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Hard Disk And File Systems

A.8

File Systems

The logical structure that has been created on the hard disk is supported by means of the

operating system. The file system itself presents the information on the disk as an

ensemble of

files

and

folders

For the user, a file is a unit of storage of logically connected information, including texts,

graphics, and sound. For data storage organization, a file is a chain of connected sectors

clusters

. A cluster is a unit of several sectors. (Sectors are characteristic for file

systems supported by various versions of Windows.)

Operating systems support file systems on hard disks (or disk partitions) by allowing you

to create, copy and delete files and folders.

At present, the most widely used file systems for PCs are the following two:

•

FAT16/FAT32 (file allocation table) for DOS, OS/2 and

Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP;

•

NTFS (Windows NT file system) for Windows NT/2000/XP.

However, there are many other file systems. The Linux operating system, which is now

gaining popularity, widely uses three file systems:

•

Ext2 is a file system for end-users’ PCs

•

Ext3 is the default file system used by Red Hat Linux

•

ReiserFS is a more secure (with respect to data integrity) file system that is used on

data servers

A.9

File System Main Specifications

Operating systems allow you to work with data by supporting a

file system

on a disk

partition.

All file systems contain structures required for data storage and control. These structures

usually consist of an OS boot record, files and folders. A file system performs the

following main functions:

Monitors used and free disk space (including bad sectors)

Maintains folders and file names

Monitors physical file location on a disk

Different operating systems use different file systems. One operating system may support

only one file system; others may support several.

A.9.1

File system specification summary

Below is a summary of the most popular file systems. Each system is briefly discussed.

This information can help you work with Acronis Disk Director Server.

Содержание DISK DIRECTOR SERVER 10

Страница 1: ...Acronis Disk Director Server 10 0 User s guide...

Страница 2: ...r permission is obtained from the copyright holder DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED AS IS AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED CONDITIONS REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES INCLUDING ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILIT...

Страница 3: ...N OPERATIONS 20 4 1 CREATING A NEW PARTITION 20 4 2 INCREASING PARTITION FREE SPACE 29 4 3 COPYING PARTITIONS 31 CHAPTER 5 MANUAL PARTITION OPERATIONS 36 5 1 MAIN PARTITION OPERATIONS 36 5 2 ADDITIONA...

Страница 4: ...Table of contents 4 Copyright Acronis Inc 2000 2010 A 7 FORMATTING HARD DISKS 88 A 8 FILE SYSTEMS 89 A 9 FILE SYSTEM MAIN SPECIFICATIONS 89 APPENDIX B GLOSSARY 93...

Страница 5: ...liar Chapter 7 Hard Disk And File Systems and Appendix B Glossary provide descriptions of some hard disk data storage components and used terms 1 2 What s new in Acronis Disk Director Server 10 0 Spli...

Страница 6: ...in the supplied License Agreement The unique serial number is the confirmation of your legal purchase and usage of Acronis Disk Director Server on your system Under current legislation the License Agr...

Страница 7: ...ed 2 2 Supported operating systems Windows NT Server Windows 2000 Server Windows 2000 Advanced Server Windows 2003 Server Windows 2003 Server x64 Edition 2 3 Installation Process 2 3 1 Acronis Disk Di...

Страница 8: ...ftware To remove Acronis Disk Director Server select Start Settings Control Panel Add or Remove Programs Acronis Disk Director Server Remove You will see a dialog to confirm removal Click Yes to confi...

Страница 9: ...ke system hard disk checking tools directly from Acronis Disk Director Server by selecting Disk Check or clicking Check the selected partition for errors toolbar button 3 Do not perform any partition...

Страница 10: ...ly we explained how to create bootable diskettes or a CD see 2 2 Installation Process While working with Acronis Disk Director Server you may need to use the bootable media 1 after a serious Windows f...

Страница 11: ...r other partitions Copy partition wizard enables you to copy a partition Recover partitions wizard enables you to recover any deleted or damaged partitions Working with Recover partitions wizard is de...

Страница 12: ...ration mode see 3 1 Acronis Disk Director Server Logical Organization The difference applies to the available operation list in the main menu partition context menus sidebar and toolbar and the amount...

Страница 13: ...e type file system 3 3 Calling Partition Operations All partition operations in both modes are called and executed similarly 3 3 1 Calling the main operations Any operation can be launched By selectin...

Страница 14: ...es per i node which is not found on the FAT menus 3 3 3 Invoking Acronis Disk Director Server wizards Wizards are invoked from the Wizards submenu and the corresponding sidebar list For example select...

Страница 15: ...f the two following commands Select Operations Commit in the main menu Click Commit Pending Operations toolbar button To prevent you from performing any unintentional change on your disk the program w...

Страница 16: ...actions to be performed enter a label select partition type file system size and location resulting in the creation of a single partition create operation only The difference between user actions and...

Страница 17: ...inish on the last wizard page The new partition structure is graphically represented in the Acronis Disk Director Server main window The wizard creates a list of pending operations you can see it by s...

Страница 18: ...ctor Server with a password 1 Select Disk Set Password 2 Enter a password in the New Password and Confirm New Password fields in the Set Password window 3 Click OK to enable password protection After...

Страница 19: ...If any step was terminated by an error the corresponding log will be marked with a red circle with a white cross inside The right window features the list of steps contained in the selected log The t...

Страница 20: ...or video files on a partition Store backups images of other partitions disks on a partition Install a new operating system or swap file on a partition Create partition wizard lets you create a partit...

Страница 21: ...the largest unallocated area For example if you have 5 GB and 12 GB unallocated areas the wizard will offer to create a partition on the 12 GB area If you want to create a partition on the 5 GB unallo...

Страница 22: ...ile system on this partition It will be disabled in the File System wizard page Partition type selection window A hard disk can contain up to four primary partitions If they already exist Active and P...

Страница 23: ...file allocation table etc 8 On the next wizard page you will be asked to select a partition letter Partition Logical Drive Letter selection window At startup an operating system assigns letters C D to...

Страница 24: ...re assigned to them The first primary active partition found on the first hard disk is assigned C If there s no such partition C is assigned to the first suitable primary partition Similarly and conse...

Страница 25: ...rtition label is shown in the Explorer disk and folder tree for example WIN98 C WINXP D DATA E etc WIN98 WINXP and DATA are partition labels See also Appendix B Glossary Label 10 The last wizard page...

Страница 26: ...page shows logical disks or partitions on the selected physical disk See also Appendix B Glossary Physical disk Logical disk 3 On the next Select Partitions wizard page select the disk partition s who...

Страница 27: ...e switch set to Free space of the existing partitions you provide a small partition size If it is possible to create it using unallocated disk space the partition will be created this way the existing...

Страница 28: ...ibed in 4 1 Creating A New Partition section Clicking Finish on the last wizard page allows Acronis Disk Director Server to create a pending operation list for new partition creation these actions may...

Страница 29: ...ing system partition free space below a certain value might cause operating system problems The Increase free space wizard will enable you to enlarge a partition using other partitions free space If t...

Страница 30: ...of another partition is described above see 4 1 Creating A New Partition Selecting a partition to use to increase free space 4 On the next wizard page you will see the maximum size available for the s...

Страница 31: ...s a whole 4 3 Copying Partitions Having copied a partition you get the duplicate of all its data Partition copy can be used As a partition backup or rather as a data backup A system partition backup i...

Страница 32: ...ion parameters will be created The page for selecting a disk location for partition copy You will have to select a copy location on one of the disks among existing partitions To make your selection cl...

Страница 33: ...clicking after the PROGRAM H partition You can locate a copy anywhere on your disk s The copy partition wizard will automatically perform all necessary operations even if it has to resize or move othe...

Страница 34: ...page and there is not enough unallocated disk space you will see an error message Error message showing not enough disk space for a partition copy In that case the wizard will prompt you to select a p...

Страница 35: ...oot the partition s operating system at startup By copying a partition at the expense of existing partition free space Acronis Disk Director Server can take the partition space to make sure that parti...

Страница 36: ...reating partitions If there is unallocated space on a disk you can create a partition using manual disk operations Note that the Create partition wizard mentioned above can create a partition using bo...

Страница 37: ...ion creation The new partition structure will be graphically represented in the Acronis Disk Director Server main window Creating a partition in unallocated disk space in Windows 98 Me can change the...

Страница 38: ...the toolbar 3 Acronis Disk Director Server will automatically compare the size of a copied partition and disk free space as shown in the Copy Partition window Free space available for copying Note th...

Страница 39: ...ring data into the Unallocated space before Partition size and Unallocated space after fields 6 By clicking OK in the Copy Partition wizard you ll add the pending operation of partition copying and lo...

Страница 40: ...you might have a special partition for a swap file If you move this partition closer to the beginning of a disk OS might work much faster with it Change partition configuration If you need to move a...

Страница 41: ...possible If there is not enough free space to copy a partition on a hard disk no unallocated space will be available for selection 4 Select free space to move the selected partition to 5 On the next...

Страница 42: ...ocated disk space in Windows 98 Me can change the order of letters assigned to other partitions As a result some shortcuts might stop working A detailed discussion of partition letter assignment rules...

Страница 43: ...rresponding partition rectangle left side to resize free space before the partition 2 Having pointed to the rectangle hold the left mouse button and move a partition as a whole until you get the neces...

Страница 44: ...in two moving the selected folders to the new partition and leaving the rest of the data on the old one The new partition will have the same file system This operation can also be used for creating an...

Страница 45: ...n free space Please keep in mind that you are distributing not overall partition size but just free space at this step The program will automatically count how much space is necessary for the folders...

Страница 46: ...ta from another partition will be added If you need to merge one partition with another 1 Select a partition to be merged to the target partition 2 Select Disk Merge or a similar item in the Operation...

Страница 47: ...rtition 1 Select a partition to be explored 2 Select Disk Explore or a similar item in the Operations sidebar list or click Explore on the toolbar 3 The program displays a folder tree Now you can expl...

Страница 48: ...DATA E etc WIN98 WINXP and DATA are partition labels A partition label is shown in all application dialog boxes for opening and saving files See Appendix B Glossary Label If you need to change a part...

Страница 49: ...disk space will be lost see A 9 2 FAT16 Table 3 2 The smaller the cluster size the bigger the file allocation table FAT The bigger the FAT the slower the operating system works with the disk 3 If you...

Страница 50: ...number of passes for wiping Wiping unallocated disk space means multiple writing of special data to hard disk sectors Acronis Disk Director Server features a rather simple wiping algorithm During eac...

Страница 51: ...sk partitions for errors Acronis Disk Director Server enables you to check hard disk partitions for file system errors Hard disk partitions should be checked before any partition operations see 2 6 Be...

Страница 52: ...ad has to move less across the disk to read all file parts Acronis Disk Director Server supports defragmentation in Windows XP and Windows 2003 Server only Windows 2000 has its own embedded disk defra...

Страница 53: ...ust be completely destroyed to avoid unauthorized access to it simply deleting an old file is not sufficient Windows tools do not guarantee data destruction Deleted files can be restored easily Format...

Страница 54: ...but an entire disk as well If you need to clear the entire hard disk 1 Select a hard disk on the Tree View panel of Acronis Disk Director Server Clear the current hard disk drive button becomes availa...

Страница 55: ...ions Additional hard disk partition operations include some rarely used but useful operations for converting partition file systems hiding and unhiding partitions setting active partitions changing ro...

Страница 56: ...000 XP might result in problems running applications and opening files on the partition If it is a system or swap file partition it might cause OS boot problems A detailed discussion of partition lett...

Страница 57: ...toolbar or select it from partition or the graphical representation context menu 3 Enter partition type Logical Primary in the Convert Partition window Convert partition window 4 By clicking OK you ll...

Страница 58: ...0 XP will produce a similar result If you have several primary partitions with different operating systems hiding an active system partition will automatically make another partition active Note that...

Страница 59: ...ame If you unhide the only primary partition on a disk it will be set active Unhiding a partition in Windows 98 Me can change the order of letters assigned to other partitions As a result some shortcu...

Страница 60: ...booting Setting an active partition in Windows 98 Me can change the order of letters assigned to other partitions As a result some shortcuts might stop working A detailed discussion of partition lett...

Страница 61: ...FAT32 partition cluster size might increase the space occupied by the file allocation table FAT and slow down file access If you need to change cluster size 1 Select a disk and partition from the lis...

Страница 62: ...Me only uses the partition type field when determining if it can support a partition Usually partition type is set during its creation depending on the file system to be used However you might need t...

Страница 63: ...inux Ext2 Ext3 In Linux Ext2 Ext3 the i node index descriptor is the main data structure describing files Each descriptor contains a file description including file type size data block pointers etc D...

Страница 64: ...tion context menu If you select a partition with another file system mentioned sidebar and context menu items will be unavailable 3 Enter the new amount of bytes per descriptor i node in the Change by...

Страница 65: ...and may be accompanied by additional options create_partition Creates new partition using unallocated space on the hard disk start start sector Supported options Sets the start sector for creating a p...

Страница 66: ...the partition number size partition size in sectors Sets the new partition size in sectors list Lists the available partitions on the hard disks 6 2 diskdirectorcmd exe usage examples 1 Create a parti...

Страница 67: ...in window sidebar Using the respective main menu item While working in the Manual mode Using Advanced Recover item of the context menu by hovering a mouse pointer over Unallocated space and right clic...

Страница 68: ...rt will search unallocated space thoroughly either automatically or manually 7 1 Automatic Recovery You can recover deleted partitions automatically or manually To do so set the switch to the necessar...

Страница 69: ...eted partition s almost at once in a few seconds Partition s found are then added to the list in the Searching for Deleted Partitions window The search will however continue until the entire disk is s...

Страница 70: ...ows a partition to recover as a part of hard disk partition structure marking it with an icon in the upper right corner of its rectangle A hard disk partition to be recovered A partition has been foun...

Страница 71: ...overy mode The next Searching Method window enables you to select one of two deleted partition searching methods 1 Fast 2 Complete What s the difference Using the Fast search method Acronis Recovery E...

Страница 72: ...t was deleted A deleted hard disk partition found by Acronis Recovery Expert Unlike in the automatic recovery mode you do not have to wait until the search for deleted hard disk partitions is finished...

Страница 73: ...and recover only the partition you deleted by mistake Partitions are selected for recovery by clicking them Click the partition rectangle to select the deleted partition and continue recovery A delet...

Страница 74: ...r to observe it yourself with the Acronis Disk Editor 8 2 The selection of the partition or a disk for editing Disk or partition data editing operations are only available in the Manual mode of Acroni...

Страница 75: ...rious modes Below the main window of the program is the view as partition table mode The main window in the view as partition table mode To make the information contained in this field sensible the cu...

Страница 76: ...racters and go to a certain disk sector according to its absolute offset Help allows you to get help concerning the editor window or about the program s developer and version 8 4 Edit Hard Disks The E...

Страница 77: ...rning about saving your changes Saving modified sector 8 5 Write Block to a File and Read from a File The Write to file and Read from file menu items allow you to save the selected block to a file or...

Страница 78: ...item will result in opening the Read from file window In this window enter the file name and its path or locate a file by clicking the Browse button To insert file contents to a sector from the curren...

Страница 79: ...sector FAT folder 8 7 Search The Search menu allows you to search a hard disk for some line and to go to a disk sector according to its absolute offset Search Menu Selecting the Search item in the sa...

Страница 80: ...can search for the next line from the current position by selecting Find next item in the Search menu or by pressing F3 key You can go to the necessary sector according to its absolute offset by selec...

Страница 81: ...in Acronis Disk Editor This list is shown closed and dropped down below The closed and dropped down list of encodings The list of encodings is intended for correct interpretation of hard disk sector c...

Страница 82: ...uilder For this you will need a CD R RW blank several formatted diskettes the wizard will tell you the exact number or any other media your PC can boot from such as a Zip drive If you have chosen not...

Страница 83: ...her Acronis products see the respective user guides 3 Select the type of bootable media CD R RW or 3 5 diskettes to create If your BIOS has this feature you can create other bootable media such as rem...

Страница 84: ...pacity If you chose to create a bootable disk ISO image specify the ISO file name and the folder where to place it If you chose to save bootable data on PXE server specify the server and provide the u...

Страница 85: ...n the prefix and suffix portions is 512 bytes in size Both sides of each disk on the spindle are used to store data All tracks that have the same number on all the surfaces of all disks comprise a cyl...

Страница 86: ...ifferent operating systems for example Windows 2000 XP and Linux Partitioning provides more effective disk space usage Partitioning enables you to separate system files from user data making personal...

Страница 87: ...rol Panel whose disk management tools will let you delete and create partitions primary extended logical using free unallocated disk space or format a partition You cannot however change partition str...

Страница 88: ...are accessible by most operating systems If you need several operating systems you should use logical partitions for booting purposes and leave primary partitions free A 7 Formatting Hard Disks Within...

Страница 89: ...2000 XP However there are many other file systems The Linux operating system which is now gaining popularity widely uses three file systems Ext2 is a file system for end users PCs Ext3 is the default...

Страница 90: ...bytes 64 KB 512 bytes 64 KB File record table I node No No Dynamic Table 2 Linux file systems File system Ext2 Ext3 ReiserFS Operating systems Linux Linux Linux Max partition size 16 TB 16 TB 16 TB Ma...

Страница 91: ...Usually the smallest possible cluster size is selected so that the resulting number of clusters is less than 65 526 The larger the partition size the larger the cluster has to be Most operating system...

Страница 92: ...NTFS data structures are special files Like the FAT NTFS uses clusters to store files but cluster size does not depend on partition size NTFS is a 64 bit file system It uses Unicode to store file name...

Страница 93: ...ting an operating system If a boot manager is installed on a computer it is booted instead of an operating system Then the boot manager boots the user selected operating system itself Boot record The...

Страница 94: ...escribes each file by a chain of numbers like serial numbers of a file s disk clusters The number of the first cluster of each file is stored in the folder Writing deleting and modifying files and fol...

Страница 95: ...y includes kernel drivers shell and system programs that are used for centralized hardware management and hiding the details of hardware management from the user and applications Operating system boot...

Страница 96: ...the smallest information unit on a disk that is transferred in a single read or write operation Usually a sector is 512 bytes in size A sector on a disk can be addressed two ways via the absolute num...

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