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S

ECTION 

1

   

O

VERVIEW

  

7 

Only the propagation delay is specified directly as an emulation parameter. The end-to-end delay 
is the sum of the three individual delays.   

Frames are subject to three separate types of loss: 

1.

 

Emulated packet loss: Frames are randomly discarded based on the specified packet loss rate. 
Since frame discard occurs after the frames have been rate throttled, discarded frames will 
consume link bandwidth. 

2.

 

Emulated bit errors: Frames are randomly discarded based on the specified bit error rate. 
Since this discard also occurs after the frames have been rate throttled, discarded frames will 
consume link bandwidth. 

3.

 

Queue drops: If frames arrive faster than they can be transmitted over the emulated link, 
excess frames will be queued to the specified maximum queue depth. Once the queue is full, 
additional frames are discarded. These dropped frames do not consume WAN bandwidth. 

When functioning as a bridge, the Linktropy WAN Emulator is not limited to emulating IP 
networks, but can emulate any type of network so long as the traffic is encapsulated in Ethernet. 
In addition to IP, the device can be used with IPv6, IPX, AppleTalk, SCPS, and proprietary network 
and transport layer protocols. 

1.3 Linktropy Configuration 

Configuration of the Linktropy WAN Emulator is primarily through the browser-based Linktropy 
GUI (Graphical User Interface). The GUI is accessible from any PC or other device with a standard 
web browser. Management connectivity is via a dedicated Ethernet management interface on the 
Linktropy WAN Emulator or in-band through the LAN A or LAN B interface. See Section 3 for 
more information on the Linktropy GUI. 

In addition to the GUI, the Linktropy WAN Emulator includes a limited command line interface 
(CLI) that can be accessed via the console serial port or over the network using Telnet or SSH. The 
CLI is used primarily to set the management IP address if the GUI is not accessible over the 
network, and to load stored emulation conditions for use with script-based automated testing. 
See Section 11 for details on the CLI. 

Содержание Linktropy MINI-G

Страница 1: ...LINKTROPY MINI 2 MINI G WAN EMULATOR USER S GUIDE Firmware Version 3 0 ...

Страница 2: ...es CA 90064 USA 1 310 477 9955 info apposite tech com www apposite tech com Copyright 2005 2017 Apposite Technologies LLC All rights reserved Apposite Linktropy and Netropy are registered trademarks of Apposite Technologies LLC The Apposite logo and WAN Emulation Made Easy are trademarks of Apposite Technologies LLC Part No DOC UG LM2G 4C ...

Страница 3: ... 12 3 3 Emulation On Off Button 12 3 4 Message Bar 13 4 Link Emulation Tab Link Emulation Parameter Configuration 14 4 1 Basic Parameters 16 4 1 1 Bandwidth 16 4 1 2 Delay 16 4 1 3 Loss 17 4 2 Advanced Parameters 17 4 2 1 Queue Depth 18 4 2 2 Framing Overhead 18 5 Bridge Route Tab Bridge and Routing Mode Configuration 19 5 1 Bridging Mode 19 5 1 1 Emulation Bypass 20 5 1 2 Learning Bridge 20 5 2 I...

Страница 4: ...s 26 7 1 Save Emulation 27 7 2 Load Emulation 27 7 3 Delete Emulation 28 8 Upgrade Tab Firmware Upgrades and License Keys 29 8 1 Upgrade Firmware 29 8 2 License Key 30 9 Linktropy Monitor 31 9 1 Statistics 31 9 2 ARP Table 33 10 Security 34 10 1 Passwords 34 10 2 SSL 34 10 3 SSH 34 11 Command Line Interface 35 12 Apposite Support 38 Appendix A Linktropy End User License Agreement 39 Appendix B Thi...

Страница 5: ...omer demonstrations of networking products and application development of client server systems Their small size and light weight make them easy to carry while their fanless design and solid state storage offer extra reliability for frequent shipping The Linktropy Mini2 has 10 100baseT Ethernet ports and is limited to 100 Mbps while the Mini G includes Gigabit Ethernet ports with higher throughput...

Страница 6: ...rmal distributions Packet Loss Bit Errors Background Traffic X X Packet Duplication X X Packet Reordering X X Live condition capture and replay X X Linktropy Scheduler for dynamic conditions X X Installation Record and download traffic statistics X X Install as Bridge Install as Router Emulation interfaces 2 FE 10 100baseT 2 GigE RJ45 2 GigE RJ45 or SFP 8 GigE RJ45 or SFP Form factor compact compa...

Страница 7: ...ng delays For example if the delay is specified as a uniform distribution between 10 and 100 ms and the first frame is subjected to a 90 ms delay and the second frame is subjected to a 20 ms delay the second frame can not be transmitted until after the first frame has been transmitted This effect can skew the measured mean delay to be higher than the configured value when using a normal or uniform...

Страница 8: ...Linktropy WAN Emulator is not limited to emulating IP networks but can emulate any type of network so long as the traffic is encapsulated in Ethernet In addition to IP the device can be used with IPv6 IPX AppleTalk SCPS and proprietary network and transport layer protocols 1 3 Linktropy Configuration Configuration of the Linktropy WAN Emulator is primarily through the browser based Linktropy GUI G...

Страница 9: ...nktropy WAN emulator requires a PC running a supported web browser Internet Explorer Firefox Chrome and Safari JavaScript must be enabled Initial configuration of the management interface requires either a PC running a supported web browser that can be configured and placed on the 10 0 0 0 255 0 0 0 network a PC with an RS 232 serial port running terminal emulation software such as HyperTerminal o...

Страница 10: ...figuration via the Serial Console Using the provided DB 9 cable connect the serial port of a PC running terminal emulation software to the CONSOLE port of the Linktropy Mini2 Set the serial port parameters to 9600 baud 8 bits no parity 1 stop bit and disable flow control For more details on connecting to the serial console see the Linktropy Mini2 or Linktropy Mini G Hardware Guide Press ENTER to d...

Страница 11: ...Linktropy GUI at the IP address of the management interface All emulation parameters are found on the Link Emulation tab Emulation is disabled until the Emulation On Off button at the top of the screen is pressed See the following chapters for details on Linktropy emulation parameters or click the buttons on the GUI for information on specific parameters Registration For access to firmware upgrade...

Страница 12: ...ntains a set of tabs used to specify the emulation parameters and device settings Sections 4 through 8 of this User s Guide describe each of the individual tabs The top portion of the Configuration window also includes the Status Box Emulation On Off button and Message Bar These elements remain visible across the various tabs Each input field is checked for validity when modified Valid changes are...

Страница 13: ...ng normal operation the speed and duplex state of the interface are displayed in green If the interface is unplugged or fails to negotiate an Ethernet connection DOWN is displayed in red When emulation is turned on the Status Box displays the current instantaneous throughput in each direction averaged over 1 second intervals and the total number of dropped frames More detailed statistics and throu...

Страница 14: ...sage Bar The Message Bar located at the top of the screen is only visible when status messages are displayed Confirmation messages are displayed on a white background error messages on a red background and alerts on a yellow background ...

Страница 15: ...e tab is pressed The Apply Changes button is grayed out when there are no changes to apply It is also grayed out if there are any invalid entries To return to the active configuration without applying any changes press the Clear Changes button When the Apply Changes button is pressed final validation of the configuration is performed If there are no errors in the configuration the new configuratio...

Страница 16: ...Figure 5 Link Emulation Tab SECTION 4 LINK EMULATION TAB LINK EMULATION PARAMETER CONFIGURATION 15 ...

Страница 17: ...e Delay parameter specifies the link latency in milliseconds and is set independently for each direction Delay can be set from 0 milliseconds to 10 seconds Entered values are rounded to the nearest 0 1 millisecond The delay parameter will not reorder frames The radio buttons are used to specify the delay distribution Constant A single fixed value for delay Uniform A uniform distribution of delay r...

Страница 18: ...s for a lossless link Packet loss rates can be set from 0 100 in increments of 0 0001 Bit error rates can take values of 1x10 14 or greater and are entered in scientific notation The coefficient of the rate the field on the left must be entered as a value greater than or equal to 0 and less than 10 The exponent may be between 1 and 14 The minus sign is supplied and only the digits of the exponent ...

Страница 19: ...r technology when transmitting a packet of data Typically the framing overhead consists of link layer addressing and error checking information To emulate a link layer technology with a particular framing overhead select the value from the drop down list if available or choose Custom and enter the specific value To emulate the traversal of a frame over a link the Linktropy WAN Emulator calculates ...

Страница 20: ... link switch to IP Routing Mode To revert to Bridging Mode click on the link switch to Bridging Mode Bridge Route settings are not stored with emulation parameters and will not change when a stored emulation is loaded 5 1 Bridging Mode In Bridging Mode the Linktropy device functions as a bridge between the Ethernet segments connected to the LAN A and LAN B ports In this mode it can forward any Eth...

Страница 21: ... the Linktropy WAN emulator acts as a learning bridge and provides MAC address learning and filtering The device examines the source MAC address of received frames to learn the network segment LAN A or LAN B on which each directly connected device is located Received frames for which the source and destination devices are on the same network segment are discarded Learning Bridge functionality is g...

Страница 22: ...ation If a gateway address is set it must be on the same subnet as the corresponding LAN A or LAN B address If a gateway address is set for only one interface then the Linktropy WAN emulator will use this address as its default next hop router When gateway addresses are set for both interfaces the default next hop router for packets received on one interface is the gateway of the opposite interfac...

Страница 23: ... Apply Changes button is pressed a red error box will be drawn around the row Changes are not applied until the errors are fixed and the Apply Changes button is pressed again SECTION 5 BRIDGE ROUTE TAB BRIDGE AND ROUTING MODE CONFIGURATION 22 ...

Страница 24: ...ings are saved by pressing the Apply Changes button on the bottom of the tab Settings remain unchanged through reboots and power cycles Device settings are not stored with emulation parameters and will not change when a stored emulation is loaded Figure 8 Device Settings Tab SECTION 6 DEVICE SETTINGS TAB DEVICE AND INTERFACE PARAMETERS 23 ...

Страница 25: ... to the newly configured IP address will be displayed in the Message Bar If the new address is reachable from the browser click on this link to reconnect to the Linktropy GUI If you cannot regain connectivity to the Linktropy WAN emulator after a change to the network settings use the CONSOLE interface to verify or change the network settings 6 3 Management Access By default the Linktropy GUI is a...

Страница 26: ...p down menu However it is strongly recommended to keep the interfaces set to auto negotiate unless auto negotiation is not working properly Jumbo frames of up to 9 KB are supported on the Linktropy Mini G Jumbo frames are not supported on the Linktropy Mini2 A separate Ethernet port labeled MGMT is used for device management and monitoring Auto negotiation cannot be disabled on the management port...

Страница 27: ...ons Radio buttons on the left side of the tab are used to select between Save Load and Delete operations Figure 9 Save Load Tab Save and load operations only save or load the emulation parameters from the Link Emulation tab Other device configuration parameters including the settings from the Bridge Route tab and the Device Settings tab are not affected by saving or loading an emulation SECTION 7 ...

Страница 28: ...etails of the emulation and may be left blank Once the Group and Slot are selected and a Name assigned the Save button becomes active Press Save to store the emulation The preset group names of Group 1 through Group 10 can be changed by clicking the Rename link adjacent to the Group drop down list Changing the name of a Group does not affect the emulations stored in that Group 7 2 Load Emulation P...

Страница 29: ...o button to display the Delete screen To delete an emulation first select the Group from the drop down list Only Groups that contain stored emulations are shown Next select a stored emulation from the Name drop down list The emulation description will be displayed Click the Delete button to delete the selected emulation Once deleted emulations cannot be recovered ...

Страница 30: ... support section of the Apposite Technologies website at http www apposite tech com Save the firmware image on the PC running the browser or on a file server accessible from the browser In the Upgrade Firmware row click the Browse button to find and select the image or type the name of the image including the full path name Then click the Upgrade button to install the new firmware A popup window d...

Страница 31: ... on the support section of the Apposite website To obtain a username and password to access the support site register your unit at http www apposite tech com register html Registered users will also receive email notice of new firmware releases 8 2 License Key The license key controls the maximum WAN emulated link bandwidth that can be configured in each direction The Linktropy Mini2 has a maximum...

Страница 32: ... of the transmission rate and a table of average transmission rates The currently running emulation parameters are also displayed All statistics are based on values since the last reset and are independent of whether the Monitor has been open or not Rebooting or power cycling the device resets all values The reset button at the top of the page resets values for the window After reset transmission ...

Страница 33: ...for the previous 10 minutes in 1 second intervals The y axis automatically adjusts to the maximum transmission rate over the period The average transmission rates for the past 1 second 10 seconds 1 minute and 10 minutes are also displayed in tabular form next to the graph SECTION 9 LINKTROPY MONITOR 32 ...

Страница 34: ...es dropped due to loss BER and queuing limits Percent total number of dropped frames as a percentage of the total number of frames received Queue Bytes number of bytes in the emulated link s transmit queue Frames number of frames in the emulated link s transmit queue 9 2 ARP Table The ARP Table page displays the current ARP table In Bridging Mode the ARP table only contains entries used for device...

Страница 35: ...owser that the signing certificate authority is unknown and not trusted Either ignore this error or install your own certificate To install a new certificate use the http command from the CLI http load certificate file name server address tftp For example linktropy http load certs certificate crt 192 168 0 100 By default HTTP is used to download the firmware image Specify tftp to use TFTP instead ...

Страница 36: ...lowing subset of the functionality available in the Linktropy GUI Configure the management IP address subnet mask and default gateway Load previously stored emulations To access the CLI log into the device at the prompt as admin There is no password SSH can be used to either log into the Linktropy CLI similar to Telnet or to execute a single command The SSH and Telnet services can be enabled or di...

Страница 37: ...transmitted and received on each interface at the specified interval The interval is specified in seconds and defaults to 1 second if no interval is specified Use CTRL C to stop This command is only available on the Mini2 init init config nolicense Returns the configuration to factory default settings Include nolicense to also reset the license acceptance Takes effect upon reboot unless there is a...

Страница 38: ... the SSH server s public keys If service is disabled any sessions in progress are terminated With no argument ssh reports current status of the service telnet telnet enable disable Enables or disables telnet service If service is disabled any sessions in progress are terminated With no argument telnet reports current status of the service upgrade upgrade image name server address tftp Upgrades the...

Страница 39: ...pport and one year maintenance and hardware warranty If you believe the firmware is not functioning properly please upgrade to the latest firmware release If the problem persists please contact Apposite Support at support apposite tech com 1 310 477 9955 ext 2 When contacting Apposite Support please include the following information Linktropy model Serial number Your e mail address and phone numbe...

Страница 40: ...s based upon the Software or Documentation v reverse engineer disassemble decompile decrypt or otherwise attempt to derive the source code of the Software except to the extent otherwise expressly permitted under applicable law notwithstanding this restriction To the extent required by law and at your written request Apposite will provide you with the interface information needed to achieve interop...

Страница 41: ... FOR THE PRODUCT SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU Term and Termination This agreement takes effect upon your use of the software and remains effective until terminated You may terminate it at any time by destroying all copies of the Software and Documentation in your possession Thi...

Страница 42: ...ersedes any conflicting or additional terms contained in any purchase order or elsewhere all of which terms are excluded No amendment to or modification of this agreement are binding unless in writing and signed by Apposite Third Party Acknowledgements Portions of the Software utilize or include third party software and other copyrighted material Acknowledgements licensing terms and disclaimers fo...

Страница 43: ...ther in Source or Object form that is based on or derived from the Work and for which the editorial revisions annotations elaborations or other modifications represent as a whole an original work of authorship For the purposes of this License Derivative Works shall not include works that remain separable from or merely link or bind by name to the interfaces of the Work and Derivative Works thereof...

Страница 44: ...ded that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed as modifying the License You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and may provide additional or different license terms and conditions for use reproduction or distribution of Your modifications or for any such Derivative Works as a whole provided Your use reproduction and distribution of the Work otherwise compl...

Страница 45: ...to the Software without specific written prior permission Title to copyright in this Software and any associated documentation will at all times remain with copyright holders THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED AS IS WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND EXPRESS OR IMPLIED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS ...

Страница 46: ...er verbatim or with modifications and or translated into another language Hereinafter translation is included without limitation in the term modification Each licensee is addressed as you Activities other than copying distribution and modification are not covered by this License they are outside its scope The act of running the Program is not restricted and the output from the Program is covered o...

Страница 47: ...e The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it For an executable work complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains plus any associated interface definition files plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable However as a special exception the source code distributed need not include an...

Страница 48: ...e from time to time Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns Each version is given a distinguishing version number If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and any later version you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later v...

Страница 49: ... from software contributed to Berkeley by Christos Zoulas of Cornell University Redistribution and use in source and binary forms with or without modification are permitted provided that the following conditions are met 1 Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice this list of conditions and the following disclaimer 2 Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the abo...

Страница 50: ...mit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so subject to the following conditions The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED AS IS WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND EXPRESS ORIMPLIED INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY FIT NESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONI...

Страница 51: ...IBUTORS AS IS AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT INDIRECT INCIDENTAL SPECIAL EXEMPLARY OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES LOSS OF U...

Страница 52: ...TUTE GOODS OR SERVICES LOSS OF USE DATA OR PROFITS OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY WHETHER IN CONTRACT STRICT LIABILITY OR TORT INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE 6 Components of the software are provided under a standard 2 term BSD license with the following n...

Страница 53: ... OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY WHETHER IN CONTRACT STRICT LIABILITY OR TORT INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE Some code is licensed under an ISC style license to the following copyright holders Internet Software Consortium Todd C Miller Reyk Floeter Chad Myn...

Страница 54: ...E LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT INDIRECT INCIDENTAL SPECIAL EXEMPLARY OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES LOSS OF USE DATA OR PROFITS OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY WHETHER IN CONTRACT STRICT LIABILITY OR TORT INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE EVEN IF ADV...

Страница 55: ...hts reserved Redistribution and use in source and binary forms with or without modification is permitted provided that the following conditions are met 1 Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice this list of conditions and the following disclaimer 2 Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice this list of conditions and the following discla...

Страница 56: ...NONINFRINGEMENT IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT TORT OR OTHERWISE ARISING FROM OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE Yahoo User Interface Library Copyright c 2006 Yahoo Inc All rights reserved Redistribution and use of this software in source and b...

Страница 57: ...Apposite Technologies LLC 11500 W Olympic Blvd Suite 510 Los Angeles CA 90064 USA 1 310 477 9955 info apposite tech com www apposite tech com ...

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