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Waveform Capture Rate  

All oscilloscopes blink. That is, they open their eyes a given number of

times per second to capture the signal, and close their eyes in between.

This is the 

waveform capture rate

, expressed as waveforms per second

(wfms/s). While the sample rate indicates how frequently the oscilloscope

samples the input signal within one waveform, or cycle, the waveform 

capture rate refers to how quickly an oscilloscope acquires waveforms.

Waveform capture rates vary greatly, depending on the type and 

performance level of the oscilloscope. Oscilloscopes with high waveform

capture rates provide significantly more visual insight into signal behavior,

and dramatically increase the probability that the oscilloscope will quickly

capture transient anomalies such as jitter, runt pulses, glitches and 

transition errors. (Refer to Figures 51 and 52.)

Digital storage oscilloscopes (DSOs) employ a serial-processing 

architecture to capture from 10 to 5,000 wfms/s. Some DSOs provide 

a special mode that bursts multiple captures into long memory, temporarily

delivering higher waveform capture rates followed by long processing dead

times that reduce the probability of capturing rare, intermittent events.

Most digital phosphor oscilloscopes (DPOs) employ a parallel-processing

architecture to deliver vastly greater waveform capture rates. Some DPOs

can acquire millions of waveforms in just seconds, significantly increasing

the probability of capturing intermittent and elusive events and allowing

you to see the problems in your signal more quickly. Moreover, the DPO’s

ability to acquire and display three dimensions of signal behavior in real

time – amplitude, time and distribution of amplitude over time – results in

a superior level of insight into signal behavior.

Record Length

Record length,

expressed as the number of points that comprise a 

complete waveform record, determines the amount of data that can be

captured with each channel. Since an oscilloscope can store only a 

limited number of samples, the waveform duration (time) will be inversely

proportional to the oscilloscope’s sample rate.

XYZs of Oscilloscopes

Primer

Figure 51.

A DSO provides an ideal solution 

for non-repetitive, high-speed, multi-channel
digital design applications.

Figure 52.

A DPO enables a superior level of

insight into signal behavior by delivering 
vastly greater waveform capture rates and
three-dimensional display, making it the best
general-purpose design and troubleshooting
tool for a wide range of applications.

Figure 53.

Capturing the high frequency 

detail of this modulated 85 MHz carrier
requires high resolution sampling (100 ps).
Seeing the signal’s complete modulation 
envelope requires a long time duration (1 ms).
Using long record length (10 MB), the 
oscilloscope can display both.

Time Interval = 

Record Length

Sample Rate

Summary of Contents for XYZs

Page 1: ...XYZs of Oscilloscopes o s c i l l o s c o p e s...

Page 2: ......

Page 3: ...Digital Sampling Oscilloscopes 17 The Systems and Controls of an Oscilloscope Vertical System and Controls 18 Position and Volts per Division 19 Input Coupling 19 Bandwidth Limit 20 Alternate and Chop...

Page 4: ...gital Converter 41 Connectivity 42 Expandability 43 Ease of use 44 Probes 44 Operating the Oscilloscope Setting Up 45 Ground the Oscilloscope 45 Ground Yourself 45 Setting the Controls 46 Using Probes...

Page 5: ...be gathered by an oscilloscope Oscilloscopes are used by everyone from physicists to television repair technicians An automotive engineer uses an oscilloscope to measure engine vibrations A medical r...

Page 6: ...ve signals with rise times similar to those of an 800 MHz processor Designers have crossed a performance threshold that means in effect almost every design is a high speed design Without some precauti...

Page 7: ...ep they need tools that can show them how digital and analog signals interact Digital errors often have their roots in analog signal integrity problems To track down the cause of the digital fault it...

Page 8: ...Waveform shapes reveal a great deal about a signal Any time you see a change in the height of the waveform you know the voltage has changed Any time there is a flat horizontal line you know that there...

Page 9: ...Waves The square wave is another common wave shape Basically a square wave is a voltage that turns on and off or goes high and low at regular intervals It is a standard wave for testing amplifiers goo...

Page 10: ...nchronous is a term used to describe those signals between which no timing relationship exists Because no time correlation exists between the act of touching a key on a computer keyboard and the clock...

Page 11: ...sine wave in Figure 10 has a frequency of 3 Hz and a period of 1 3 second Voltage Voltage is the amount of electric potential or signal strength between two points in a circuit Usually one of these po...

Page 12: ...l oscilloscopes have functions that make waveform measurements easier They have front panel buttons and or screen based menus from which you can select fully automated measurements These include ampli...

Page 13: ...requently the beam hits a particular screen location the more brightly it glows The CRT limits the range of frequencies that can be displayed by an analog oscilloscope At very low frequencies the sign...

Page 14: ...ils just by looking at the trace s intensity levels Digital Oscilloscopes In contrast to an analog oscilloscope a digital oscilloscope uses an analog to digital converter ADC to convert the measured v...

Page 15: ...s are similar to those in analog oscilloscopes However DSOs contain additional data processing subsystems that are used to collect and display data for the entire waveform A DSO employs a serial proce...

Page 16: ...ope screen Depending on the capabilities of your oscilloscope additional processing of the sample points may take place which enhances the display Pre trigger may also be available enabling you to see...

Page 17: ...e noted that it is impossible to determine the probability of capture by simply looking at the display update rate If you rely solely on the update rate it is easy to make the mistake of believing tha...

Page 18: ...e at each point much like the intensity grading characteristics of an analog oscilloscope The DPO also allows the display of the varying frequency of occurence information on the display as contrastin...

Page 19: ...fier can then be utilized after the sampling bridge because the signal has already been converted to a lower frequency by the sampling gate resulting in a much higher bandwidth instrument The tradeoff...

Page 20: ...See if you can locate these front panel sections in Figure 22 and on your oscilloscope as you read through this section When using an oscilloscope you need to adjust three basic settings to accommoda...

Page 21: ...ther a variable gain or a fine gain control for scaling a displayed signal to a certain number of divisions Use this control to assist in taking rise time measurements Input Coupling Coupling refers t...

Page 22: ...he oscilloscope completes one sweep on channel 1 then another sweep on channel 2 then another sweep on channel 1 and so on Use this mode with medium to high speed signals when the sec div scale is set...

Page 23: ...es control how waveform points are produced from sample points Sample points are the digital values derived directly from the analog to digital converter ADC The sample interval refers to the time bet...

Page 24: ...ed together to produce one waveform point The result is a decrease in noise and an improvement in resolution for low speed signals Envelope Mode Envelope mode is similar to peak detect mode However in...

Page 25: ...tude on the vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis as illustrated in Figure 28 The input waveform in Figure 28 appears as a series of dots on the screen If the dots are widely spaced and diffic...

Page 26: ...must be sampled in the same time frame that they occur If the sample rate isn t fast enough high frequency components can fold down into a lower frequency causing aliasing in the display In addition r...

Page 27: ...referred method for applications where the sample rate is 3 to 5 times the system bandwidth Equivalent time Sampling When measuring high frequency signals the oscilloscope may not be able to collect e...

Page 28: ...lent time Sampling The sequential equivalent time sampler acquires one sample per trigger independent of the time div setting or sweep speed as illustrated in Figure 34 When a trigger is detected a sa...

Page 29: ...special horizontal magnification settings that let you display a magnified section of the waveform on screen The operation in a digital storage oscilloscope DSO is performed on stored digitized data...

Page 30: ...tect for example a pulse that is narrower than it should be Such a condition would be impossible to detect with a voltage threshold trigger alone Advanced trigger controls enable you to isolate specif...

Page 31: ...riggering surpasses conventional edge triggering by adding the element of time and allowing you to selectively trigger on fast or slow edges Glitch Triggering Glitch triggering allows you to trigger o...

Page 32: ...draws a waveform based on a signal condition Common trigger modes include normal and auto In normal mode the oscilloscope only sweeps if the input signal reaches the set trigger point otherwise on an...

Page 33: ...al acquisition and display As mentioned at the front of this section front panel controls are usually divided into vertical horizontal and trigger sections The front panel also includes input connecto...

Page 34: ...allow you to adjust the intensity of the graticule lights and turn on or off any on screen information such as menus Other Oscilloscope Controls Math and Measurement Operations Your oscilloscope may...

Page 35: ...cleanly they also amplify and preserve the signal for the greatest signal integrity and measurement accuracy Probes actually become part of the circuit introducing resistive capacitive and inductive l...

Page 36: ...es it difficult to look at signals less than 10 millivolts peak to peak The 1X probe is similar to the 10X attenuator probe but lacks the attenuation circuitry Without this circuitry more interference...

Page 37: ...easurement solution at these high speeds includes high speed high fidelity probing solutions to match the performance of the oscilloscope see Figure 42 Active and differential probes use specially dev...

Page 38: ...nd buffer circuitry that requires DC power Ground lead and probe tip accessories are also available to improve signal integrity when measuring high speed signals Ground lead adapters provide spacing f...

Page 39: ...a sinusoidal input signal is attenuated to 70 7 of the signal s true amplitude known as the 3 dB point a term based on a logarithmic scale see Figure 46 Without adequate bandwidth your oscilloscope w...

Page 40: ...st transitions In some applications you may know only the rise time of a signal A constant allows you to relate the bandwidth and rise time of the oscilloscope using the equation Some logic families p...

Page 41: ...e as fast as its highest frequency component This theorem however assumes an infinite record length and a continuous signal Since no oscilloscope offers infinite record length and by definition glitch...

Page 42: ...r vastly greater waveform capture rates Some DPOs can acquire millions of waveforms in just seconds significantly increasing the probability of capturing intermittent and elusive events and allowing y...

Page 43: ...lse fidelity with minimum overshoot and ringing Since a digital oscilloscope is composed of real amplifiers attenuators ADCs interconnects and relays MFED response is a goal that can only be approache...

Page 44: ...e documents on the oscilloscope all while working with the instrument in your particular environment Access network printing and file sharing resources Access the Windows desktop Run third party analy...

Page 45: ...tions such as jitter and timing analysis microprocessor memory system verification communications standards testing disk drive measurements video measurements power measurements and much more XYZs of...

Page 46: ...rs to feel as comfortable driving the oscilloscope as they do driving a car while giving full time users easy access to the oscilloscope s most advanced features In addition many oscilloscopes are por...

Page 47: ...insulated it can give you a shock However with a properly grounded oscilloscope the current travels through the grounding path to earth ground rather than through you to earth ground Grounding is als...

Page 48: ...trigger mode to auto Set the trigger source to channel 1 Turn trigger holdoff to minimum or off Set the intensity control to a nominal viewing level if available Adjust the focus control for a sharp d...

Page 49: ...panel used to compensate the probe General instructions to compensate the probe are as follows Attach the probe to a vertical channel Connect the probe tip to the probe compensation i e square wave r...

Page 50: ...ltage is the amount of electric potential expressed in volts between two points in a circuit Usually one of these points is ground zero volts but not always Voltages can also be measured from peak to...

Page 51: ...rated in Figure 68 Pulse Width and Rise Time Measurements In many applications the details of a pulse s shape are important Pulses can become distorted and cause a digital circuit to malfunction and t...

Page 52: ...nts over time then displaying two channels as an XY display DPOs on the other hand are able to acquire and display a genuine XY mode image in real time using a continuous stream of digitized data DPOs...

Page 53: ...5 __Frequency E The amount of time it takes a wave to complete one cycle 6 __Glitch F A stored digital value that represents the voltage of a signal at a specific point in time on the display 7 __Per...

Page 54: ...vertical scale b Shows you the current time of day c Sets the amount of time represented by the horizontal width of the screen d Sends a clock pulse to the probe 5 On an oscilloscope display a Voltag...

Page 55: ...a specific physical quantity such as sound pressure strain or light intensity into an electrical signal 6 __Equivalent Time F A test device for injecting a signal into a circuit input 7 __Graticule G...

Page 56: ...c Improve the accuracy of your measurements d All the above 5 The trace rotation control is useful for a Scaling waveforms on the screen b Detecting sine wave signals c Aligning the waveform trace wi...

Page 57: ...he screen is blank You should a Check that the screen intensity is turned up b Check that the oscilloscope is set to display the channel that the probe is connected to c Set the trigger mode to auto s...

Page 58: ...nces the capacitance of the probe with the capacitance of the oscilloscope Coupling The method of connecting two circuits together Circuits con nected with a wire are directly coupled DC circuits conn...

Page 59: ...ndication of how accurately Horizontal Sweep The action of the horizontal system that causes a waveform to be drawn Intensity Grading Frequency of occurrence information that is essential to understan...

Page 60: ...splay upon which the visible pattern is produced the display area Signal Integrity The accurate reconstruction of a signal determined by the systems and performance considerations of an oscilloscope i...

Page 61: ...generic term for a pattern that repeats over time Common types include sine square rectangular saw tooth triangle step pulse periodic non periodic synchronous asynchronous Waveform A graphic represent...

Page 62: ...www tektronix com 60 Notes XYZs of Oscilloscopes Primer...

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