MartinLogan Loudspeaker Systems Скачать руководство пользователя страница 17

Electrostatic Loudspeaker History     17

In 1947, Arthur Janszen, a young Naval engineer, took part

in a research project for the Navy. The Navy was interested

in developing a better instrument for testing microphone

arrays. The test instrument needed an extremely accurate

speaker, but Janszen found that the cone speakers of the

period were too nonlinear in phase and amplitude response

to meet his criteria. Janszen believed that electrostats

were inherently more linear than cones, so he built a model

using a thin plastic diaphragm treated with a conductive

coating. This model confirmed Janszen’s

beliefs, for it exhibited remarkable phase

and amplitude linearity.

Janszen was so excited with the results

that he continued research on the

electrostatic speaker on his own time.

He soon thought of insulating the stators to

prevent the destructive effects of arcing. By 1952, he had

an electrostatic tweeter element ready for commercial

production. This new tweeter soon created a sensation

among American audio hobbyists. Since Janszen’s tweeter

element was limited to high frequency reproduction, it

often found itself used in conjunction with woofers, most

notably, woofers from Acoustic Research. These systems

were highly regarded by all audio enthusiasts.

As good as these systems were, they would soon be

surpassed by another electrostatic speaker. 

In 1955, Peter Walker published three articles on electrostatic

loudspeaker design in Wireless World, a British electronics

magazine. In these articles, Walker demonstrated the benefits

of the electrostatic loudspeaker. He explained that electrostatics

permit the use of diaphragms that are low in mass, large in

area, and uniformly driven over their surfaces by electrostatic

forces. Due to these characteristics, electrostats have the

inherent ability to produce a wide bandwidth, flat frequency

response with distortion products being no greater than the

electronics driving them.

By 1956, Walker backed up his articles by introducing a

consumer product, the now famous Quad ESL. This speaker

immediately set a standard of performance for the audio

industry due to its incredible accuracy. However, in actual

use, the Quad had a few problems. It could not be played

very loud, it had poor bass performance, it presented a

difficult load that some amplifiers did not like, its dispersion

was very directional, and its power handling was limited

to around 70 watts. As a result, many people continued

to use box speakers with cones.

In the early 1960s Arthur Janszen joined forces with the

KLH loudspeaker company, and together they introduced

the KLH 9. Due to the large size of the KLH 9, it did not

have as many limitations as the Quad. The KLH 9 could

play markedly louder and lower in frequency than the

Quad ESL. Thus a rivalry was born.

Janszen continued to develop electro-

static designs. He was instrumental

in the design of the Koss Model One,

the Acoustech, and the Dennesen

speakers. Roger West, the chief

designer of the JansZen Corporation

became the president of Sound Lab.

When JansZen Corporation was sold, the RTR loudspeaker

company bought half of the production tooling. This tooling

was used to make the electrostatic panels for the Servostatic, a

hybrid electrostatic system that was Infinity’s first speaker

product. Other companies soon followed; each with their

own unique applications of the technology. These include

Acoustat, Audiostatic, Beverage, Dayton Wright, Sound

Lab, and Stax, to name a few.

Electrostatic speakers have progressed and prospered

because they actually do what Peter Walker claimed they

would. The limitations and problems experienced in the

past were not inherent to the electrostatic concept. They

were related to the applications of these concepts. 

Today, these limitations have been addressed. Advancements

in materials due to the U.S. space program give designers

the ability to harness the superiority of the electrostatic

principle. Today’s electrostats use advanced insulation

techniques or provide protection circuitry. The poor dispersion

properties of early models have been addressed by using

delay lines, acoustical lenses, multiple panel arrays or, as in

our own products, by curving the diaphragm. Power handling

and sensitivity have also been increased.

These developments allow the consumer the opportunity to

own the highest performance loudspeaker products ever

built. It’s too bad Rice and Kellogg were never able

to see just how far the technology would be taken.

These developments allow

the consumer to own the

highest performance loud-

speaker products ever built.

Содержание Loudspeaker Systems

Страница 1: ...S C E N A R I OTM u s e r s m a n u a l c l s e l e c t r o s t a t i c M A R T I N L O G A N...

Страница 2: ...logy Rules of Thumb Dipolar Speakers and Your Room Solid Footing Dispersion Interactions 10 Controlled Horizontal Dispersion Controlled Vertical Dispersion Three Major Types of Dispersion Home Theater...

Страница 3: ...tion pages 6 7 of this manual for more details Step 3 Power Connection AC see warning MartinLogan speakers require AC power to energize their electrostatic cells Using the AC power cords provided plug...

Страница 4: ...eakers are of the highest quality and will provide years of enduring enjoyment and deepening respect The cabinetry is constructed from the highest quality composite material for acoustical integrity a...

Страница 5: ...mprovements available are often more noticeable than the differences between wires of different gauge The effects of cablesmaybemaskediftheequipmentisnotthehighestquality We also recommend if possible...

Страница 6: ...ons brightness and confused imaging Curtains drapery and objects such as bookshelves can be placed along the wall to soften a hard surface A standard sheet rock or textured wall is generally an adequa...

Страница 7: ...imal placement from the front wall Now experiment with placing the speakers farther apart As the speakers are positioned farther apart listen again not so much for bass response but for stage width an...

Страница 8: ...aller sound waves are mostly affected here and occur in the mid and high frequencies This is where voice and frequencies as high as the cymbals occur Resonant Surfaces and Objects All of the surfaces...

Страница 9: ...it arrives at your ears later in time can result in confusion of the precious timing information that carries the clues to imaging Consequently the result is blurred imaging and excessive brightness S...

Страница 10: ...oducing it the dispersion of that wave becomes more and more narrow or directional This fact occurs as long as the transducer is a flat surface Large flat panel speakers exhibit venetian blind effects...

Страница 11: ...uently confused and blurred Figure 10 11 Even though they suffer from venetian blind effect angled multiple panel speakers can deliver good imaging but only to specific spots in the listening area Fig...

Страница 12: ...ponsibilities and demands placed on each speaker Front Left and Front Right If these speakers will also be the same two used for your stereo playback then they should be of very high quality and able...

Страница 13: ...ity of the electrostatic concept due to its exceptional linearity and low distortion Since the diaphragm of an electrostatic speaker is uniformly driven over its entire area it can be extremely light...

Страница 14: ...hen combined electrically so that the sum of the parts equals the total signal While nice in theory we must deal with real world conditions In order to use multiple drivers a crossover network is enli...

Страница 15: ...cts The diaphragm material used in all MartinLogan speakers employs an extremely sophisticated conductive surface that has been vapor deposited on the polymer surface at an atomic level A proprietary...

Страница 16: ...rostatic speaker After a short time Rice and Kellogg had narrowed the field of contestants down to the cone and the electrostat The outcome would dictate the way that future generations would refer to...

Страница 17: ...problems It could not be played very loud it had poor bass performance it presented a difficult load that some amplifiers did not like its dispersion was very directional and its power handling was li...

Страница 18: ...ccess Again we have no favorites we use electronics and cables quite interchangeably We would suggest listening to a number of brands and above all else trust your ears Dealers are always the best sou...

Страница 19: ...ot charged and cannot collect dust You can get the same benefit by simply unplugging them whenever they are not in use An easy way to do that is with a power strip that has a switch Could my children...

Страница 20: ...e polarity correct Poor Imaging Check placement Are both speakers the same distance from the walls Do they have the same amount of toe in Try moving the speakers away from the back and side walls Chec...

Страница 21: ...included with your speakers and provide a copy of your dealer receipt to MartinLogan within 30 days of purchase MartinLogan may not honor warranty service claims unless we have a completed Warranty R...

Страница 22: ...s is ten times the Base 10 logarithm of the ratio of their power levels DC Abbreviation for direct current Diffraction The breaking up of a sound wave caused by some type of mechanical interference su...

Страница 23: ...property of a conductor by which it opposes the flow of electric current resulting in the generation of heat in the conducting material usually expressed in ohms Resistor A device that is used in a c...

Страница 24: ...101 Delaware Street Lawrence Kansas 66046 USA tel 785 749 0133 fax 785 749 5320 www martinlogan com c l s e l e c t r o s t a t i c M A R T I N L O G A N 2000 MartinLogan All rights reserved Rev 09130...

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