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Function Description

R&S

®

TS-PSU12

16

User Manual 1504.4524.12 ─ 05

The following voltage ranges are available:

12 V

The following current ranges are available:

10mA

100mA

500mA

For a summary of the possible combinations of voltages and currents, see the charac-
teristic diagram in 

Chapter 5.2.1, "Characteristic diagram"

on page 17.

The setting of current and voltage range determines the resolution of the module.
Because of this, the smallest possible range appropriate for any given application
should be used. The resolution of voltage setting is 16 bits plus a positive/negative
sign. For current, 16 bits represent the quantity only; no positive or negative sign can
be selected.

Below the maximum current set, the output stage works as a constant voltage source,
otherwise as a constant current source, or switches off (depending on the configura-
tion).

Please also refer to 

Chapter 5.2.8, "Protective mechanisms"

on page 20, 

step 5

Switching between source mode (Source) and load mode (Sink) is done automatically.

In sink mode, current is also regulated. In addition, the voltage is programmed to less
than the externally applied voltage, to force current flow from the test object to the R&S
TS-PSU12. This may increase the voltage at the output to rise to the level of the exter-
nal source, but not beyond the range (12 V).

Over-Voltage-Protection (OVP) should be adjusted appropriately to protect the output
stage, especially if the voltage of the external source is higher than the range.

Behaviour when the maximum current is exceeded can be defined by calling function

rspsu_Attr_CurrentLimitBehaviour()

. When „Regulate“ (default state) is

selected in parameter behavior, the output current is limited; with “Trip” the output is
turned off.

Example of sink operation:

Purpose

: Discharging an accumulator with an output voltage of 8 V to 6 V with a maxi-

mum discharge current of 0,5 A. The internal resistance of the accumulator is 1

Ω

.

Setting R&S TS-PSU12

: U = 6 V, I = 0,5 A

The charged accumulator with U = 8 V is connected to the R&S TS-PSU12. The R&S
TS-PSU12 controls discharging of the accumulator based on the specified setting so
that the current flows at a maximum of I = 0,5 A. Thus with an internal resistance of 1

Ω

and a maximum current of 0,5 A, the voltage difference between the output voltage of
the R&S TS-PSU12 and the voltage of the accumulator must not exceed 0,5 V. It fol-
lows that at the beginning of discharge on the output of the R&S TS-PSU12, a voltage
of 7,5 V is present, which slowly drops to a value of 6 V as the accumulator dis-
charges. Once the voltage of the R&S TS-PSU12 has reached 6 V, that value is main-

Power supply/load unit

Summary of Contents for TS-PSU12

Page 1: ...R S TS PSU12 Power Supply Load Module 12V User Manual User Manual 1504 4524 12 05 4 H Test Measurement ...

Page 2: ... 0 Fax 49 89 41 29 12 164 Email info rohde schwarz com Internet www rohde schwarz com Subject to change Data without tolerance limits is not binding R S is a registered trademark of Rohde Schwarz GmbH Co KG Trade names are trademarks of the owners The following abbreviations are used throughout this manual R S TS PSU12 is abbreviated as R S TS PSU12 ...

Page 3: ...se of the product The product is used for its designated purpose if it is used in accordance with its product documentation and within its performance limits see data sheet documentation the following safety instructions Using the product requires technical skills and in some cases a basic knowledge of English It is therefore essential that only skilled and specialized staff or thoroughly trained ...

Page 4: ...ration item 7 Signal words and their meaning The following signal words are used in the product documentation in order to warn the reader about risks and dangers Indicates a hazardous situation which if not avoided will result in death or serious injury Indicates a hazardous situation which if not avoided could result in death or serious injury Indicates a hazardous situation which if not avoided ...

Page 5: ...safety is not observed either at all or to the extent necessary electric shock fire and or serious personal injury or death may occur 1 Prior to switching on the product always ensure that the nominal voltage setting on the product matches the nominal voltage of the mains supply network If a different voltage is to be set the power fuse of the product may have to be changed accordingly 2 In the ca...

Page 6: ...st be fuse protected in such a way that anyone who has access to the product as well as the product itself is adequately protected from injury or damage 14 Use suitable overvoltage protection to ensure that no overvoltage such as that caused by a bolt of lightning can reach the product Otherwise the person operating the product will be exposed to the danger of an electric shock 15 Any object that ...

Page 7: ...e masks and protective clothing must be worn 7 Laser products are given warning labels that are standardized according to their laser class Lasers can cause biological harm due to the properties of their radiation and due to their extremely concentrated electromagnetic power If a laser product e g a CD DVD drive is integrated into a Rohde Schwarz product absolutely no other settings or functions m...

Page 8: ...an permitted 5 If a cell develops a leak the fluid must not be allowed to come into contact with the skin or eyes If contact occurs wash the affected area with plenty of water and seek medical aid 6 Improperly replacing or charging cells or batteries that contain alkaline electrolytes e g lithium cells can cause explosions Replace cells or batteries only with the matching Rohde Schwarz type see pa...

Page 9: ... substances or fuels can cause health problems and lead to environmental damage For additional information about environmental protection visit the Rohde Schwarz website Instrucciones de seguridad elementales Es imprescindible leer y cumplir las siguientes instrucciones e informaciones de seguridad El principio del grupo de empresas Rohde Schwarz consiste en tener nuestros productos siempre al día...

Page 10: ...e el uso del producto Deberán tenerse en cuenta todas las demás informaciones de seguridad como p ej las referentes a la protección de personas que encontrarán en el capítulo correspondiente de la documentación del producto y que también son de obligado cumplimiento En las presentes informaciones de seguridad se recogen todos los objetos que distribuye el grupo de empresas Rohde Schwarz bajo la de...

Page 11: ... producto se emplea de forma sinónima el término CUIDADO Las palabras de señal corresponden a la definición habitual para aplicaciones civiles en el área económica europea Pueden existir definiciones diferentes a esta definición en otras áreas económicas o en aplicaciones militares Por eso se deberá tener en cuenta que las palabras de señal aquí descritas sean utilizadas siempre solamente en combi...

Page 12: ... la tensión preseleccionada en el producto coincida con la de la red de alimentación eléctrica Si es necesario modificar el ajuste de tensión también se deberán cambiar en caso dado los fusibles correspondientes del producto 2 Los productos de la clase de protección I con alimentación móvil y enchufe individual solamente podrán enchufarse a tomas de corriente con contacto de seguridad y con conduc...

Page 13: ...r efectuadas por un electricista especializado 13 En el caso de dispositivos fijos que no estén provistos de fusibles interruptor automático ni otros mecanismos de seguridad similares el circuito de alimentación debe estar protegido de modo que todas las personas que puedan acceder al producto así como el producto mismo estén a salvo de posibles daños 14 Todo producto debe estar protegido contra s...

Page 14: ...presario operador tiene la obligación de evaluar y señalizar las áreas de trabajo en las que exista un riesgo elevado de exposición a radiaciones 6 Tenga en cuenta que en caso de incendio pueden desprenderse del producto sustancias tóxicas gases líquidos etc que pueden generar daños a la salud Por eso en caso de incendio deben usarse medidas adecuadas como p ej máscaras antigás e indumentaria de p...

Page 15: ...or ni fuego Debe evitarse el almacenamiento a la luz directa del sol Las celdas y baterías deben mantenerse limpias y secas Limpiar las conexiones sucias con un paño seco y limpio 3 Las celdas o baterías no deben cortocircuitarse Es peligroso almacenar las celdas o baterías en estuches o cajones en cuyo interior puedan cortocircuitarse por contacto recíproco o por contacto con otros materiales con...

Page 16: ...ivos eléctricos usados no se deben desechar con los residuos domésticos sin clasificar sino que deben ser recogidos por separado Rohde Schwarz GmbH Co KG ha elaborado un concepto de eliminación de residuos y asume plenamente los deberes de recogida y eliminación para los fabricantes dentro de la UE Para desechar el producto de manera respetuosa con el medio ambiente diríjase a su servicio de atenc...

Page 17: ... exam ple according to the ISO9001 and ISO14001 management systems Environmental commitment Energy efficient products Continuous improvement in environmental sustainability ISO14001 certified environmental management system Cher client Vous avez choisi d acheter un produit Rohde Schwarz Vous disposez donc d un produit fabriqué d après les méthodes les plus avancées Le dévelop pement la fabrication...

Page 18: ...rument up to date and to be informed about new application notes related to your instrument please send an e mail to the Customer Support Center stating your instrument and your wish We will take care that you will get the right information Europe Africa Middle East Phone 49 89 4129 12345 customersupport rohde schwarz com North America Phone 1 888 TEST RSA 1 888 837 8772 customer support rsa rohde...

Page 19: ...can be programmed in both the positive and negative range Thanks to this 4 quadrant capability of the module it can also be operated in applications as a load sink The measurement units integrated into the module for each channel make it possible to read back the current and voltage of any given chan nel Using the multiplexer included in the module it is also possible with the R S TS PSU12 to meas...

Page 20: ...es as they change over time External trigger of source and measurement via PXI trigger signals Over voltage over current over temperature and short circuit protection 4 1 Relay multiplexer force and sense per channel for panel test Access to analog measurement bus Self test capability Softpanel for direct operation LabWindows CVI driver support GTSL generic test software library in DLL format 1 5 ...

Page 21: ...View R S TS PSU12 5 User Manual 1504 4524 12 05 2 View Figure 2 1 and Figure 2 2 show views of the two modules of Power Supply Load Mod ule 12V R S TS PSU12 Figure 2 1 PSU power module view ...

Page 22: ... O Moduls R S TS PDC The Module R S TS PDC exists in 3 different models Grouted in a black housing version up to 1 8 1157 9804 02 obsolete Encapsulated in metal housing with cooling fins version 1 9 1157 9804 02 obsolete Without case version from 2 0 1157 9804 12 actual version ...

Page 23: ...ws a simplified functional block diagram of the Power Supply Load Mod ule 12V R S TS PSU12 This functional block diagram represents the modules of the R S TS PSU12 PSU power module Rear I O module R S TS PDC Figure 3 2 shows a block diagram of the Power Supply Load Module 12V R S TS PSU12 ...

Page 24: ...Block Diagram R S TS PSU12 8 User Manual 1504 4524 12 05 TS PDC PSU Power Module Sense Measure Multiplexer Sense Measure Multiplexer DC CH1 DC CH2 Figure 3 1 Functional block diagram R S TS PSU12 ...

Page 25: ...Block Diagram R S TS PSU12 9 User Manual 1504 4524 12 05 1MB RAM DC DC DC DC 5V Backplane Figure 3 2 Block diagram R S TS PSU12 ...

Page 26: ...nnector X10 is used to connect the test object Connector X30 connects the module with the analog bus backplane in the R S CompactTSVP Connectors X20 X1 connect the module with the cPCI backplane PXI control back plane COM PWR CH1 CH2 X10 X30 X20 X1 1 1 1 32 1 7 Figure 4 1 Arrangement of connectors and PSU power module LEDs Table 4 1 PSU power module connectors Abbreviation Use X1 cPCI Connector X1...

Page 27: ...odule The meaning of the LEDs is as fol lows Table 4 2 Display elements on the PSU power module LED Description ERR red Error status Lit or flashing if an error occurs during the power on test on the R S TS PSU12 module after the power supply is turned on This means there is a hardware problem in the mod ule See also Chapter 8 Self Test on page 38 COM yellow Communication Lit when data is being tr...

Page 28: ... S TS PDC The R S TS PDC module is a rear I O module for mounting in the back of the R S CompactTSVP The board height of the module is 3 HU 134 mm The module is secured in place with the two retaining screws on the front panel Connector X20 con nects the R S TS PDC module to the extension backplane in the R S CompactTSVP The R S TS PDC module must always use the corresponding rear I O slot for the...

Page 29: ...EDs whereat each LED indi cates the presence of an output voltage In fault free operation all 8 LEDs must light up simultaneously 4 4 2 R S TS PDC from Version 2 0 1157 9804 12 The actual status of the module is signalized by 10 LEDs In the switched on state the green LED PWR indicates the power on state In fault free operation additionally the 8 green LEDs for each generated output voltage light ...

Page 30: ...Layout R S TS PSU12 14 User Manual 1504 4524 12 05 Figure 4 4 LEDs on the R S TS PDC module from Version 2 0 Display elements of the R S TS PDC Module ...

Page 31: ...se Sense Measure Mux Figure 5 1 Block diagram of channels 5 2 Power supply load unit The Power Supply Load Module 12V R S TS PSU12 is designed as a 4 quadrant source consisting of a 2 quadrant output stage followed by a polarity switch The out put stage consists of a linear regulator with current and voltage feedback The linear regulator receives its power through the PSU AC DC converter The setti...

Page 32: ...ltage at the output to rise to the level of the exter nal source but not beyond the range 12 V Over Voltage Protection OVP should be adjusted appropriately to protect the output stage especially if the voltage of the external source is higher than the range Behaviour when the maximum current is exceeded can be defined by calling function rspsu_Attr_CurrentLimitBehaviour When Regulate default state...

Page 33: ...e and Sink mode shown here Figure 5 2 Special cases must be taken into consideration for low voltages SRC 5 W Voltage in V 0 25 0 5 SRC 5 W 100 mA 100 mA Figure 5 2 Current voltage characteristic diagram 5 2 2 Reverse polarity in load case If an external source is connected to the R S TS PSU12 that has the opposite polarity to the output voltage set the R S TS PSU12 will attempt to impose the pola...

Page 34: ...des should therefore be used to protect the output stage of the R S TS PSU12 If it is not possible to use flyback diodes proceed as follows when switching off induc tive loads 1 Set the output voltage 0 V 2 Wait until the current drops to close to 0 A 3 Turn off R S TS PSU12 electronically 4 Open the relay s 5 2 4 External sensing To compensate for voltage drops in the line to the external load or...

Page 35: ...must never be closed together Doing so would cause a internal short circuit Floating channels must never exceed a voltage of 125 V against ground This applies to each individual connection pin It is especially important to observe this requirement when both sources are cascaded for example when they are switched together in the adapter For more information see Chapter 6 3 Safety instructions on pa...

Page 36: ...iations do not cause trigger ing 2 Current monitoring High currents may flow if regulation fails or in the event of overload To prevent damage overcurrent protection engages at approximately 120 of the current range Example With a the current range of 500 mA overcurent protection engages at 650 mA 3 Excess temperature protection Several temperature sensors are built into the R S TS PSU12 to protec...

Page 37: ...d connec tion to CHx_SHI or CHx_SLO Due to an external wiring from CHx_LO to CHx_SLO and closing of the ground relay single ended measurement is also feasible The dif ference in voltage may be up to 12 V The maximum voltage of each individual signal must not exceed 12 V against CHx_LO The voltage measurement range is always 12 V The current measurement range is specified by the setting of the R S ...

Page 38: ...ource current in mA 4 97 monitor voltage in V Current 100 mA 110 mA Source current in mA 43 9 monitor voltage in V Current 500 mA 932 mA Source current in A 0 373 monitor voltage in V The monitor output signal must be measured differentially at high impedance 10 kΩ is built in internally before CHx_MHI and CHx_MLO each as a protective mechanism against short circuits Signals CHx_MHI CHx_MLO must b...

Page 39: ... Analog Bus Sense Sense Figure 5 3 Signal connection 5 4 1 Matrix and front relay The front lines can be switched via the front relays to four outputs on the front connec tor Four sense or measurement inputs two pin can also be directed via the sense lines to the source or measurement unit All lines have access to the local analog bus through the matrix relay and via the cou pling relays to the an...

Page 40: ...Ground relays Each channel of the R S TS PSU12 has its own ground relay that can be used to con nect the CHx_LO signal to ground PSU channels are operated ground free in their basic state The function rspsu_ConfigureGround is used to determine whether a channel is being operated with ground reference or ground free Also note that rspsu_DisconnectAll does not affect the ground relay For technical r...

Page 41: ...1 or CH2 has been configured to one or more trigger outputs by rspsu_ConfigureTriggerOutput 5 5 2 Trigger inputs Trigger signals on trigger inputs PXI_TRIGn X20 and XTIn X10 can start a mea surement value recording voltage or current in the measurement unit or set the output voltage and current limiting of the source to a new value The two channels can be trig gered synchronously Trigger unit ...

Page 42: ... the backplane connector for bent pins Any pins that are bent must be straightened When module is connected it must be guided with both hands and carefully pressed into the backplane connector Press in the module applying moderate pressure Tighten the upper and lower screws on the front plate of the module Install the PSU RIO module as described in Chapter 6 2 Installation of the R S TS PDC module...

Page 43: ...version number V1 4 serial number greater than 100300 is required Push in the plug in module using moderate pressure The rear I O module R S TS PDC must be inserted with extra caution making cer tain the connector is correctly guided into the socket opening in the backplane It must not be inserted at an angle or with incorrect alignment etc The short circuit board guides alone do not ensure absolu...

Page 44: ...lacing the R S TS PSU12 Before replacing the R S TS PSU12 the R S CompactTSVP R S PowerTSVP must always be turned off or the power plug must be disconnected All connections to exter nal test objects must be disconnected Before the PSU power module is removed from the R S CompactTSVP R S Pow erTSVP housing make certain the module has had sufficient time to cool off The cool ing body of the PSU powe...

Page 45: ...erTSVP are designed for a maximum voltage of 125 V between ground free measurement devices analog buses and GND Care must be taken to ensure that this limit is not exceeded at any time even as the sum of voltages and thus not as a results of alternating signals Figure 6 1 shows a typical permissible voltage configuration between analog buses and ground 0 125 V 0 125 V 0 125 V 125 V max 5 V 120 V 1...

Page 46: ...Table 7 1 Driver Installation R S TS PSU12 Module Path Comment rspsu dll GTSL directory Bin Driver rspsu chm GTSL directory Bin Help files rspsu fp GTSL directory Bin LabWindows CVI Function Panel file function panels for CVI development interface rspsu sub GTSL directory Bin LabWindows CVI attribute file This file is required by some function panels rspsu lib GTSL directory Bin Import Library rsp...

Page 47: ...gure 7 1 Softpanel R S TS PSU The operation of the Softpanel is described in Chapter 13 of the GTSL Software Description 7 2 1 Configuration of sources Activating the Settings button from the Source area calls the dialogue for configur ing sources Softpanel ...

Page 48: ... 32 User Manual 1504 4524 12 05 Figure 7 2 Configuration of sources 7 2 2 Configuration of measurement units Activating the Settings button from the Meter area calls the dialogue for configur ing measurement units Softpanel ...

Page 49: ...t limit and voltage switches the source on and measures the output current Error handling is not considered in this sample in order to keep it easy to read The return status should be checked for errorOccured after each library call The following configuration files are used in this example physical ini device psu Type PSU12 ResourceDesc CAN0 0 1 12 DriverDll rspsu dll DriverPrefix rspsu DriverOpt...

Page 50: ...clude dcpwr h include swmgr h int main int argc char argv long residDcpwr resource ID for DC power supply library long residSwmgr resource ID for switch manager library short errorOccurred 0 long errorCode 0 char errorMessage GTSL_ERROR_BUFFER_SIZE double result 0 0 load the physical and application configuration files RESMGR_Setup 0 physical ini PSUApplication ini errorOccurred errorCode errorMes...

Page 51: ... 12 0 errorOccurred errorCode errorMessage set voltage to 10 V DCPWR_Conf_Voltage_Level 0 residDcpwr CH1 10 0 errorOccurred errorCode errorMessage wait until relays have settled timeout 500 ms SWMGR_WaitForDebounce 0 residSwmgr 500 errorOccurred errorCode errorMessage switch on channel 1 DCPWR_Conf_Output_Enabled 0 residDcpwr CH1 1 errorOccurred errorCode errorMessage configure the measurement Sam...

Page 52: ... current limit and voltage switches the source on and measures the output current Error handling is not considered in this sample in order to keep it easy to read The return status should be checked for VI_SUCCESS after each driver call include rspsu h int main int argc char argv ViSession vi ViStatus status ViReal64 result open a session to the device driver The resource descriptor depends on the...

Page 53: ...oltage to 10 V status rspsu_ConfigureVoltageLevel vi CH1 10 0 wait until relays have settled timeout 500 ms status rspsu_WaitForDebounce vi 500 switch on channel 1 status rspsu_ConfigureOutputEnabled vi CH1 VI_TRUE configure the measurement Sample Count 40 Sample Interval 1 ms Delay 0 0 status rspsu_ConfigureMeasurement vi CH1 40 0 001 0 0 measure the output current status rspsu_Measure vi CH1 RSP...

Page 54: ...upply 8 2 Power on test The power on test runs in parallel to the LED test The following observations may be made about the different display states of the LEDs Table 8 2 Observations about the power on test LED Description PWR LED green on All power supply voltages are present PWR LED green off At least one power supply voltage is missing ERR LED red off No error is present ERR LED red Is lit or ...

Page 55: ...al analog bus are tested for valid voltages These voltages could possibly come from an outside source for example through sour ces that are connected After an isolation measurement between the buses all the relays coupling matrix multiplexer sense relays are tested The voltage and current measurements of the sources and PSU AC DC converter are made The voltage and current section are tested for th...

Page 56: ...nterface description R S TS PSU12 40 User Manual 1504 4524 12 05 9 Interface description 9 1 PSU power module 9 1 1 Connector X1 25 F E D C B A Z Figure 9 1 Connector X1 view mating side PSU power module ...

Page 57: ...ND 16 GND GND 15 GND GND 12 14 11 GND GND 10 GND GND 9 GND GND 8 GND GND 7 GND GND 6 GND GND 5 GND GND 4 GND GND 3 GND GND 2 GND GND 1 GND GND Pin F Z E A B C D 5V 5V 5V 5V GND GND GND GND GND GND GND GND GND GND GND GND GND GND GND 5V 5V 5V 5V B A E D C Figure 9 2 Assignment of X1 9 1 2 Connector X10 C B A 1 32 Figure 9 3 Connector X10 view mating side PSU power module ...

Page 58: ..._LO3 12 CH1_HI4 CH1_HI4 CH1_HI4 13 CH1_LO4 CH1_LO4 CH1_LO4 14 CH1_SHI1 CH1_SLO1 15 CH1_SHI2 CH1_MHI CH1_SLO2 16 CH1_SHI3 CH1_MLO CH1_SLO3 17 CH1_SHI4 CH1_SLO4 18 CH2_HI1 CH2_HI1 CH2_HI1 19 CH2_LO1 CH2_LO1 CH2_LO1 20 CH2_HI2 CH2_HI2 CH2_HI2 21 CH2_LO2 CH2_LO2 CH2_LO2 22 CH2_HI3 CH2_HI3 CH2_HI3 23 CH2_LO3 CH2_LO3 CH2_LO3 24 CH2_HI4 CH2_HI4 CH2_HI4 25 CH2_LO4 CH2_LO4 CH2_LO4 26 CH2_SHI1 CH2_SLO1 27 C...

Page 59: ... A Z 22 Figure 9 4 Connector X20 view mating side Pin F Z 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 NP NP 11 NP NP 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Pin F Z RCS GND CAN_H CAN_L 5V PWA RSCLK RSDI RSDO GND RRST PGND2 PGND2 PGND2 VPA_CH1 VPA_CH1 PGND1 PGND1 PGND1 VPA_CH2 VPA_CH2 VPA_CH2 5VRIO_CH2 PACCTL_CH2 PGND2 VPA_CH1 5VRIO_CH1 PACCTL_CH1 PGND1 GND 5V PWA PXI_CLK10 PXI_TRIG1 PXI_TRIG0 GND PXI_TRIG7 PXI_TRIG2 GND PXI_TR...

Page 60: ...nector X30 Figure 9 6 Connector X30 mating side Table 9 2 X30 Pinning Schedule Pi n E D C B A 7 6 GND 5 ABC1 ABA1 4 ABB1 3 ABC2 ABB2 2 ABA2 1 ABD2 ABD1 9 2 Interface description for R S TS PDC Figure 9 7 Connector X20 R S TS PDC mating side Interface description for R S TS PDC ...

Page 61: ...V_1 COM_1 15V_2 15V_2 5V_2 3 3V_2 COM_2 COM_1 COM_1 COM_1 COM_1 COM_1 COM_2 COM_2 COM_2 COM_2 COM_2 GND RRST RCS GND 5V 1 RSCLK RSDI E A B C D 5V 2 5V 2 5V 2 5V 2 1 TS PDC Version 1 0 is supplied via these pins from 5V for backplanes up to Version 3 x 2 TS PDC Version 1 1 or higher is supplied via these pins or pins from 1 3 TS PDC Version 1 3 or higher This pin is not connected 4 TS PDC Version 1...

Page 62: ... Specifications The technical data of the Power Supply Load Module 12V R S TS PSU12 are shown in the corresponding data sheets In the event of any discrepancies between date in this user manual and technical data in the data sheet the data sheet takes precedence ...

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