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Kipp & Zonen CM 11, Инструкция по эксплуатации

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Kipp & Zonen CM 11 Скачать руководство пользователя страница 39

 
 
 CALIBRATION 

 

 

 
 

38 

 

Reference (maintained at Davos, Switzerland) embodied by several absolute 
pyrheliometers (black body cavity type).  
 
The comparisons are in-doors or at one of the regional Radiation Centres, see 
Appendix III. 
These institutes sometimes offer calibration facilities. 
 
There are several procedures for transferring calibration from a narrow field of 
view instrument (pyrheliometer) to a wide field of  
view instrument (pyranometer). E.g. the direct component of the solar 
radiation is eliminated temporarily from the pyranometer by shading the whole 
outer dome of the instrument with a disk. There is however no thermal 
equilibrium with this method and some pyranometer models show zero-offset 
drift. 
 
There is another procedure, during which the unknown pyranometer remains 
in its normal operating condition. This 'component' method involves measuring 
the direct component with a pyrheliometer and the diffuse component with a 
disk shaded pyranometer. As, during a clear day, the diffuse radiance is only 
about 10% of the global radiation, the sensitivity of the second pyranometer 
does not need to be known very accurately. Both procedures are suitable to 
obtain a working standard pyranometer. The latter is extensively described in 
International standard ISO 9846. 
 
Transfer from the working standard pyranometer to other pyranometers can 
be done in sunlight. The pyranometers must be mounted side by side so that 
each views the same sky dome. It is desirable to integrate, or average, the 
outputs over a period of time and then compute the calibration constants on 
the basis of these averages. This reduces the errors due to changing 
parameters during the day. 
 
Transfer from another pyranometer in the laboratory is only possible when 
both pyranometers are of the same type and have the same glass domes and 
optical coatings. Kipp & Zonen can recalibrate pyranometers according to this 
method for a charge. 
 

Содержание CM 11

Страница 1: ...INSTRUCTION MANUAL Kipp Zonen 0305 201 PYRANOMETER ALBEDOMETER 14 11...

Страница 2: ...ILITY Kipp Zonen guarantees that the product delivered has been thoroughly tested to ensure that it meets its published specifications The warranty included in the conditions of delivery is valid only...

Страница 3: ...under our sole responsibility that the product Type CM 11 14 Name Pyranometer To which this declaration relates is in conformity with the following standards Imissions EN 50082 1 Group standard Emiss...

Страница 4: ...le version CM 11 13 2 1 2 Technical data of albedo version CM 14 15 2 2 Accuracy 18 3 INSTALLATION 21 3 1 Delivery 21 3 2 Mechanical installation 22 3 2 1 Installation for measurement of global radiat...

Страница 5: ...alculation 40 6 3 4 Zero offset 40 6 3 5 Traceability to World Radiometric Reference 41 7 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS FAQ S 43 8 TROUBLE SHOOTING 45 9 PART NUMBERS SPARE PARTS OPTIONS 47 APPENDIX I CLA...

Страница 6: ...nent of solar radiation only the direct solar component can be shielded semi automatically from the pyranometer by the Kipp Zonen shadow ring CM 121 and fully automatically by the 2AP tracker with sha...

Страница 7: ...ng of the direct solar component for every position of the sun on the celestial sphere The spectral range of the pyranometer is limited by the transmission of the glass See figure 3 A desiccator in th...

Страница 8: ...ctions due to the heat flow necessary to load or unload the sensor heat capacity In the CM 11 there is principally no zero offset B because there is a second non illuminated compensation element See f...

Страница 9: ...opposite to the heat flow from absorbed solar radiation and causes the well known zero depression at night of approximately 5 W m2 This negative zero offset is also present on a clear day however hid...

Страница 10: ...offset in CM 11 Zero offset A 7 W m2 response to 200 W m2 thermal radiation ventilated domes 12 W m2 response to 200 W m2 thermal radiation no ventilation Zero offset B 3 W m2 response to 5 C hr chan...

Страница 11: ...GENERAL INFORMATION 10 Figure 2 Spectral reflectance of Carbon black coating as measured in a UV VIS NIR spectrophotometer with integrating sphere attachment...

Страница 12: ...feature and depends on imperfections of the glass domes and angular reflection properties of the black paint 1 2 4 Temperature dependence For a given heat flow the sensitivity of the pyranometer is a...

Страница 13: ...GENERAL INFORMATION 12...

Страница 14: ...1500 Ohm Response time 15 s 95 response 24 s 99 response Non linearity 0 6 1000 W m2 Temperature dependence of sensitivity 1 10 0 C to 40 0 C Directional error 10 W m2 beam 1000 W m2 Tilt error 0 25...

Страница 15: ...m outer diameter Desiccant Silica gel Spirit level Sensitivity 0 1 bubble half out of the ring Coincide with base of the instrument Detector surface and base are coplanar within 0 1 Materials Anodised...

Страница 16: ...a of the CM 11 pyranometer also apply to the albedometer CM 14 Sensors of equal sensitivity Conical lower screen which prevents illumination of the lower glass dome at sunrise and sunset Impedance Dep...

Страница 17: ...TECHNICAL DATA 16 Figure 5 Kipp Zonen pyranometer CM 11 outline dimensions in mm...

Страница 18: ...TECHNICAL DATA 17 Figure 6 Kipp Zonen albedometer CM 14 outline dimensions in mm...

Страница 19: ...e WMO expects maximum errors in the hourly radiation totals of 3 In the daily total an error of 3 is expected because some response variations cancel out each other if the integration period is long T...

Страница 20: ...the curve is somewhere in the shaded region of figure 8 Figure 8 The curve of relative sensitivity variation with instrument temperature of a pyranometer CM 11 is in the shaded region A typical curve...

Страница 21: ...directional error Max zenith error in any azimuth direction 4 00 2 00 0 00 2 00 4 00 0 20 40 60 70 80 Zenith angle Degrees Maximum relative error 8 00 6 00 4 00 2 00 0 00 2 00 4 00 6 00 8 00 Figure 9...

Страница 22: ...order to facilitate the repair or replacement of the instrument The CM 11 pyranometer delivery will include the following items 1 CM 11 pyranometer 2 White sun screen 3 2 x Mounting bolts nuts washer...

Страница 23: ...range between earliest sunrise and latest sunset should have an elevation not exceeding 5 The apparent sun diameter is 0 5 This is important for an accurate measurement of the direct solar radiation T...

Страница 24: ...wo nylon rings are provided The pyranometer should first be secured lightly with the bolts to a mounting stand or platform Shown in figure 10 Note After reinstallation and recalibration the nylon insu...

Страница 25: ...INSTALLATION 24 Figure 10 Mounting the pyranometer Screw M5x80 Nylon insulator Washer M5 Nut M5...

Страница 26: ...izontal See Appendix II Finally the pyranometer should be secured tight with the two stainless steel bolts Ensure that the pyranometer maintains the correct levelled position 3 2 2 Installation for me...

Страница 27: ...tation The lower screen prevents direct illumination of the domes by the sun at sunrise and sunset Offset signals generated in the pyranometer by thermal effects see paragraph 1 2 1 are a factor of 5...

Страница 28: ...ng is possible however less accurate The shadow ring intercepts the direct solar radiation some days without readjustment but also a proportion of the diffuse sky radiation Therefore corrections for t...

Страница 29: ...er irradiance level The mast in the construction of figure 12 intercepts a fraction D 2 S of the radiation coming from the ground In the most unfavourable situation sun at zenith the pyranometer shado...

Страница 30: ...l outer case is advised Looking at the circuit diagram of figure 14 it is clear that the impedance of the readout equipment is loading the thermistor circuit and the thermopiles It can increase the te...

Страница 31: ...le voltage range can be set so that the result can be read directly in W m2 Figure 14 Circuit diagram of the CM 11 pyranometer and connection to readout equipment When an optional temperature sensor i...

Страница 32: ...2 W m 2 due to lack of thermal equilibrium A surge arrester is installed to conduct induced lightning currents to the case It is recommended to ground the case for this reason The surge arrester is no...

Страница 33: ...series the net global radiation is measured When the outputs are recorded separately the albedo can be calculated by dividing reflected by global radiation Figure 15 Circuit diagram of Kipp Zonen alb...

Страница 34: ...ity emf Solar S U E formula 1 E Solar Global radiation W m 2 Uemf Output of pyranometer V Sensitivity Sensitivity of pyranometer V W m 2 To be certain that the quality of the data is of a high standar...

Страница 35: ...OPERATION 34...

Страница 36: ...ble manually Another periodic check should ensure that the instrument is level and that the silica gel is still coloured orange When the orange silica gel in the drying cartridge is turned completely...

Страница 37: ...e will always be some exchange of humid air In some networks the exposed dome of the pyranometer is ventilated continuously by a blower to keep the dome above dew point temperature The need for heatin...

Страница 38: ...the Radiation Centre of course However this has no consequences for the transfer of calibration because standard and unknown pyranometer have the same black coating and quartz glass domes The supplied...

Страница 39: ...the direct component with a pyrheliometer and the diffuse component with a disk shaded pyranometer As during a clear day the diffuse radiance is only about 10 of the global radiation the sensitivity o...

Страница 40: ...om the walls and the operator the light is limited to a small cone around the two pyranometers The unknown pyranometer a and the standard pyranometer b are placed side by side on a small table The tab...

Страница 41: ...ula 2 s S b a B B A A formula 2 Sb Sensitivity of the standard pyranometer at 20 C A Output of pyranometer at position 1 A Output of pyranometer at position 2 B Output of standard pyranometer at posit...

Страница 42: ...nce Working standard pyranometers are maintained at Kipp Zonen Each standard pyranometer is characterised Linearity temperature dependence curve and directional response are well known The working sta...

Страница 43: ...CALIBRATION 42...

Страница 44: ...conduction in the dome from the air by wind and from the inner dome through infrared radiation The inner dome is cooling down too and will attract heat from the body by conduction and from the sensor...

Страница 45: ...Values up to 1500 W m 2 have been reported Because the clouds move this irradiance value mostly appears as short events of some minutes duration 3 What is the primary entry point for humidity The desi...

Страница 46: ...g the direct sun during some part of the day Check the window it should be clear If water is deposited on the inside please change the desiccant If too much water is deposited the instrument should be...

Страница 47: ...TROUBLE SHOOTING 46...

Страница 48: ...50 mm with metal ring 0305 162 Rubber ring for outer glass dome of CM 11 2132 426 Screen plastic 0305 166 Lower screen CM 14 0012 053 Levelling screw 2 required per pyranometer 0012 117 Fixed foot 001...

Страница 49: ...PART NUMBERS SPARE PARTS OPTIONS 48 Description Part no Mounting plate for 4 unventilated sensors 2 upper and 2 lower 0012 092...

Страница 50: ...e responsivity is valid for all directions when measuring from any direction a beam radiation whose normal incidence irradiance is 1000 W m2 10 W m2 10 W m2 20 W m2 30 W m2 Temperature response percen...

Страница 51: ...APPENDIX I 50...

Страница 52: ...that radiation falls at an elevation of approximately 15 to the horizontal the lamp should be fed by a constant voltage supply The output from the radiation instrument is measured at various azimuths...

Страница 53: ...APPENDIX II 52...

Страница 54: ...manrasset Algeria Tunis Tunisia Region II Asia Poona India Tokyo Japan Region III South America Buenos Aires Argentina Santiago Chile Region IV North and Central America Toronto Canada Boulder U S A M...

Страница 55: ...APPENDIX IV 54...

Страница 56: ...every two years This can be done at the Kipp Zonen factory Here recalibration to the highest standards can be performed at low cost Recalibration can usually be performed within four weeks If required...

Страница 57: ...APPENDIX IV 56...

Страница 58: ...tion Type Model Qty Requested delivery time I intend to send the instruments to Kipp Zonen on I would like to receive the instrument s back on Conformation by Kipp Zonen Yes the dates are acceptable t...

Страница 59: ...APPENDIX IV 58...

Страница 60: ...tion Type Model Qty Requested delivery time I intend to send the instruments to Kipp Zonen on I would like to receive the instrument s back on Conformation by Kipp Zonen Yes the dates are acceptable t...

Страница 61: ...APPENDIX IV 60...

Страница 62: ...tion Type Model Qty Requested delivery time I intend to send the instruments to Kipp Zonen on I would like to receive the instrument s back on Conformation by Kipp Zonen Yes the dates are acceptable t...

Страница 63: ...APPENDIX IV 62...

Страница 64: ...ipp Zonen S A R L 7 avenue Cl ment Ader ZA Ponroy B t M F 94420 LE PLESSIS TREVISE T 33 1 49 62 4104 F 33 1 49 62 4102 E kipp france kippzonen com Our customer support remains at your disposal for any...

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