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Applications Information
IF Filter Center Frequency Configuration
The FCEN bits in the Configuration 1 register are used
to set the center frequency of the IF filter when it is
configured as a bandpass filter. The following equations
are used to calculate the required setting of FCEN to obtain
the target center frequency. The center frequency should
not be set higher than 9MHz for any filter bandwidth.
For FBW = 000 corresponding to a 2.5MHz filter bandwidth,
the center frequency is calculated using the following equation:
CENTER
128 - FCEN
F
0.195M Hz
2
=
×
For FBW = 010 corresponding to a 4.2MHz filter bandwidth,
the center frequency is calculated using the following equation:
CENTER
128 - FCEN
F
0.355M Hz
2
=
×
For FBW = 001 corresponding to a 8.7MHz filter
bandwidth, the center frequency is calculated using the
following equation:
CENTER
128 - FCEN
F
0.66M Hz
2
=
×
Here are some examples: If FBW = 000, and FCEN[6:0]
= 1011000, then the 2.5MHz wide filter will be centered at
approximately [(128 – 88)/2](0.195) MHz = 3.9MHz.
If FBW = 001, and FCEN = 1101001, then the 8.7MHz
wide filter will be centered at approximately
[(128 – 105)/2](0.66) MHz = 7.6MHz.
The calculations give approximate center frequencies.
The center frequency needs to be tuned empirically.
Operation for Wideband Signals
Some signals used for precision GNSS or modernized
GNSS have wide bandwidths. For example, the GPS L1
P(Y) signal has a main lobe (first null spacing) of 20.46
MHz, and the Galileo E6 signal is 10.23 MHz wide. For
such wideband signals, the use of the wideband lowpass
filter is recommended so as to fit the entire main lobe of
the signal within the passband of the filter and by doing
so, avoid reducing the SNR.
First, the LO frequency has to be tuned to the center of
the wanted signal so as to down-convert the signal to
DC. For the case of the GPS L1 P(Y) signal, the required
LO frequency is 1575.42MHz. As an example, assume
the TXCO frequency is 16.368 MHz. Assume the PLL
reference division ratio (RDIV) = 16 giving a comparision
frequency of 1.023 MHz. This allows use of the Integer-N
PLL. Set the INT_PLL bit in the PLL Configuration register
to 1. The PLL integer division ratio (NDIV) needs to be set
to 1575.42/1.023 = 1540.
The IF filter is configured as a low pass 5
th
-order
Butterworth 23.4MHz filter. Configure FBW = 011, F3OR5
= 0, and FCENX = 0. The FCEN bits can be left
untouched since they are ignored for the lowpass filter
case. Set the filter pole at the mixer output to 36MHz by
setting MIXPOLE = 1. The ADC sampling rate should
be set to a few MHz beyond the double-sided passband
of the IF filter which is 23.4MHz in this case. This is to
avoid degradation due to aliasing of noise. The offset
frequency (from the 3dB corner frequency) at which the
attenuation is 20dB is 18.5MHz. Hence, an ADC sampling
rate of at least two times this, or 37MHz, is required.
With a 16.368MHz TCXO clock, it is not possible, given
the limitations on fractional division ratio and maximum
frequency of the clock multiplier, to generate a 37MHz
clock internally. The ADC clock is, therefore, provided
from an external source on the ADC_CLKIN pin and the
EXTADCLK register bit set to use the externally applied
ADC clock.
As a second example, assume reception of the Galileo
E5a signal is desired. This has a bandwidth of 20.46MHz
and is centered at a frequency of 1176.45MHz. Since this
frequency is in the L2/L5 band, the LOBAND bit in the
PLL Configuration register must be set to 1. Assuming
the same TXCO and reference division ratios as in the
prior example, this means the integer division ratio must
be 1150. Again, since the center frequency is an integer
multiple of 1.023MHz, the PLL can be operated as an
Integer-N PLL. (The use of a 1.023MHz comparison
frequency is convenient since most GNSS carrier frequencies
will be integer multiples of 1.023MHz.) Since this is also a
20.46MHz wide signal, the IF filter settings and ADC clock
configuration are the same as the prior example.
For a final example, consider reception of the Galileo
E1 signal. This is 14.3MHz wide and centered at
the frequency of 1575.42MHz. Assuming the same
conditions as the prior examples, the synthesizer will be
programmed identically to the first example. The IF filter
will be programmed identically to the first example except
for the bandwidth. The 16.4MHz wide filter setting should
be used instead (FBW = 111). An ADC sampling rate of
at least 26MHz is required. In this case, it is decided to
simply multiply the TXCO clock by 2 giving an ADC clock
frequency of 32.7MHz.
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MAX2771
Multiband Universal GNSS Receiver