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current, and for a tube or field effect device a transconductance that smoothly increases with
current.

Triodes and Mosfets share a useful characteristic:  their transconductance tends to increase
with current.  Bipolar power devices  have a slight gain increase until they hit about an amp or
so, and then they decline at higher currents.  In general the use of bipolar in a single ended
Class A circuit is a poor fit.

Another performance advantage shared by Tubes and Fets is the high performance they
deliver in simple Class A circuits.  Bipolar designs on the market have between four and
seven gain stages associated with the signal path, but with tubes and Mosfets good objective
specifications are achievable with only 2 or 3 gain devices in the signal path.

Yet a third advantage tubes and Mosfets have over bipolar devices is their greater reliability at
higher temperatures.  As noted, single ended power amplifiers dissipate comparatively high
wattages and run hot.

In a decision between Triodes and Mosfets, the Mosfet's advantage is in naturally operating at
the voltages and currents we want to deliver to a loudspeaker.  Efforts to create a direct
coupled single ended triode power amplifier have been severely limited by the high voltages
and low plate currents that are the province of tubes.  The commercial offerings have not
exceeded 8 watts or so, in spite of hundreds of dissipated watts.

Transformer coupled single ended triode amplifiers are the alternative, using very large
gapped-core transformers to avoid core saturation from the high DC current, but they suffer
the characteristic of such a loosely coupled transformer as well.

The promise of the transconductance characteristic in power amplifiers in providing the most
realistic amplified representation of music is best fulfilled in Mosfet single ended Class A
circuitry where it can be used very simply and biased very high.

Regardless of the type of gain device, in systems where the utmost in natural reproduction is
the goal,  simple single ended Class A circuits are the topologies of choice.

The Aleph 1 uses International Rectifier Hexfet Power Mosfets exclusively for all gain stages.
These Mosfets were chosen because they have the most ideal transfer curve for an
asymmetric Class A design.  Made in the United States, they have the highest quality of power
Mosfets we have tested to date.  We match the input devices to each other to within 0.2% and
the output devices to within 1%.  The smallest of these, the input devices, are capable of peak
currents of 8 amps.  The largest are capable of pulses of 50 amps each, and are run in
parallel banks of twenty.

The power Mosfets in the Aleph 1 have chip temperature ratings to 150 degrees Centigrade,
and we operate them at small fractions, typically 10% of their ratings.  For extended life, we do
not allow chip temperatures to exceed 80 degrees C.

A single ended Class A design would ordinarily clip at currents greater than the bias point,
and for this occurrence the Aleph 1 has a proprietary circuit which increases the value of the
constant current source so as to operate it in push-pull at power levels beyond the 150 watt
rating of the amplifier.

Summary of Contents for Aleph 1

Page 1: ...Pass Laboratories Aleph 1 Owner s Manual ...

Page 2: ...ps and input stages I feel that in specialized and demanding applications the energy penalty is worth the purity of performance obtainable from single ended Class A operation This purity delivers the most musicality and listening satisfaction per watt of any operating mode The Aleph series of power amplifiers has earned top honors around the world since their introduction in 1992 I have been extre...

Page 3: ... with a shorting plug between pins 1 and 3 which is used for unbalanced operation If you will be using the RCA unbalanced input leave this plug in If you will be using the balanced input remove this plug but save it Operating the amplifier in unbalanced mode without this plug will not cause damage but will not give the full voltage gain of the amplifier If your signal source is unbalanced input wi...

Page 4: ...itors will get old Depending on usage you will begin to have semiconductor and other failures between 10 and 50 years after date of manufacture Later the sun will cool to a white dwarf and after that the universe will experience heat death Product Philosophy and Design Theory When I started designing amplifiers 25 years ago solid state amplifiers had just achieved a firm grasp on the market Power ...

Page 5: ...n achieved The history of what has been done to the music is important and must be considered a part of the result Everything that has been done to the signal is embedded in it however subtly Experience correlating what sounds good to knowledge of component design yields some general guidelines as to what will sound good and what will not 1 Simplicity and a minimum number of components is a key el...

Page 6: ...mportant 4 Given the assumption that every process that we perform on the signal will be heard the finest amplifiers must employ those processes which are most natural There is one element in the chain which we cannot alter or improve upon and that is the air Air defines sound and serves as a natural benchmark Virtually all the amplifiers on the market are based on a push pull symmetry model The p...

Page 7: ...iers and D A and A D converters They are not monotonic the distortion increases as the level decreases The usual electrical picture of an audio signal is as an AC waveform without a DC component Audio is represented as alternating voltage and current where positive voltage and current alternates with negative in a reciprocal and symmetric fashion This fiction is convenient because it lends itself ...

Page 8: ...Class A designs has been at issue in the last few years with pure Class A loosely defined as an idling heat dissipation of more than twice the maximum amplifier output For a 100 watt amplifier this would be 200 watts out of the wall at idle Designs that vary the bias against the musical signal will generally have bias currents at or below the signal level This is certainly an improvement from the ...

Page 9: ...rge gapped core transformers to avoid core saturation from the high DC current but they suffer the characteristic of such a loosely coupled transformer as well The promise of the transconductance characteristic in power amplifiers in providing the most realistic amplified representation of music is best fulfilled in Mosfet single ended Class A circuitry where it can be used very simply and biased ...

Page 10: ... you will be listening to In and of itself the slew rate is an unimportant factor when evaluating tube and simple Mosfet designs It becomes more important with complex circuit topologies where there is heavy dependence on feedback correction but even then its importance has been overstated For the lowest possible operating noise in any environment the amplifier is equipped with balanced inputs fea...

Page 11: ...oad impedances do not make much difference to the character of the amplifier The amplifier is indifferent to the reactance of the load As a single ended Class A device the worst dissipation case is idle and current flowing into a reactive load does not particularly alter the dissipation Current flowing into a resistive portion of a load will generally make the amplifier run cooler A reactive load ...

Page 12: ... peak Output Impedance 001 ohm 1 KHz 8V 8 ohm Balanced Input 25 Kohm nominal differential XLR 10 Kohm single ended RCA Common mode rejection 60 dB 1 KHz 1V input common ground Output Noise 600 microvolt DC offset 50 mV after warm up Power Consumption 500 watts Operating Temperature 50 degrees C Warm up time 1 hour minimum Dimensions 16 6 W x 16 5 D x 10 5 H Shipping Weight 122 lbs PASS PASS Pass L...

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