500000 Limit in Reset Value 40000 40k Example SOUR RES PROT LOW 100000 Sets the resistance high limit to 100k SOURce 1 RESistance SPOint nr...

Страница 98: ...Perature LCONstants INTegral Description Sets reports integral term for TEC controller PID loop in temperature mode See Chapter 2 for a summary of PID control Parameters 0 000000 10 000000 Integral va...

Страница 99: ...t of Tolerance bit will be set in the condition register The bit will also be set if the measured temperature is less than this amount below the setpoint Parameters 0 200 The tolerance value in C Rese...

Страница 100: ...unit Parameters 0 or 1 0 for off 1 for on Reset Value 1 Example SYST BEEP ENABL 1 Turns on the audio indicator SYSTem ERRor ALL N A Description Empties the queue SYSTem ERRor CODE ALL N A Description...

Страница 101: ...December 2019 89 LDC 3706 Series Laser Controller...

Страница 102: ...ormance to published specifications ILX factory calibrations employ NIST traceable measurement instrumentation and our calibration engineers and technicians use automated test equipment to accurately...

Страница 103: ...es Contact customer support at ILX Lightwave The instrument reads Internal Communication Error Error code 516 is the internal communication error indication that the LDC 3706 instrument is not functio...

Страница 104: ...are is sending commands to the correct GPIB address and using the correct terminating character Check that no two devices are set to the same GPIB address Make sure that there are less than 15 devices...

Страница 105: ...T indicator the indicator must be lit for any LASER adjustments to be made Check the I LIMIT parameter for the output range in use and that it is set above 0 mA Power Mode operation has high output cu...

Страница 106: ...appropriate coefficients have been set for the sensor Refer to the Sensor Options section under General Operating Procedures in Chapter 2 Check that the P I and D constants are optimized for the ther...

Страница 107: ...Specific Error 499 400 Query Error 400 499 TEC Control Errors 500 599 Laser Control Errors Note Error codes not listed are reserved for future design use Table 5 2 Error Messages Error Code Explanati...

Страница 108: ...erflow has occurred 360 General communications error 410 Query interrupted 420 Query unterminated 430 Query deadlock 402 Temperature sensor open error 403 TEC open circuit error 407 TEC temperature li...

Страница 109: ...ng the LDC 3706 instrument is listed in Table 5 1 Equipment other than that shown in the table may be used if the specifications meet or exceed those listed Table 5 1 Recommended calibration equipment...

Страница 110: ...C2 and C3 For information on calibrating the thermistor sensor see Application Note 4 Thermistor Calibration and the Steinhart Hart Equation The first part of the calibration is to determine an accura...

Страница 111: ...and the display will return to its previous state IC V LM335 or Equivalent Sensor Calibration The following procedure calibrates the IC V sensor measurement so that the temperature measurement will be...

Страница 112: ...esistor Press the TEC button 8 Wait for the 7 segment display to exit the calibration mode and reflect the entered sensor resistance setpoint Once the calibration is completed the calibration constant...

Страница 113: ...ep 4 Then press the TEC button 6 The instrument will apply a second current approximately negative 1 or 2 A after a short time Repeat step 5 for the newly calculated current at this setpoint 7 Wait fo...

Страница 114: ...26 9 Pin Connector 1 25W LDC 3736 9 Pin Connector 1 25W LDC 37620 9W4 Pin Connector 0 1 100W A 4 point probe resistance measurement is recommended 2 Connect the appropriate resistor across the laser o...

Страница 115: ...tor A3 A4 5 to A1 A2 3 3 Connect a calibrated DMM across the load resistor Navigate to the LDV selection in the Laser Calibration submenu of laser parameter menu tree 4 Enter the calibration mode by p...

Страница 116: ...ct the photodiode cathode and anode input terminals of the LDC 3706 instrument pins 6 and 7 of the 9 pin connector to the free end of the 1 metal film resistor and to the collector of the optocoupler...

Страница 117: ...Repeat step 7 for the newly calculated photodiode current at this setpoint 10 Wait for the 7 segment display to exit the calibration mode Once the self calibration is completed the calibration consta...

Страница 118: ...December 2019 106 LDC 3706 Series Laser Controller...

Страница 119: ...r type of device AD590 Sensor The AD590 is a linear IC thermal sensor which acts as a constant current regulator It produces a current I which is directly proportional to absolute temperature over its...

Страница 120: ...ar therefore the constant C2 will vary over different temperature ranges LM335 Sensor The LM335 is a linear thermal sensor which acts as a constant voltage regulator It produces a voltage V which is d...

Страница 121: ...ing C1 and C2 should be used Note however the absolute error associated with the constant C2 may vary over different temperature ranges One Point Calibration Method This procedure will work for any li...

Страница 122: ...DC 3736 or LDC 37620 25 pin connector or pins 7 and 8 of the LDC 3726 15 pin connector Set the LDC 3706 instrument to normal constant temperature T mode operation Allow the LDC 3706 instrument to stab...

Страница 123: ...through the limits submenu of the TEC parameter menu In the example shown a temperature setpoint above ambient is entered and maximum and minimum TEC current values are set to 2 0 and 2 0 Amps respect...

Страница 124: ...easurement The maximum temperature point 6 on the graph and minimum temperature point 7 on the graph will also be recorded These three values will be recorded for the last 7 cycles of the procedure Af...

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