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64

What do you observe?
What conclusion can you draw?

Manipulation 2: Highlighting the problems of positioning with respect to the target.

Create a new folder.

- Aim the camera at the hot plate, making sure that you are correctly positioned
perpendicular to the bench. Target the black zone in the centre, which has a high
emissivity, close to 0.95.

- Make a temperature measurement at the centre of the plate.

- Tilt your camera slightly. Make another temperature measurement.

- Repeat the operation, tilting your camera again, by approximately 10° each time,
and record the temperature.

What conclusion can you draw?

5.2 STUDY OF THE REAL BODY

5.2.1

Theory

The black body is a theoretical object. The formulas given above can be

applied to a real object only with a few corrections: real objects absorb only a
fraction

α

of the incident radiation, reflecting a part

ρ

and transmitting a fraction

τ

.

Incident radiation at temperature
T: I(T)

ρ

(T)

τ

(T)

α

(T)

English

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Содержание C.A 1875

Страница 1: ...CC C A 1875 Banc thermographie Thermography bench Notice de fonctionnement User s Manual FRAN AIS ENGLISH...

Страница 2: ...rm ment la directive WEEE 2002 96 EC ce mat riel ne doit pas tre trait comme d chet m nager Risque de danger Consulter la notice de fonctionnement avant d utiliser l appareil Le marquage CE garantit l...

Страница 3: ...5 2 2 Manipulations tude de l influence de la r flexion et de la transmission 18 5 3 Optique et camera de thermographie 18 5 3 1 La th orie tude de la r solution spatiale 18 5 3 2 Manipulation tude de...

Страница 4: ...Fran ais 3 ANNEXE 1 DETERMINATION EMISSIVTE 33 ANNEXE 2 DETERMINATION TEMPERATURE REFLECHIE 34 ANNEXE 3 EXERCICES D APPLICATION 35 ANNEXE 4 SOLUTIONS 41...

Страница 5: ...ction ne n cessite aucune coupure de courant n exige ni arr t des machines ni interruption de la production Elle permet de diagnostiquer l avance les disfonctionnements latents et ainsi de pr venir l...

Страница 6: ...ier que la cam ra est un outil de mesure et qu il est n cessaire de continuer les investigations 2 PRESENTATION Une demande grandissante en formation la thermographie infrarouge a amen CHAUVIN ARNOUX...

Страница 7: ...le Pr sentation du banc didactique thermographie C A 1875 1 Plaque chauffante 2 LEDs d indication de mont e ou de descente en temp rature 3 Interrupteur Marche Arr t 4 Connexion c ble alimentation sec...

Страница 8: ...3 1 CARACTERISTIQUES GENERALES DU BANC Alimentation 230 V 50 60 Hz Consommation 400 mA Temp rature plaque chauffante 50 55 C 3 C Plaque noire d missivit 0 95 Plaque 6 Aluminium AG3 Plaque 4 Cuivre ro...

Страница 9: ...est possible mais n cessite de r armer manuellement le thermostat de s curit pour rendre l appareil fonctionnel Conformit aux normes internationales S curit selon IEC 61010 Ed 2 2001 CEM selon IEC 61...

Страница 10: ...froidit jusqu environ 50 C La chauffe se remet en service avec l allumage de L1 et ainsi de suite Ce cycle se fera ind finiment tant que le banc sera en fonctionnement 5 MANIPULATIONS Consultez la not...

Страница 11: ...urface et par unit de temps sous l action d une diff rence de temp rature entre les deux extr mit s d un chantillon de ce corps donc en pr sence d un gradient de temp rature Prenons l exemple d une ba...

Страница 12: ...raphie infrarouge En effet la convection forc e va amener la surface d un corps se refroidir sans pour autant modifier sa temp rature interne Par exemple le vent est un mode de convection forc e En pr...

Страница 13: ...s rayonne cela doit venir de lui m me c est une nergie interne En thermographie on utilise le rayonnement pour mesurer la temp rature des corps Pour chaque temp rature et longueur d onde donn es il ex...

Страница 14: ...n mise serait la radiation thermique seulement d pendante de sa propre temp rature Application voir annexe 3 exercice 3 et 4 L missivit L missivit d un mat riau souvent crite est le rapport de l nergi...

Страница 15: ...e noire dessus avant de faire la manipulation Des erreurs de mesure tr s importantes sont apport es par la n gligence ou la mauvaise appr ciation de ce param tre Un autre param tre influen ant la vale...

Страница 16: ...r l missivit des diff rentes plaques Positionnez un morceau de ruban adh sif noir sur l une des 6 plaques ext rieures Pointez nouveau la cam ra vers cette plaque Que constatez vous Quelle conclusion p...

Страница 17: ...nergie on obtient la relation suivante I T I T I T I T soit 1 Lors d un quilibre l objet va mettre T la m me quantit d nergie qu il a absorb T Nous avons la relation suivante I T I T soit D o 1 En th...

Страница 18: ...fl chie La temp rature r fl chie correspond la temp rature ambiante proche de la cible Si aucun l ment ne vient perturber la cible inspecter cette temp rature correspond la temp rature ambiante Dans...

Страница 19: ...mes de mesure li s aux probl mes de transmission Cr ez un nouveau dossier Prenez une mesure de temp rature de la plaque noire centrale d missivit 0 95 Positionnez l cran de test num ro 1 fen tre de pl...

Страница 20: ...ion HFOV VFOV IFOV ndH ndV Avec ndH nombre de d tecteurs sur l horizontale de la matrice ndV nombre de d tecteurs sur la verticale de la matrice En fait on pr f re exprimer l IFOV en milliradians mrad...

Страница 21: ...l aspect m trologique de la cam ra En effet chaque d tecteur est autonome et effectue une mesure du rayonnement re u sur l ensemble de sa zone Le d tecteur effectuera ainsi la moyenne du rayonnement...

Страница 22: ...OV Pour tre certain de faire une mesure correcte il faudrait que le fil se positionne de la sorte En r alit on a plus de risque d avoir cette configuration En r alit on a plus de risque d avoir cette...

Страница 23: ...s La plus petite zone mesurable par la cam ra correspond donc 3 IFOV Soit PRSM 3 PRSO Application voir annexe 3 exercices 7 9 5 3 2 Manipulation tude de la r solution spatiale Positionnez l cran de te...

Страница 24: ...iciel RayCAm report L objectif est de reprendre les diff rentes mesures explicit es ci dessus l aide du logiciel RayCAm report et des images sauvegard es dans la cam ra Manipulation 1 transfert et arc...

Страница 25: ...que vous avez d images dans le dossier R solution spatiale Ins rez un thermogramme par zone Ins rez des points sur chaque fente de chaque thermogramme Ins rez une ligne sur chaque s rie de fentes Cr e...

Страница 26: ...atures on pourra dans certaines circonstances se contenter de proc der qualitativement en r glant de fa on identique la cam ra entre les deux sc nes et en travaillant uniquement sur les diff rences ap...

Страница 27: ...ves de pr voir d anticiper sur d ventuels travaux r aliser puisque identifi s et de faciliter la maintenance des installations lectriques gain de temps et de s curit La m thodologie effectuer pour un...

Страница 28: ...ation voir annexe 3 exercice 11 Application la maintenance m canique Les pi ces m caniques en mouvement s chauffent normalement du fait des frottements La thermographie infrarouge permet de mettre en...

Страница 29: ...PORT Q19 5 6 1 Pr sentation Un contr le des installations lectriques par thermographie infrarouge effectu selon le cahier des sp cifications techniques du document APSAD D19 entra ne la d livrance du...

Страница 30: ...e grande urgence R diger et envoyer dans les quinze jours suivant le contr le un rapport d intervention comprenant Une pr sentation de l intervention La liste d taill e des quipements contr l s Un tab...

Страница 31: ...o Value IrNo 1 ems 0 9 dist 1 envtmp 25 Date 2003 9 3 Time 12 52 39 Label Value Max Temp 101 38 Max ems 0 9 Max dist 1 Diagnostic Recommandation CONCLUSION Contr l par M R par le 2 par M R paration v...

Страница 32: ...l g rement imbib d eau claire laissez s cher compl tement avant toute nouvelle utilisation R armement du thermostat de s curit d connectez l appareil du r seau d alimentation secteur ou appuyer sur le...

Страница 33: ...n expresse pendant douze mois apr s la date de mise disposition du mat riel extrait de nos Conditions G n rales de Vente communiqu es sur demande La garantie ne s applique pas suite une utilisation in...

Страница 34: ...ssivit Appliquons sur S1 une couche de peinture noire S2 dont l missivit est connue S1 S2 Avec la RayCAm on mesure la temp rature de S2 avec une missivit de 0 95 param tr e dans la cam ra S1 S2 Une fo...

Страница 35: ...it sur lequel se r fl chit un corps noir quivalent l environnement moyen Le r glage d missivit dans la cam ra est donc 1 3 On mesure la temp rature du corps noir quivalent l environnement sur la feuil...

Страница 36: ...me 1 Thermogramme 2 Commentez ces deux images Exercice 2 Mise en avant des probl mes de convection forc e en thermographie IR Thermogramme pris par grand vent Thermogramme pris par temps calme Comment...

Страница 37: ...yonn e est de 3 9 10 26 W En supposant que le soleil est assimil un corps noir a Quelle est la temp rature de surface b Quelle est la longueur d onde correspondant au maximum d nergie rayonn e Exercic...

Страница 38: ...positionner pour mesurer la temp rature a D un c ble de 2 mm de diam tre d1 b D un c ble de 5 mm de diam tre d2 c D un c ble de 10 mm de diam tre d3 Exercice 9 Nous cherchons d terminer la temp ratur...

Страница 39: ...Fran ais 38 Thermogramme 1 Thermogramme 2 Thermogramme 3 P01 52 8 C P02 45 5 C P03 45 C P01 57 9 C P02 68 C P03 67 4 C P01 45 5 C P02 51 6 C P03 44 7 C...

Страница 40: ...Fran ais 39 Thermogramme 4 Thermogramme 5 Thermogramme 6 P01 51 3 C P02 55 3 C P03 55 4 C P02 43 2 C P04 24 9 C P01 60 3 C P04 35 3 C...

Страница 41: ...c dents sachant que Thermogramme 1 pris 60 de la charge nominale Thermogramme 2 pris 90 de la charge nominale Thermogramme 3 pris 85 de la charge nominale Thermogramme 4 pris 40 de la charge nominale...

Страница 42: ...re du point chaud pour conna tre l origine exacte du d faut c est le point le plus chaud qui est la source du probl me Solution 2 Thermogramme 1 L image ayant t prise par grand vent l air a uniformis...

Страница 43: ...4 Question a Loi de St fan P S T 4 Avec 1 car corps noir 5 68 10 8 Constante de Boltzman D o T 4 P S T 5 792 K Question b Loi de d placement de Wien max T Cste 2 898 m K D o max 2 898 T max 0 5 m Nou...

Страница 44: ...ticale de la matrice D o IFOV 2 18 mrad Un d tecteur voit une surface l mentaire de 2 18 mm une distance de 1 m Question b Selon la d finition de l IFOV nous avons HFOV x x 1000 IFOV ndH x 180 Avec HF...

Страница 45: ...estion b L IFOV de la RayCAm est de 2 2 mrad On a alors 1 m s1 2 2 mm 50 cm s2 x mm De plus d2 3 x IFOV 50 cm 3 x s2 D o d2 3 3 mm Solution 8 Question a Pour tre certain de faire une mesure correcte o...

Страница 46: ...n de faire une mesure correcte on doit avoir au maximum dC ble 3 x s2 De plus selon l IFOV de la cam ra 1 m s1 2 2 mm d3 m s2 dC ble 3 On a alors d3 s2 2 2 dC ble 3 2 2 D o d3 1 5 m La cam ra doit se...

Страница 47: ...11 m 11 cm Il est possible d utiliser un grand angle Pour effectuer une mesure correcte il faut que la cam ra soit entre 1 cm et 11 cm de la cible Solution 10 Thermogramme 1 Selon la temp rature des...

Страница 48: ...on la temp rature des curseurs d terminons la diff rence de temp rature entre P02 et P04 T TP02 TP04 43 2 24 9 T 18 3 C D o un degr de criticit de niveau 1 planifier une action corrective dans les 3 6...

Страница 49: ...0 90 12 5 C Le degr de criticit est de niveau 1 planification d une action corrective dans les 3 6 mois Il n y a aucune influence notable de la charge Thermogramme 3 Nous avons la relation Teffectif T...

Страница 50: ...fier dans les 1 3 mois Thermogramme 5 Nous avons la relation Teffectif Tbrut x Inominal Imesur L installation a t thermographi e 90 de sa charge d o Inominal Imesur 100 90 L cart de temp rature mesur...

Страница 51: ...with directive WEEE 2002 96 EC this equipment must not be processed as household waste Possible hazard Refer to the operating instructions before using the device The CE marking guarantees conformity...

Страница 52: ...ody 64 5 2 1 Theory 64 5 2 2 Manipulations study of the influence of reflection and transmission 66 5 3 OPTICS AND THERMOGRAPHY CAMERA 67 5 3 1 Theory study of the spatial resolution 67 5 3 2 Manipula...

Страница 53: ...Fran ais 52 APPENDIX 1 DETERMINATION OF EMISSIVITY 81 APPENDIX 2 DETERMINATION OF REFLECTED TEMPERATURE 82 APPENDIX 3 APPLICATION EXERCISES 83 APPENDIX 4 SOLUTIONS 89 English...

Страница 54: ...ll the occurrence of malfunctions and prevent production incidents Thermal imaging is an innovative contact free evaluation technique that is all at once safe reliable and rapid A thermal camera does...

Страница 55: ...specially designed for instructional purposes Far from being exhaustive the manipulations proposed are intended only to illustrate through a few examples the false measurement records it is possible...

Страница 56: ...n Off switch 4 Power cord connection 5 Fuse compartment 6 10 Plates of different materials 7 Cover protecting the bench 8 Test screen attachment plate 9 Black reference plate for the various tests Pre...

Страница 57: ...ditions Indoor use 0 to 40 C and 10 to 90 RH Altitude less than 2000 m Degree of pollution 2 Storage 20 to 65 C and 10 to 90 RH Altitude less than 12 000 m NB storage at a higher temperature is possib...

Страница 58: ...C A 1875 thermography tutorial bench must be placed on a flat level surface The hot plate must be perpendicular to the work top Once the bench is in place connect it to a mains outlet with an earth a...

Страница 59: ...f temperature There are three thermal transfer modes Conduction Convection Radiation These three modes can be present simultaneously independently of one another A heat flux is a quantity of thermal e...

Страница 60: ...on the heat uses the fluid as a vehicle to convey it There are two types of convective transfers Natural convection when there is a temperature difference between two points in a fluid the hot fluid t...

Страница 61: ...at a uniform temperature because of forced convection but the internal temperatures may be different Application see Appendix 3 exercise 2 Radiation case of the full radiator or black body Any body a...

Страница 62: ...these exchanges The energy E radiated by a body is written E S T 4 With E radiated energy expressed in W m Stefan Boltzmann constant 5 6703 x 108 W m 2 K 4 S area of the body expressed in m T temperat...

Страница 63: ...erial and of its surface condition The more capable a body is of absorbing heat the closer its emissivity to 1 There are nomographs indicating the emissivities of various materials To make valid measu...

Страница 64: ...standard that specifies how to determine this parameter See Appendix 1 5 1 2 Manipulations study of the influence of emissivity Manipulation 1 Highlighting the problems of measurement on materials hav...

Страница 65: ...re measurement at the centre of the plate Tilt your camera slightly Make another temperature measurement Repeat the operation tilting your camera again by approximately 10 each time and record the tem...

Страница 66: ...ake measurements only on opaque bodies The transmission of the materials is therefore zero This gives the equation 1 and 1 Thus when making a measurement by thermography it is necessary to make allowa...

Страница 67: ...how to determine the resulting reflected temperature See Appendix 2 Application see appendix 3 exercise 5 5 2 2 Manipulations study of the influence of reflection and transmission Manipulation 3 Highl...

Страница 68: ...known as the IFOV Instantaneous Field Of View angle and is the angle at which a detector of the matrix sees an elementary surface s of the thermal scene The difficulty in defining IFOV lies in the fac...

Страница 69: ...lication see appendix 3 exercise 6 Measurement Spatial Resolving Power PRSM For temperature measurements as opposed to thermal imaging it is necessary to consider the metrological character of the cam...

Страница 70: ...ize of 2 IFOVs To be sure of making a valid measurement the wire must be positioned like this In reality there is a greater risk of having this configuration In reality there is a greater risk of havi...

Страница 71: ...Vs Or PRSM 3 PRSO Application see appendix 3 exercises 7 to 9 5 3 2 Manipulation study of spatial resolution Place test screen number 2 slits in the zone provided for it on the bench Wait 2 3 minutes...

Страница 72: ...g the RayCAm report software and images saved in the camera Manipulation 1 transfer and archiving of the thermograms Connect the camera to a PC using the USB cable provided The PC recognizes the RayCA...

Страница 73: ...ges in the Spatial resolution folder Insert one thermogram per zone Insert points on each slit of each thermogram Insert one line on each series of slits Create one analysis line tool zone per thermog...

Страница 74: ...es correctly one may settle in some circumstances for proceeding qualitatively by adjusting the camera in the same way between two scenes and working only on the apparent differences in the image Quan...

Страница 75: ...e maintenance of electrical installations time saved and safety enhanced The methodology to be applied for an electrical maintenance inspection is the following A systematic sweep of the whole electri...

Страница 76: ...on problem This means of investigation is used primarily on motor pump and motor blower sets It is used as a complement to a vibration analysis which is much more cumbersome to set up A single image s...

Страница 77: ...ays The constraints of such an inspection are the following Make available to the thermographer before the inspection A complete and detailed list of the equipment to be checked Information about the...

Страница 78: ...pment checked A summary table of the anomalies found An overall assessment of the electrical installations Anomaly sheets containing An infrared image of the anomaly A photograph in visible light The...

Страница 79: ...ue IrNo 1 ems 0 9 dist 1 envtmp 25 Date 2003 9 3 Time 12 52 39 Label Value Max Temp 101 38 Max ems 0 9 Max dist 1 Diagnostic Recommendation CONCLUSION Checked by Mr Inspected on 2 by Mr Repair inspect...

Страница 80: ...setting the safety thermostat Disconnect the device from the power network or press the button on the back of the housing Unhinge the cover by actuating the two clips Open the housing by unscrewing th...

Страница 81: ...the equipment or use with incompatible equipment modifications made to the equipment without the explicit permission of the manufacturer s technical staff work done on the device by a person not appr...

Страница 82: ...ply to S1 a coat of black paint S2 of which the emissivity is known S1 S2 With the RayCAm the temperature of S2 is measured with an emissivity of 0 95 parameterized in the camera S1 S2 Once the temper...

Страница 83: ...reflector on which is reflected a black body equivalent to the mean environment The emissivity setting of the camera is therefore 1 3 The temperature of the black body equivalent to the environment i...

Страница 84: ...mogram 1 Thermogram 2 Comment on these two images Exercise 2 Highlighting of the problems of forced convection in IR thermography Thermogram made in high wind Thermogram made in still air Comment on t...

Страница 85: ...8 m 2 and its radiated power is 3 9 x 10 26 W Regarding the sun as a black body a What is its surface temperature b What is the wavelength corresponding to the maximum of radiated energy Exercise 5 Hi...

Страница 86: ...cm Exercise 8 From what distance should you measure the temperature a Of a cable of 2 mm in diameter d1 b Of a cable of 5 mm in diameter d2 c Of a cable of 10 mm in diameter d3 Exercise 9 We want to...

Страница 87: ...Fran ais 86 Thermogram 1 Thermogram 2 Thermogram 3 P01 52 8 C P02 45 5 C P03 45 C P01 57 9 C P02 68 C P03 67 4 C P01 45 5 C P02 51 6 C P03 44 7 C English...

Страница 88: ...Fran ais 87 Thermogram 4 Thermogram 5 Thermogram 6 P01 51 3 C P02 55 3 C P03 55 4 C P02 43 2 C P04 24 9 C P01 60 3 C P04 35 3 C English...

Страница 89: ...bove assuming that Thermogram 1 was made at 60 of nominal load Thermogram 2 was made at 90 of nominal load Thermogram 3 was made at 85 of nominal load Thermogram 4 was made at 40 of nominal load Therm...

Страница 90: ...on both sides of the hot spot to determine the exact origin of the fault it is the hottest point that is the source of the problem Solution 2 Thermogram 1 The image was made in a high wind and the air...

Страница 91: ...2 898 T max 3 42 m Solution 4 Question a Stefan s law P S T 4 With 1 because black body 5 68 x 10 8 Boltzmann s constant Whence T 4 P S T 5 792 K Question b Wien s law max T Constant 2 898 m K Whence...

Страница 92: ...tical of the matrix Whence IFOV 2 18 mrad A detector sees an elementary surface of 2 18 mm at a distance of 1 m Question b According to the definition of the IFOV HFOV x x 1000 IFOV ndH x 180 With HFO...

Страница 93: ...m Whence d1 0 66 mm Question b The IFOV of the RayCAm is 2 2 mrad It follows that at 1 m s1 2 2 mm at 50 cm s2 x mm Moreover d2 3 x IFOV 50 cm 3 x s2 Whence d2 3 3 mm Solution 8 Question a To be sure...

Страница 94: ...2 0 76 m 76 cm The camera must be at a distance of not more than 76 cm to make a valid measurement Question c To be sure of making a valid measurement the following value must not be exceeded dCable 3...

Страница 95: ...asurement the following value must not be exceeded dCable 3 x s2 In addition based on the IFOV of the camera at 1 m s1 4 1 mm at d1m s2 dCable 3 It follows that d1 s2 2 2 dCable 3 2 2 4 x P 1 2 3 4 1...

Страница 96: ...temperatures of the cursors let us determine the difference of temperature between P01 and P02 T TP02 TP01 55 3 51 3 T 4 C Whence a degree of criticality of level 0 requiring surveillance Thermogram...

Страница 97: ...installation was thermographed at 90 of its load whence Inominal Imeasured 100 90 The measured temperature difference was 10 1 C So Teffective Traw x 100 90 10 1 x 100 90 12 5 C The degree of critica...

Страница 98: ...nd a degree of criticality of level 2 Corrective action in from 1 to 3 months must be planned Thermogram 5 We find the equation Teffective Traw x Inominal Imeasured The installation was thermographed...

Страница 99: ...Fran ais 98 English...

Страница 100: ...uvin Arnoux Ltd Waldeck House Waldeck Road Maidenhead SL6 8BR Tel 01628 788 888 Fax 01628 628 099 ITALIA Amra SpA Via Sant Ambrogio 23 25 20050 Bareggia di Macherio MI Tel 039 245 75 45 Fax 039 481 56...

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