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tem. It reminds us that something is wrong, without which,
abnormal conditions may go undetected, causing damage
or injury to vital parts of our bodies. Even though pain is a
necessary warning signal of trauma or malfunction in the
body, nature may have gone too far in its design.
Aside from its function in diagnosis, long-lasting persistent
pain serves useless purpose.
Pain does not occur until encoded message travels to the
brain where it is decoded, analyzed, and reacted to, from
the injured area along the small nerves leading to the
spinal cord. There the message is transmitted to different
nerves that travel up the spinal cord to the brain. Then the
pain message is interpreted, referred to and pain is felt.
1.2.2 WHAT IS TENS ?
TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) is ef-
fective in relief of pain. It is daily used and clinically proven
by physiotherapists, caregivers and top athletes around the
world. High-frequency TENS currents activates the pain-in-
hibiting mechanisms of the nervous system. Electrical im-
pulses from electrodes, placed on the skin over or near the
pain area, stimulate the nerves to block the pain signals to
the brain, causing the pain go unperceived. Low-frequen-
cy TENS currents facilitate the release of endorphins, the
body’s natural painkillers.
1.2.3 WHAT IS EMS ?
Electrical Muscle Stimulation is an internationally accepted
and proven way of treating muscular injuries. It works by
sending electronic pulses to the muscle needing treatment
That causes the muscle to exercise passively. It is a product
deriving from the square waveform, originally invented by
John Faraday in 1831. Through the square wave pattern it