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Leica DM R, Инструкция по эксплуатации

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83

As these interference patterns occur in the pupil
they are not normally visible during normal
microscopic observation (orthoscopy). Their
observation can be improvised by removing one
of the eyepieces and looking into the tube with
one eye from a distance of a few centimetres.
Observation is better with the auxiliary
telescope for phase contrast (Fig. 51). Other
crystals in the field of view disturb the
interference patterns of a crystal in the centre,
so that this needs to be isolated. This can only
be done with the polarized light microscope
(tube optics HC P, with Bertrand lens and iris
diaphragm). This module also has a second tube
lens allowing additional magnification by a
factor of 1.6x.

Setting the microscope for conoscopy

The most suitable object areas for conoscopy
are those that show the lowest possible phase
differences (chart in Fig. 56).
Exact objective centration and exactly crossed
polarizers are essential for perfect conoscopical
observation. Turn an objective with as high an
aperture as possible (e.g. 40x, 50x or 63x) into
the light path. Open the aperture diaphragm
(54.9). Move the crystal you want to examine as
near to the centre of the field of view as
possible.
Turn in tube lens 1.6x.
Narrow the iris diaphragm (Fig. 58, pos. I) to match
the size of the crystal, stopping down the field
diaphragm (54.10) as well if necessary.
Push in the Bertrand lens (58B) and focus by
rotating the control until the interference image
or the circular bright-dark edge of the pupil is
focused. Centre the Bertrand lens if necessary.
This is done by inserting the hexagonal screw-
driver (1.1) into the two holes (54.1) in succession.
Align the right-hand eyepiece so that the
crosslines roughly correspond to the directions
of movement for the centration process.

Fig. 58

  Functions of the der Pol tube optics HC P

Controls

Orthoscopy 1x

Orthoscopy 1.6x

Conoscopy

Tube lense (54.11) 1x

1.6x

1.6x

Iris diaphragm

doesn´t matter as matched of the field > object

of view

Bertrand lens

not in light path

out

in

(54.2)
Polarizers

in or out

in or out

crossed

(54.3 and 54.16)

(not for dichroism/
pleochroism)

Содержание DM R

Страница 1: ...Leica DMR Instructions...

Страница 2: ...29 25 99 http www leica com Leica Microsystems Wetzlar GmbH z Ernst Leitz Stra e z D 35578 Wetzlar z Tel 0 64 41 29 0 z Fax 0 64 41 29 25 99 Printed on chlorine free bleached paper Order nos of the ed...

Страница 3: ...edition issued in 1999 by Leica Microsystems Wetzlar GmbH Ernst Leitz Stra e D 35578 Wetzlar Germany Responsible for contents Marketing MQM product management Tel 49 0 64 41 29 25 19 Fax 49 0 64 41 29...

Страница 4: ...3 Leica DMR Instructions...

Страница 5: ...4...

Страница 6: ...light illumination 68 Phase contrast 73 Transmitted light darkfield 75 Transmitted light polarization 77 Transmitted light interference contrast 86 Incident light sources 90 Fluorescence 93 IGS and R...

Страница 7: ...agm 7 Polarizer 8 Condenser Incident light path 9 Light source lamphousing not illustrated 10 Filter magazine 4 pos Diaphragm module with 11 Aperture diaphragm or filter and diffusing screen 12 Field...

Страница 8: ...kground Warning of hot surface Attention This symbol means that incorrect operation can damage the microscope or its accessories Explanatory note Item is not included in all variants of the micro scop...

Страница 9: ...terial has symbols indicating environmental friendly recycling Attention When taking the microscope out of its packing and putting it onto the desk take care not to damage the sensitive vibration damp...

Страница 10: ...sed persons or if the instrument is used in another way than the one described in these instructions 6 25 6 20 9 7 6 5 8 4 2 3 1 Setting the mains voltage Microscopes with mechanical focusing 42 12 ar...

Страница 11: ...phousing 106 2 8 and the microflash see separate instruc tions can be used for transmitted light Retrofitting additional light sources When retrofitting the incident light illuminating axis the micros...

Страница 12: ...g 2 8 Fig 4 and Fig 48 17 Besides lamphousing 106 the following light sources can be used for incident light Lamphousing 106 z for 12 V 100 W halogen lamp and gas discharge lamps up to 100 W Hg 50 Xe...

Страница 13: ...ct lamp and insert new 12 V 100 W halogen lamp Attention Leave the protective covering on the lamp until it is in its holder Avoid making fingerprints or wipe off immediately Spare lamps See page 112...

Страница 14: ...en its life Hot Hg lamps cannot be reignited until they have cooled down We recommend that you let new burners burn in for several hours without interruption if possible It is a good idea to keep a re...

Страница 15: ...amp holder and re move the holder Fig 7 Remove the spent burner by loosening the clamp screws 7 1 and 7 3 Insert burner as follows adhering strictly to the above safety information Do not remove the p...

Страница 16: ...of the flexible power supply and clamp with screw 7 1 Unscrew the stud 7 3 in the holder slightly insert the lower end of the metal base and retighten the stud Exchanging the collector on lamphousing...

Страница 17: ...crew the clamp screw 3 2 with the aid of the hexagonal screwdriver 1 1 so that the screw on the inner surface of the lamp mount does not protrude above the surface Align the lamphousing so that the sc...

Страница 18: ...It is easier to remove if the four controls are operated Put the filters into the slots without holders and tighten the clamp screw Always put the diffusing screen in the position nearest the lamp Pu...

Страница 19: ...cker and heavier samples shorter coaxial drives and sample holder without spring clip but also for transmitted light microscopy Stage no 1086 U with inverted stage bracket for incident light only Size...

Страница 20: ...ock move the coarse drive 42 12 slightly The block can then be pushed out at the side Attention If the microscope has a motor focus after switching on the microscope 42 14 tip coarse focusing Up 44 2...

Страница 21: ...takes components for polarized light Figs 27 6 and 57 1 An adjustable upper stop 12 5 guarantees a reproducible vertical setting of the condenser Koehler illumination Interchangeable stages only to as...

Страница 22: ...aperture diaphragm Fig 14b Fig 14a b UCR UCE universal condensers The UCPR condenser has the same construction as the UCR condenser 1 Condenser top 2 Upper field lens 3 Centering screw for light rings...

Страница 23: ...sc position 3 not yet inserted cover plate with label removed 3 Assembly keys for light rings and ICT prisms H hole for brightfield PH light ring for phase contrast D light ring for darkfield K Conden...

Страница 24: ...Fig 15 with a set of light rings DF PH 17 7 and 17 8 Darkfield can also produced with the special darkfield condensers Fig 53 The 8 position disc with ICT prisms K is required for transmitted light in...

Страница 25: ...15 3 Light rings and discs Remove the disc from the condenser after loosening the clamp screw 14 4 Take off the cover plate 17 1 after unscrewing the 4 fixing screws For 8 position disc only Also take...

Страница 26: ...hat the adjustment of the prism with the left screw is not obstructed Mount the light rings for phase contrast and darkfield if appropriate see page 23 First lay the round cover plate on the disc so t...

Страница 27: ...ncident light reflectors and filter systems 1 45 BF reflector with neutral density filter N 2 DF darkfield reflector 3 Adjustment reflector DM R series only 4 Fluo rescence filter system 5 Bertrand le...

Страница 28: ...ng fields underneath according to the marking on the systems 20 2 and the number indicated on the left on the filter wheel 20 3 The Smith reflector with two reflecting surfaces and lenses Fig 18 4 and...

Страница 29: ...4 Al len screws on the lateral cover plate 22 10 This plate is no longer needed Please keep the Allen screws Fig 22 Retrofitting the incident light axis only for BF DF and fluorescence Pol and ICR co...

Страница 30: ...s head screws or attach the filter magazine Fig 10 Hold the front cover 22 12 with slit against the microscope and push slightly so that it clicks in position Assembly of deviating mirror on page 10 l...

Страница 31: ...ule is now locked in position Functions p 93 and 96 a HCRF 10 b 1 10 2 3 45 6 7 8 9 HCRF c 2 3 4 11 6 12 13 8 HCF Fig 23 Diaphragm modules HC RF a b and HC F c 1 Fastening screw 2 Grip for pulling mod...

Страница 32: ...rew the two fixing screws 25 2 and 25 3 on the underneath of the nosepiece with the 3 mm hexagonal screwdriver remove the cover plate 25 3 put the IC turret in position and press hard against the two...

Страница 33: ...ation contrast 27 3 can either be placed directly on the window in the microscope base or inserted from the right into the mount on the underneath of the condenser holder 27 6 ICT P polarizer Fig 28 o...

Страница 34: ...ht microscopic examinations with the analyser 360 30 1 The analyser must be set at 90 0 at the crossed position see page 77 vertical to the longitudinal axis of the mount this position is always used...

Страница 35: ...n E W rotatable through approx 7 30 5 Combined with a whole wave compensator on its upper surface so when the analyser is inserted the other way up red I becomes active 30 7 see also colour chart on p...

Страница 36: ...be lens focal length 250 mm begin with 559 and 569 an adapter spacer ring 32 RMS or 25 RMS is also necessary due to the RMS objective thread see Fig 39 The mount labelled collar may also require modif...

Страница 37: ...titative polarization microscopy 42 2 and 50 2 Tube optics HC V Magnification changer with Bertrand lens With tube factors 1x 1 25x 1 6x and focusable Bertrand lens adjustment DF PH ICT and for survey...

Страница 38: ...on shown with pair of eyepieces 2 HC FSA 25 PR and HC FSA 25 P binocular phototubes with PR or without P back reflection 3 FSA 25 PE binocular phototube with provision for adaption of lateral overlay...

Страница 39: ...croscope photometer Switchable light trap of the binocular port for microphotometry Back reflection only at the beamsplitter setting 50 50 HCFSA 25 PE Binocular observation and phototube 31 3 Like FSA...

Страница 40: ...into the photo adapter tubes Make sure you are using the right combination depending on the type of eyepiece photo system LD or MPS and TV chip size Phototube Leica DM RD HC Automatic microscope camer...

Страница 41: ...ntrol for focusing the transparencies The halogen lamp is fed by a separate transformer Assembly of the diapositive overlay device Align the reflection optics to the tube flange 34 1 with the coupling...

Страница 42: ...the socket and replace making sure that the contact paths of the lamp lie on the contacts in the socket Do not touch the lamp bulb with your fingers due to the danger of perspiration burning in After...

Страница 43: ...Reproduction scale of the objective x eyepiece magnification Example Objektive 25x 0 50 Eyepiece 10x 20 25 x 10 250x total magnification If the tube factor is not 1x the result must be multiplied by t...

Страница 44: ...ece This appears magnified by the eyepiece factor The microscope image in a 10x 20 eyepiece therefore appears to be as large as a circle of 200 mm diameter observed from a distance of 250 mm 250 mm re...

Страница 45: ...stem with TF 1 6x Objectfield 0 5 1 6 0 3 mm M The eyepiece has a focusable eyelens 36 4 and therefore allows individual focusing of the edge of the field of view inserted graticules or over laid mark...

Страница 46: ...e and non interchangeable dto coded non interchangeable and inter changeable Objective thread and objective spacer rings Incident light bright and darkfield objectives B 40 1 have an M32 x 0 75 thread...

Страница 47: ...ith tube lens focal length 250 mm The aperture and the working distance are not affected Code numbers with a 6 or 7 in the third position on the hand indicate objectives for tube lens focal length 200...

Страница 48: ...tube length for which the objective is designed there are also microscopes and corresponding objectives with tube length 160 mm cf Fig 40 and 41 0 17 Stipulated specimen coverglass thickness In the c...

Страница 49: ...s for oil immersions this upper threshold is 1 25 A B C D E Pupil position in the objective the exit pupil of most Leica microscope objectives has 4 standard positions A B C and D the so called pupil...

Страница 50: ...ion Objective with built in diaphragm The knurled may only be used for adjusting the diaphragm not for screwing the objective in or out Risk of damage PL FLUOTAR HC PL FLUOTAR HCX PL FLUOTAR Semi apoc...

Страница 51: ...graving 0 or 0 17 shows whether the objective should be used with or without a coverglass The coverglass thickness should be adhered to as exactly as possible 5 m for apertures larger than 1 32 Immers...

Страница 52: ...g the specimen and the objective is inactive and the other objectives are not parfocal with the immersion objective CORR Objectives Special objectives with adjustable matching to the coverglass thickn...

Страница 53: ...c See special instruction manual Colour code rings on objectives In accordance with German and international standards DIN ISO the magnification of each objective is additionally indicated by a colour...

Страница 54: ...ngs The light coloured dot on the dial indicates the setting for about 3200 K for photography on indoor colour film and TV microscopy See page 61 for DM RXE stand Tube optics Disengage Bertrand lens 4...

Страница 55: ...ge no 1187 Push down the knurled ring 48 7 on the joint of the specimen holder and turn to the left tighter clamping or to the right looser Then pull upwards so that it clicks into position Stage no 1...

Страница 56: ...at object guide Fig 13 For specimen slides with a width of approx 26 mm 1 swivel out the metal plate 13 2 and insert the object as shown in the illustration If ordinary specimen slides with a width of...

Страница 57: ...N 16 therefore means reduction to 1 16 6 3 trans mission Integrated grey filters can be switched in the microscope base 48 23 T 6 3 in the RF reflected light dia phragm module 23 5 T 5 in the empty sl...

Страница 58: ...p or down Attention Make sure the condenser does not touch the microscope base Temporarily retighten the stage clamp Put the thinnest specimen you are going to examine e g transmitted light object on...

Страница 59: ...d with the focusing wheel 44 4 and the Up 44 2 and Down 44 3 keys On some models the interchangeable stage can also be vertically adjusted with the clamp 48 9 These controls are situated on both sides...

Страница 60: ...th is smaller than the depth of focus giving the effect of continuous focusing The stepwidth for the focusing wheel can be set with the Stepwidth key 44 1 This alternates between three possible settin...

Страница 61: ...or each objective position These parameters are Stepwidth of the focusing see section 1 3 Objective magnification see page 64 Offset of objective focal plane parfocality p 62 The objective magnificati...

Страница 62: ...n and overload protection Attention If the electronics register overload or a collision while the motor focus is being operated with Up or Down the motor is actively braked and switched off and the di...

Страница 63: ...d on the intermediate image This is only possible by inserting a random graticule in the eyepiece or the Vario tube Another suitable focus indicator for the eye piece eyelenses is any overlay of a pho...

Страница 64: ...ng immersion objectives OIL W IMM release the locking mechanism of the front part of the objective page 51 to give the objective the standard parfocalizing distance of 45 mm Accuracy can be enhanced b...

Страница 65: ...about 25 mm width of specimen slide Not generally suitable for photographic documentation The DM RD HC photomicro system can only be used from factor 1x pronounced marginal fall off vignetting is to...

Страница 66: ...with water glycerine oil etc W objectives should be used with distilled water To immerse Lower the stage or turn the objective slightly out of the light path apply 1 2 drops of immersion oil to the s...

Страница 67: ...until the point on the specimen is furthest away from the centre of the crosslines M position A Fig 46b Point A maximum distance of the specimen point from the centre may even be outside the field of...

Страница 68: ...yepiece with graticule Then close your eye and focus the specimen by adjusting the second eyepiece only Only if neither eyepiece has a graticule inserted When you adjust the eyelens a white line 36 5...

Страница 69: ...al line overlapping of image and reflection of the filament is in the centre of the bright circle Reduce lamp brightness to do this if necessary Adjust the centering screw 48 17 until the image of the...

Страница 70: ...106 z for reflected light 2 Analyser 3 Rotatable reflector turret 4 Window for incident light lamp adjustment 5 Clamp screw for nosepiece change 6 Turret for objective side Wollaston prisms 7 Knurled...

Страница 71: ...8 19 until the image is homogeneously illuminated The field diaphragm 48 22 protects the image from unnecessary heat and keeps all light not required for imaging away from the specimen so that contras...

Страница 72: ...2 54 11 and focus Close or open the aperture diaphragm until its image is just visible in the objective pupil brighter circle This is considered the standard setting i e condenser aperture objective a...

Страница 73: ...d the specimen The intercept distance is lengthened when plane parallel glass windows or liquids are introduced into the light path by about a third of the thickness of the glass or liquid e g for a 3...

Страница 74: ...stained specimen setting the condenser disc at H 48 14 Set Koehler illumination see also page 69 sharply focus the field diaphragm together with the specimen by adjusting the condenser in x y and z S...

Страница 75: ...Disengage the Bertrand lens and watch the quality of the phase contrast image If using the auxiliary telescope watch the image with one eye through the eyepiece Then repeat the centration process for...

Страница 76: ...Set Koehler illumination page 69 sharply focus the centered field diaphragm together with the specimen Open the aperture diaphragm as far as the stop pos PH and turn the disc to pos D dark field ring...

Страница 77: ...re no air bubbles Set as for darkfield with UC UCR condenser p 75 Possible errors Darkfield illumination is very sensitive to the slightest inhomogeneities in the specimen As dust particles and finger...

Страница 78: ...he mark must point downwards Analyser 360 30 1 Set exactly at 90 0 pos DIN standard Polarizer 32 mm 27 3 insert from the right 27 6 or place on the window in the microscope base 27 3 or Polarizer IC P...

Страница 79: ...the mount of the polarizer 28 4 do not exactly coincide when the polarizers have been crossed alter the index adjustment with the centering keys 28 3 or 54 17 until the index marks coincide After thi...

Страница 80: ...effects are observed when the polarizers are transposed by 90 If the specimen contains many non birefringent or opaque particles the analyser is frequently turned out of the crossed position by a few...

Страница 81: ...ur changes The quartz wedge 57 7 allows variable colour shifts on the polarized light microscope Circular polarization Only with polarized light microscopes in transmitted light Birefringent objects e...

Страница 82: ...adjusted until the object to be measured is in its maximum extinction position For this purpose the object has to be moved into a certain diagonal position With HC P tube optics the measurement areas...

Страница 83: ...upplied calibration chart Tilting compensator K measuring up to 30 orders 57 7 For the measurement of phase differences in white or monochromatic light up to the maximum phase difference mentioned abo...

Страница 84: ...noscopical observation Turn an objective with as high an aperture as possible e g 40x 50x or 63x into the light path Open the aperture diaphragm 54 9 Move the crystal you want to examine as near to th...

Страница 85: ...tical character The optical character can usually be identified even when only one of the optical axes is in the viewing direction of the observer In the orthoscopic beam the brightness of specimens o...

Страница 86: ...en the polarizers Mounting medium for transmitted light specimens is birefringent Further sources of error on page 72 Fig 59a Determination of the optical character of uniaxial structures Left Positiv...

Страница 87: ...that the two index marks are exactly opposite each other If using the 360 rotatable analyser 30 1 set the 0 position with the coarse and fine scale and vernier 30 2 and 30 3 clamp on back Retighten cl...

Страница 88: ...port Disengage the objective side ICT prisms 60 7 pos H Swing in the condenser top 48 15 Engage the Bertrand lens 50 2 or use the auxiliary telescope Fig 51 Engage the condenser side prisms 60 8 in su...

Страница 89: ...m turret 60 7 to the left and right Also adjust contrast with the aperture diaphragm 48 21 Particularly sensitive setting is possible with the 4 com pensator 57 1 which is inserted in the holder under...

Страница 90: ...of the zero positions Polarizer has been damaged by powerful light sources Check this by holding the polarizer against a window or light source Damaged polarizers then show distinctly uneven colouring...

Страница 91: ...ment carried out through the condenser at a certain setting but this method is not recommended due to the necessity for exact condenser adjustment Or Back reflection via the specimen Focus a well refl...

Страница 92: ...ing the adjustment screws on the back of the lamphousing 61 3 and 61 5 Focus the direct image of the filament or discharge 61 6 and adjust as follows 61 1 61 2 and 61 6 Halogen lamp just below or abov...

Страница 93: ...e engaged only with halogen lamp to check whether the image is homogeneously illuminated use a homogeneous specimen section if possible and a low power objective Use a grooved diffusing screen for the...

Страница 94: ...cen tering keys can be kept on the right side as in 13 3 Disengage the BG 38 filter 63 7 if there is no disturbing red background Always engage the filter for photography however Always dis engage th...

Страница 95: ...bandwidth too great inspecific staining fluorescing inclusion medium auto fluorescence of the objective or immersion oil With double fluochroming green and red image details visible at the same time d...

Страница 96: ...stable stop so that all specimens can be aligned to the same height Then only slight refocusing is required with the fine control during serial investigations Objects that do not lie flat and that can...

Страница 97: ...e g If the diaphragm setting is to be retained when switching between brightfield and darkfield For fast switching between high and low objective magnifications Channel II is also advantageous for me...

Страница 98: ...edge can just be seen within the observed object field 49b Put the two centering keys 1 5 into the holes 65 7 and adjust until the edge of the field diaphragm is concentric with the edge of the field...

Страница 99: ...annular lenses are required for incident light darkfield These objectives have a greater external diameter and screw thread M32 x 0 75 High light intensity is necessary for darkfield as this type of...

Страница 100: ...tor slot 54 13 Prisms with an additional number e g D1 B2 split the beam than the D or B1 prism and are therefore more sensitive for detecting fine topological details However the B1 prism is used for...

Страница 101: ...e polarizers Important The polarizers should be exactly vertical or horizontal as a deviation of even 1 may lead to impaired extinction Setting the R P polarizer 29 1 When combined with IC P analyser...

Страница 102: ...Close aperture Objective in use is not suitable for reflected light see DELTA optics objective data sheet Inhomogeneous image illumination Lamp not adjusted Sample not aligned flat For bright darkfiel...

Страница 103: ...evice on the HC FSA 25 PE tube 1 Tube flange 2 Coupling ring for reflection optics 3 Reflec tion optics 4 Coupling ring for diapositive overlay device 5 Knurled ring for focusing 6 5 x 5 cm slide fram...

Страница 104: ...light illuminators and fibre optic lamps etc are suitable light sources for macroscopy The image is observed in the microscope tube and focused by turning the knurled ring The magnification can be cha...

Страница 105: ...e field of view see page 43 and the diameter of the object field measured with a graduated ruler as follows M1 field of view z B 10x 25 eyepiece M1 e g M 0 125 M1 object field M1 object field 200 mm V...

Страница 106: ...r the mirror housing of the macrodual zoom onto the microscope image The drawing area or sheet of paper is homogeneously illuminated with a stand lamp or table lamp The microscope illumination and ill...

Страница 107: ...5 mm nega tives to be overlaid on the microscope image Further details on how to use this system can be found in the manual of the manufacturer Leica AG Vienna Not illustrated VARIMET digital measurem...

Страница 108: ...be that only part of the measurement scale can be used for calibration Important If using a Variotube or variable tube factor Remember to take the additional magnification value into consideration We...

Страница 109: ...line sectioning method This and similar methods involve counting the number of grains cut by the measured distance An average grain size can be worked out by taking several measurements The graticule...

Страница 110: ...t adapter and B mount Vario 1 TV camera 2 Adapter with c mount thread 3 Clamp screw in tube head a c mount adapter for 1 chip cameras b Vario TV adapter Recorded picture diagonal with 1 inch 2 3 inch...

Страница 111: ...e lamp intensity swing filter out of light path switch over beamsplitter in tube system switch TV camera to higher sensitivity Picture too bright TV picture glare Remedy Switch neutral density filter...

Страница 112: ...y grease free artists hair brush or by blowing with a bellows ball or by vacuum Care and maintenance suction Any remaining dirt can be removed with a clean cloth moistened with distilled water Failing...

Страница 113: ...itions 020 422 570 000 4 Screw cover M25 Septuple objective nosepiece and sextuple centrable objective nosepiece 016 016 005 200 Screw cover M32 BD objective nosepiece sextuple Spare eyecups anti glar...

Страница 114: ...8 Incident light illuminator 26 90 Installation 8 Interference attachment 52 99 Interference contrast 25 32 86 99 Intermediate rings 45 Iris diaphragm 49 Koehler illumination 69 Lamp adjustment 68 92...

Страница 115: ...on will cease to be valid if the instrument is modified without our consent Product names DM R DM RE DM RX DM RXE DM RXP Instrument type Light microscope Instrument no 020 525 701 to 020 525 780 EU di...

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