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16

Friction 

Subject: Physics

Sensor:  SmartEye sensor

Aim: 

To test the effect of friction on the speed/time of a ‘vehicle’ travelling down a ramp.

Overview:

The choice of using speed or time is partly dependent on the abilities and knowledge of the pupils. Because only one SmartEye sensor is used a known 

length of card is required so that the speed can be calculated.  The Voyager starts timing when the front edge of the card passes the sensor and stops 

timing when the back edge passes i.e. it times how long it takes the card to pass in front of the sensor.  By knowing the length of the card and how 

long it took to pass, the speed can be calculated.

Equipment required: 

LogIT Voyager.

 

 

 

1 SmartEye light sensor.

 

 

 

Dynamics trolley, toy car or similar.

 

 

 

20cm matt black card.

 

 

 

Light source such as torch, lamp or similar.

 

 

 

Test track which can be raised to form a ramp.

 

 

 

Different materials to be placed on the track.

Hazards:

  

 

Children should be supervised at all times

 

Ensure the datalogger cannot come into contact with water or damp.

 

Always check your local regulations or the school advisory service such as CLEAPSS or 

 

SSERC for guidance on the use of any hazardous material or source.

Setup:

 

1. Cut out a 20cm long piece of matt black card and attach it to the test vehicle.

 

2. Place the Voyager about three quarters of the way down the track ensuring the card passes in front of the SmartEye sensor.

 

3. Place the light source opposite the SmartEye sensor forming a light ‘gate’.

 

4. You can record readings remotely using Voyager’s menu (blue button) or LIVE whilst connected to the computer.  If using remotely, press  

 

    Voyagers Blue button and select ‘Speed’ (or ‘Time’ if preferred) then press the Green button.  If using a computer, connect Voyager to the  

 

    computer, start the datalogging software and select the timing function.  Set up the software so that it knows you are using a single light  

 

    ‘gate’.

Содержание Voyager SX

Страница 1: ......

Страница 2: ......

Страница 3: ...e 4 SmartEye sensor 6 HiTemp sensor 7 Using Voyager for live readings 8 Using Voyager for remote logging 7 Timing and counting with Voyager 10 Other Voyager functions 11 Troubleshooting 12 Experiments with Voyager 13 Voyager Experiments 14 43 Sensors and Cables for Voyager 44 ...

Страница 4: ...r family friends education and commercial colleagues for their support This manual was written and designed by Mark Finch and David Palmer Contents and concepts are copyright 2006 DCP Microdevelopments Limited The manual may be copied by the purchasing establishment for the educational support of LogIT Voyager provided that original copyright and product acknowledgement is retained Any other repro...

Страница 5: ...s work all using one sensor with no buttons or adjustments required smart Voyager is available as both SX and SX Air versions which integrates long range wireless bluetooth technology into the handset enabling even more ambitious and exciting experiments to be undertaken The software which runs inside each unit can be upgraded easily using a free internet download so that as new sensors are releas...

Страница 6: ... Button Help or Menu USB socket for connecting to computer Holding eye Thread a cord for secure hand or belt grip Red Button Stops Logging or switches off Voyager Liquid crystal display showing sensor readings battery condition and on screen help Sockets for LogIT Microsense Sensors ...

Страница 7: ...ressing any button live data from sensors is shown on the display SWITCH ON MEASURE GREEN Go Yes RED Stop No BLUE Help Menu TO REMOT ELY RECORD DATA Press the Green button to start logging flashing L and the red button to stop logging 2 CONNECT COMPUTER Run Datalogging software on computer Connect Voyager to PC using USB cable or enable bluetooth link if using Voyager Air Select FETCH to retrieve ...

Страница 8: ...ction The detector called a PIN photodiode inside SmartEye is a very fast reacting device and when used with the special software contained in Voyager it enables the sensor to be used for measuring Time Frequency Counts etc You do this by simply aiming a fairly bright light eg window a torch at SmartEye and passing the object you wish to time or count in between the sensor and the light source eff...

Страница 9: ...uld fracture wires inside we suggest it is treated with the same care as you would the flexible wires used for music player headphones Also take care not to force the sensor into things like hard soil and never expose it to strong acids or alkalis which could attack the plastic or stainless steel tip Do not expose the sensor to temperatures outside of its range for example take special care if mea...

Страница 10: ...oyager switches off or until changed again using the Setup sensors option Meter Stay on To save battery power Voyager automatically shuts down after a few minutes However if you are taking lots of readings you may wish to override this to make the meter stay on To do this switch Voyager on by pressing and holding down button for more than 5 seconds The M will now flash indicating you have selected...

Страница 11: ...oose a fixed time interval between logging readings You can do this easily by first inserting the sensors you will be using selecting Set Log Rate then pressing and or keys to choose the best log rate for your experiment the maximum duration of the experiment is automatically displayed next to it Note that setting your own log rate also has the advantage that the experiment can use more memory and...

Страница 12: ...ight source and break the light beam to start or stop timing Voyager starts and stops timing when the input level changes from one level to another you can also use the key to manually start and stop timing helpful when setting up and also for use as a simple stopwatch You can leave timing mode by pressing Measuring Speed with Voyager Voyager has a built in facility to measure speed directly when ...

Страница 13: ...ving battery life assuming the port is able to deliver the power required some portable computers can only supply a small amount of power from their USB ports Most LogIT sensors are low power notable exceptions being Light gates Colorimeter Pulse Monitor and the DO2 probe Fortunately most of these sensors are used on benches so where possible connect Voyager to the computers USB port to preserve b...

Страница 14: ... battery holders They must all be the same type and either charged Rechargeable types or new Alkaline batteries other lower power batteries such as Zinc Carbon types will not work properly and must not be used Voyager can be powered from the USB port of a computer without the need for batteries to be installed However if this is done when Voyager is disconnected the clock is no longer powered and ...

Страница 15: ...ogging tool The experiments have been written from the teachers perspective and can be adapted for the abilities of the pupils as well as providing a basis for the development of work sheets if required As secondary school teachers tend to be science specialists the experiments are left fairly open ended This was deliberate to allow teachers to refine the resource to their own teaching style or to...

Страница 16: ...visory service such as CLEAPSS or SSERC for guidance on the use of any hazardous material or source Setup 1 Set up a 2m length of string and attach the mass to the end 2 Make a small tube of black card by wrapping a small slip of card around a pencil such that the width is at least the width of the SmartEye sensor Approx 1cm diam 3 Place the tube over the pendulum and place Voyager such that the S...

Страница 17: ...appen if a hand or other object inadvertently passes through the gate You can also get false triggers if the ambient light changes suddenly for example bright sunlight falling on the sensor part way through an experiment Results What effect does the change in length of a pendulum have on the time period What variables might affect the time period Why are the oscillations kept small What factors do...

Страница 18: ...ised to form a ramp Different materials to be placed on the track Hazards Children should be supervised at all times Ensure the datalogger cannot come into contact with water or damp Always check your local regulations or the school advisory service such as CLEAPSS or SSERC for guidance on the use of any hazardous material or source Setup 1 Cut out a 20cm long piece of matt black card and attach i...

Страница 19: ...usually be attributed to a false trigger of the light gate This can happen if a hand or other object inadvertently passes through the gate You can also get false triggers if the ambient light changes suddenly for example bright sunlight falling on the sensor part way through an experiment Results There are a number of factors which affect the outcome of this experiment and can be used to form the ...

Страница 20: ...o contact with water or damp A set of soft cloths in a box might be used to catch the mass as it falls to prevent personal injury Always check your local regulations or the school advisory service such as CLEAPSS or SSERC for guidance on the use of any hazardous material or source Setup 1 Fold in half the black card and measure 14 cm from the non folded end and cut out a square about 2 cm deep Att...

Страница 21: ...ransferred to a spreadsheet for more analysis Note If you obtain some strange results this can usually be attributed to a false trigger of the light gate This can happen if a hand or other object inadvertently passes through the gate You can also get false triggers if the ambient light changes suddenly for example bright sunlight falling on the sensor part way through an experiment On the air trac...

Страница 22: ...ome into contact with water or damp Goggles should be worn and avoid skin contact with samples Always check your local regulations or a school advisory service such as CLEAPSS or SSERC for guidance on the use of any hazardous material or source Setup 1 Cut strips of a paper towel about 3 cm long and the width of the temperature sensors stainless tip About 7 mm 2 Mount the temperature sensor horizo...

Страница 23: ...f the previous graph 8 Repeat step 1 above using the spirit in place of water Results What do the results show How do the two traces differ What can be concluded about the latent heat of the two samples Going further What other liquid could you try What would happen to the latent heat if a fan was used to blow air continuously over the sample This can also make an interesting demonstration On a su...

Страница 24: ...mall Tray and paper towels to catch spillage Note Make sure that the small container fits safely inside the larger one Hazards Children should be supervised at all times Ensure the datalogger cannot come into contact with water or damp Hot water above 55O C should be avoided as this can scold Always check your local regulations or the school advisory service such as CLEAPSS or SSERC for guidance o...

Страница 25: ...stop the datalogging software and save or print the results Results Looking at the two traces where did the heat energy appear to go What would happen to the two temperatures if the experiment was left for a few hours When did the cold water gain heat energy and then lose it What happens to the heat energy lost by the cold water in the outer container Why is it important not to let the temperature...

Страница 26: ...m water make sure the water is not too hot for the ability of the pupils Water temperature above 55o C will scold children Care must be taken if using kettles to heat the water Allow the temperature to cool before use Place the tubes over a tray to catch any spilt water Setup 1 Connect the Temperature sensor to the datalogger 2 You can use a clamp stand to hold the sensor if required 3 Place the w...

Страница 27: ...ld use more channels and record the temperature changes on the same graph This could also be achieved by using the Overlay feature found in datalogging software You may also need to use the zoom facility of the software to show the results more clearly You can also use the smoothing function to produce a cleaner curve from the gathered results Results How much of a temperature change was there How...

Страница 28: ... for the ability of the pupils Water temperature above 55 o C will scold children It is sometimes useful to use hot water from the schools water supply Care must be taken if using kettles to heat the water Allow the temperature to cool before use To avoid cross contamination do not use a freezer which contains food for human consumption Do not put very hot water into a freezer as damage to the fre...

Страница 29: ...er is close enough or if you are using a laptop computer This will allow the cooling curve to be plotted live on screen Results Did the cooling curve give the expected result What factors might have affected the final curve What is significant about the shape of the cooling curve How do the distilled salty and tap waters compare Why is this so Why might the tap water not freeze at 00 C Going furth...

Страница 30: ... point light is no longer reduced Thus the time of the reaction can be more accurately observed The products of this reaction are Sodium Chloride Sulphur Water and Sulphur Dioxide Equipment required LogIT Voyager SmartEye sensor Small test tube and cotton wool used to seal the tube Pipette or small burette 0 15 Molar Sodium Thiosulphate 1 Molar Hydrochloric Acid Distilled water Paper towels or tis...

Страница 31: ...about 15 seconds add 1 ml of Hydrochloric Acid The dropping of the acid should be enough to mix the reactants 6 Keep collecting data until the light levels no longer drop ie the reaction has finished 7 Stop logging and then repeat for the different concentrations by adding distilled water shown in the above table Note It is important to clean the test tube thoroughly with distilled water between r...

Страница 32: ...ure the datalogger cannot come into contact with water or damp Always check your local regulations or the school advisory service such as CLEAPSS or SSERC for guidance on the use of any hazardous material or source Setup 1 Clamp the conical flask into the clamp stand and insert the temperature probe 2 Plug the temperature probe into Voyager and connect Voyager to the computer 3 Put 100 ml of water...

Страница 33: ... mass of 100 grams Energy released kJ mass of water g x temperature rise O C x 4 2 1000 Energy released per gram Energy released kJ Amount of fuel burnt g How accurate do you think the results are Has all of the heat energy released by the fuel been used to heat the water What effect does heat loss have on the results How could you prevent this Going further What factor could you vary in this inve...

Страница 34: ...tra care must be taken if investigating the change of state at the boiling point Teachers may decide to perform this as a demonstration Ensure the datalogger cannot come into contact with water or damp Always check your local regulations or the school advisory service such as CLEAPSS or SSERC for guidance on the use of any hazardous material or source Setup 1 Clamp the boiling tube into the clamp ...

Страница 35: ...or is moved too much then strange results can occur due to convection effects in the tube Results Was there a flat area of the graph Was the water pure How might you tell from the graph Did the results match the pupils prediction Discuss the change of state from Solid to liquid and then liquid to gas or demonstrate the liquid to gas change of state if this was not performed by the pupils themselve...

Страница 36: ...irectly at the Sun explain the dangers of doing so Ensure the datalogger cannot come into contact with water or damp Always check your local regulations or the school advisory service such as CLEAPSS or SSERC for guidance on the use of any hazardous material or source Setup 1 Find a secure and weather protected place for the datalogger Avoid direct wind which could affect the result 2 Plug the sen...

Страница 37: ... best location for the datalogger is outside away from the effects of wind and damp The datalogger should also be 90o to the path of the sun Results Did the temperature change Did the light level change Did the changes take place at the same time Was it a cloudy day how can you tell when a cloud passed Going further Try the experiment on different days in the week Try the experiment at different t...

Страница 38: ...as the sun Hazards Children should be supervised at all times Ensure the datalogger and lamp cannot come into contact with water or damp Always check your local regulations or the school advisory service such as CLEAPSS or SSERC for guidance on the use of any hazardous material or source Setup 1 Pour the same amount of water into each bottle We used 50ml in each bottle for this example 2 Plug the ...

Страница 39: ...e bottles Results Does the temperature in the bottle containing carbon dioxide rise more than the bottle containing air Are these results reliable How could you alter the investigation to ensure that the difference in temperature at the end was due to the two different gases and not that the bulb was closer to one of the bottles Going further What factor could you vary in this investigation in ord...

Страница 40: ...les should be worn and heat proof mats also used Ensure the datalogger cannot come into contact with water or damp Always check your local regulations or the school advisory service such as CLEAPSS or SSERC for guidance on the use of any hazardous material or source Setup 1 Clamp the boiling tube into the clamp stand and insert the temperature probe 2 Plug the temperature probe into Voyager and co...

Страница 41: ... your values into the following Energy transferred J mass of water kg x specific heat capacity of water J kgO C x rise in temperature O C So Energy transferred J 0 025 x 4200 x rise in temperature O C Note 25 ml of water has a mass of 25 g 0 025kg Therefore the energy transferred by each gram of food burnt is given by Energy transferred by each gram J g 0 025 x 4200 x rise in temperature O C mass ...

Страница 42: ...w the human body regulates its temperature Equipment required LogIT Voyager 1 Temperature sensor Surgical tape to fix the sensor to the skin Small piece of cotton wool Hazards DO NOT CONNECT THE DATALOGGER TO THE COMPUTER If an exercise is being performed make sure it is appropriate for the student Check that the tape used will not cause any allergic reactions to the user Ensure the datalogger can...

Страница 43: ...heat naturally escape and can affect the results as the hand will heat up more than it should giving an artificially high reading Results Did the temperature of the skin go up or down Are the results a surprise What difference might there be with the temperature of the blood compared to the skin How might you change the procedure to obtain a more accurate result Going further Try different exercis...

Страница 44: ...gger cannot come into contact with water or damp The use of a freezer bag and an elastic band can keep most moisture out whilst still allowing the SmartEye sensor to record light changes Always check your local regulations or the school advisory service such as CLEAPSS or SSERC for guidance on the use of any hazardous material or source Setup 1 Dig a small hole to the depth of about 3cm Decide how...

Страница 45: ... the temperature as the light increased Why was this Do your results suggest a depth where the temperature remains fairly constant Why is soil temperature such an important issue in plant growth Going further Log soil temperature data for a year and compare the seasons How might you show heat flowing through the soil using three temperature sensors How is soil temperature used in heat pumps that h...

Страница 46: ...y not LIVE compatible Pulse Monitor Intelligent pulse monitor for rate waveform clips on stationary ear or finger Sound Level sensor Measures sound level calibrated Range 50 100dBA Sound Wave Sensor Display records Sound Waveforms for new LogIT DataVision CX only pH amplifier Compact pH amplifier with BNC socket for standard pH electrodes pH electrode High Quality pH electrode with BNC plug cable ...

Страница 47: ...45 ...

Страница 48: ...ts and SCC Research DCP Microdevelopments Limited Bryon Court Bow Street Great Ellingham Norfolk NR17 1JB Great Britain Telephone 44 01953 457800 FAX 44 01953 457888 eMail support dcpmicro com Web site www logitworld com DCP microdevelopments www dcpmicro com D771040 1 ...

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