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perturbation around a positive pressure point.  There is only positive pressure, more positive
pressure, and less positive pressure.

Push-pull circuits give rise to odd ordered harmonics, where the phase alignment reflects
compression at both positive and negative peaks and crossover nonlinearity near the zero
point.

Only one linear circuit topology delivers the appropriate characteristic, and that is the single
ended amplifier.  Single ended amplification only comes in pure Class A, and is the least
efficient form of power stage you can reasonably create, typically idling at four times the rated
output power.

Single ended operation is not new.  It is routinely found in the low level circuitry of the finest
preamplifying stages and in the front end circuits of the finest power amplifiers.  The first tube
power amplifiers were single ended circuits using a single tube driving the primary of a
transformer.

In 1977 I designed and published in Audio Magazine a single ended Class A amplifier using
bipolar followers biased by a constant current source.  A considerable number of amateurs
have built the device, rated at 20 watts output, and many have commented on its unique sonic
signature.

Single ended Class A operation is generally less efficient than push-pull Class A.  Single
ended Class A amplifiers tend to be even bigger and more expensive than their push-pull
cousins, but they have a more natural transfer curve.

The "purity" of Class A designs has been at issue in the last few years, with "pure" Class A
loosely defined as an idling heat dissipation of more than twice the maximum amplifier output.
For a 100 watt amplifier, this would be 200 watts out of the wall at idle.

Designs that vary the bias against the musical signal will generally have bias currents at or
below the signal level.  This is certainly an improvement from the viewpoint of energy
efficiency, but the sound reflects the lesser bias point.

I authored the first patent on the dynamically biased Class A amplifier in 1974, however I have
not used the technique for the last 15 years.  The reason is that I found the quality of sound
associated with an efficient Class A operating mode inferior in depth and less liquid at high
frequencies, simply because it operates at reduced bias at low levels.  Given the plethora of
cool running “Class A” amplifiers on the market, you might say I opened a Pandora’s box.

Until the output current reaches the single ended bias point of the Aleph 1, it is considered a
single ended Class A amplifier as the bias is provided by a constant current source attached
to the negative power supply.  Beyond the single ended bias point at 150 watts rms. (8 ohms)
it is designed to operate as a push-pull amplifier.

A very important consideration in attempting to create an amplifier with a natural characteristic
is the selection of the gain devices.  A single ended Class A topology is appropriate, and we
want a characteristic where the positive amplitude is very, very slightly greater than the
negative.  For a current gain device, that would mean gain that smoothly increases with

Summary of Contents for Aleph 1

Page 1: ...Pass Laboratories Aleph 1 Owner s Manual ...

Page 2: ...ps and input stages I feel that in specialized and demanding applications the energy penalty is worth the purity of performance obtainable from single ended Class A operation This purity delivers the most musicality and listening satisfaction per watt of any operating mode The Aleph series of power amplifiers has earned top honors around the world since their introduction in 1992 I have been extre...

Page 3: ... with a shorting plug between pins 1 and 3 which is used for unbalanced operation If you will be using the RCA unbalanced input leave this plug in If you will be using the balanced input remove this plug but save it Operating the amplifier in unbalanced mode without this plug will not cause damage but will not give the full voltage gain of the amplifier If your signal source is unbalanced input wi...

Page 4: ...itors will get old Depending on usage you will begin to have semiconductor and other failures between 10 and 50 years after date of manufacture Later the sun will cool to a white dwarf and after that the universe will experience heat death Product Philosophy and Design Theory When I started designing amplifiers 25 years ago solid state amplifiers had just achieved a firm grasp on the market Power ...

Page 5: ...n achieved The history of what has been done to the music is important and must be considered a part of the result Everything that has been done to the signal is embedded in it however subtly Experience correlating what sounds good to knowledge of component design yields some general guidelines as to what will sound good and what will not 1 Simplicity and a minimum number of components is a key el...

Page 6: ...mportant 4 Given the assumption that every process that we perform on the signal will be heard the finest amplifiers must employ those processes which are most natural There is one element in the chain which we cannot alter or improve upon and that is the air Air defines sound and serves as a natural benchmark Virtually all the amplifiers on the market are based on a push pull symmetry model The p...

Page 7: ...iers and D A and A D converters They are not monotonic the distortion increases as the level decreases The usual electrical picture of an audio signal is as an AC waveform without a DC component Audio is represented as alternating voltage and current where positive voltage and current alternates with negative in a reciprocal and symmetric fashion This fiction is convenient because it lends itself ...

Page 8: ...Class A designs has been at issue in the last few years with pure Class A loosely defined as an idling heat dissipation of more than twice the maximum amplifier output For a 100 watt amplifier this would be 200 watts out of the wall at idle Designs that vary the bias against the musical signal will generally have bias currents at or below the signal level This is certainly an improvement from the ...

Page 9: ...rge gapped core transformers to avoid core saturation from the high DC current but they suffer the characteristic of such a loosely coupled transformer as well The promise of the transconductance characteristic in power amplifiers in providing the most realistic amplified representation of music is best fulfilled in Mosfet single ended Class A circuitry where it can be used very simply and biased ...

Page 10: ... you will be listening to In and of itself the slew rate is an unimportant factor when evaluating tube and simple Mosfet designs It becomes more important with complex circuit topologies where there is heavy dependence on feedback correction but even then its importance has been overstated For the lowest possible operating noise in any environment the amplifier is equipped with balanced inputs fea...

Page 11: ...oad impedances do not make much difference to the character of the amplifier The amplifier is indifferent to the reactance of the load As a single ended Class A device the worst dissipation case is idle and current flowing into a reactive load does not particularly alter the dissipation Current flowing into a resistive portion of a load will generally make the amplifier run cooler A reactive load ...

Page 12: ... peak Output Impedance 001 ohm 1 KHz 8V 8 ohm Balanced Input 25 Kohm nominal differential XLR 10 Kohm single ended RCA Common mode rejection 60 dB 1 KHz 1V input common ground Output Noise 600 microvolt DC offset 50 mV after warm up Power Consumption 500 watts Operating Temperature 50 degrees C Warm up time 1 hour minimum Dimensions 16 6 W x 16 5 D x 10 5 H Shipping Weight 122 lbs PASS PASS Pass L...

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