List of key words
Audio CD
See CD-DA.
Blue Book
Specification for CD-Extra (formerly CD-Plus).
Bridge Disc
CDs which can be read by CD-ROM/XA drives and CD-I players, for example a Kodak Photo CD.
Buffer underrun
Where the write memory of the drive is empty, the writing procedure will be terminated The flow of data from the system to the drive was insufficient. Either the
transfer rate is too low for the writing speed or there was an interruption in the data flow.
CD-DA
CD-DA stands for “CD Digital Audio” and is the known audio CD standard described in the Red Book. It contains audio data, that is to say music, and can be
played back in CD-ROM drives which support audio CDs as well as in normal CD players in stereo systems. The audio data is stored as so-called “frames” with a
length of 1/75 of a second. 44,100 audio signal samples are stored per second. Each sample uses two bytes (16 bit), and two channels are stored (left and right).
This results in a sector size of 44,1000 x 2x 2 /75 = 2352 bytes per frame which corresponds to the size of a physical block on a CD.
CD-I
CD-Interactive, special CD format defined in the Green Book .The CD-I track is not entered into the TOC (CD directory). Thus, the audio tracks can be listened to
on a normal CD player. To access a CD-I track, an appropriate drive is required. Some older CD players incorrectly recognise the CD-I track as an audio track and
attempt to play it back accordingly.
CD-R
Compact Disc-Recordable, designation for recordable CDs.
CD-ROM (Single and Multisesssion)
CD-ROM describes a CD which contains computer data much like a hard disk.
CD-RW
Compact Disc-ReWritable, designation for rewritable CDs.
CD-XA
XA stands for “Extended Architecture” and is a standard for Multimedia CDs containing audio and computer data.
Defragmenting
A hard disk can be defragmented using the DOS command ‘defrag’ or a similar tool from other operating systems. Due to the fact that files are constantly deleted
and new ones written to the hard disk, files are no longer grouped together in physically contiguous blocks but instead are scattered, i.e. fragmented, over the
entire hard disk. Defragmentation rewrites the files so that they are put back together again. This does not affect the directory structure or the data contents.
The advantage of defragmentation is that it allows files to be accessed quicker by simplifying the searching process. We strongly recommend defragmenting
your hard disk before writing a CD.
Disc-at-Once
Not all drives support the procedure of writing a CD in a single process. As soon as the disc/CD is complete, it can no longer be written to (single session CD).
ECP
ECP stands for Extended Capability Port and is a more powerful version of the EPP.
EPP
EPP stands for Enhanced Parallel Port and refers to an extended standard of the parallel interface which allows higher data transfer rates and makes it possible
to connect several devices.
Finalising/ End disc / Close disc
Completely finishing a CD. Necessary (according to Red Book regulations) for audio CDs which cannot be read by normal reading devices (CD players) if they
have not been finalised. Also, the definitive end of a data CD. It is not possible to write anything else on a finalised CD. Finalisation consists of a lead-in and a
lead-out (as with fixing) with a final table of contents. Because only one lead-in and one lead-out are permitted on an audio CD, any fixing here will automatically
finish the CD.
Fixing
Writing a lead-in and lead-out area for a session. This concludes the session. All data from the session and from any previous sessions can be read by normal
CD-ROMs. This process requires an enormous amount of space, using up approximately 15 MB. This space is definitively lost for other recordings. This means
that less data can be written on multisession CDs than on single session CDs.
Additional and updated
information can be found
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www.memorex.com
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