Maxtor DiamondMax 17 160 ATA Installation And Use Manual Download Page 27 | Manualshive

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Installation

3-12

Maxtor DiamondMax 17 80-160GB AT Hard Disk Drive

Figure 3-7

Mounting Screw Clearance

CAUTION:

The PCB is very close to the mounting holes.

Do not ex-

ceed the specified length for the mounting screws.

The

specified screw length allows full use of the mounting hole
threads, while avoiding damaging or placing unwanted stress
on the PCB. Figure 3-7 specifies the minimum clearance be-
tween the PCB and the screws in the mounting holes. To
avoid stripping the mounting hole threads, the maximum
torque applied to the screws must not exceed 8 inch-pounds.

A maximum screw length of 0.25 inches may be used

.

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Summary of Contents for DiamondMax 17 160 ATA

Page 1: ...DiamondMax 17 80 160GB ATA May 29 2006 PN 1938 ...

Page 2: ...ore of the following U S Patents 4 419 701 4 538 193 4 625 109 4 639 798 4 647 769 4 647 997 4 661 696 4 669 004 4 675 652 4 703 176 4 730 321 4 772 974 4 783 705 4 819 153 4 882 671 4 920 442 4 920 434 4 982 296 5 005 089 5 027 241 5 031 061 5 084 791 5 119 254 5 160 865 5 170 229 5 177 771 Other U S and Foreign Patents Pending Maxtor and MaxFax are registered trademarks of Maxtor Corporation reg...

Page 3: ...ecautions and guidelines outlined here may lead to product failure damage and invalidation of all warranties 1 Before unpacking or handling a drive take all proper electrostatic discharge ESD precautions including personnel and equipment grounding Stand alone drives are sensitive to ESD damage 2 Before removing drives from their packing material allow them to reach room temperature 3 During handli...

Page 4: ...TALLATION 3 1 SPACE REQUIREMENTS 3 1 3 2 UNPACKING INSTRUCTIONS 3 2 3 3 Hardware Options 3 4 3 3 1 ATA Interface Connector 3 4 3 3 2 ATA Bus Adapter 3 7 3 3 3 Adapter Board 3 8 3 4 ATA Bus Interface Connector J1 Section A 3 9 3 5 MOUNTING 3 11 3 5 1 Orientation 3 11 3 5 2 Clearance 3 13 3 5 3 Ventilation 3 13 3 6 FOR SYSTEMS WITH AN ATA ADAPTER BOARD 3 13 3 6 1 Adapter Board Installation 3 13 3 7 ...

Page 5: ...ility Specifications 4 6 4 11 EMC EMI 4 7 4 11 1 Radiated Electromagnetic Field Emissions EMC Compliance 4 7 4 11 2 Canadian Emissions Statement 4 7 4 12 Safety Regulatory Compliance 4 7 Chapter 5 ATA BUS INTERFACE AND ATA COMMANDS 5 1 INTRODUCTION 5 1 5 2 MECHANICAL INTERFACE 5 1 5 2 1 Signal Cable and Connector 5 1 5 3 ELECTRICAL INTERFACE 5 1 5 3 1 ATA Bus Interface 5 1 5 3 1 1 Electrical Chara...

Page 6: ...ns of the ATA Interface Connector 3 4 Figure 3 4 ATA Connector and Jumper Locations 3 7 Figure 3 5 J1 DC Power and ATA Bus Combination Connector 3 9 Figure 3 6 Mounting Dimensions 3 11 Figure 3 7 Mounting Screw Clearance 3 12 Figure 3 8 Lengthwise Airflow Cooling 3 13 Figure 3 9 Crosswise Airflow Cooling 3 14 Figure 3 10 Drive Power Supply and ATA Bus Interface Cables 3 15 ...

Page 7: ...Drive List of Tables Table 3 1 AT Jumper Options 3 5 Table 3 2 LBA Addressing 3 7 Table 3 3 J1 Power Connector Section A 3 9 Table 3 4 Logical Addressing Format 3 16 Table 5 1 Supported ATA Commands 5 2 Table 5 2 Identify Drive Command Parameters 5 5 ...

Page 8: ...ces will include the end user installers developers consumer electronics and personal computer original equipment manufacturers CE PC OEM and distributors This manual provides information about installation principles of operation interface command implementation service and support 1 2 MANUAL ORGANIZATION This manual is organized into the following chapters Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Genera...

Page 9: ...s pk pk shaker displacement dB decibels dBA decibels A weighted DPS Data Protection System ECC Error Correcting Code G rms root means square Hz hertz kfci thousands of flux changes per inch KB kilobytes LSB Least Significant Bit mA milliamperes MB Megabytes 1 MB 1 000 000 bytes when referring to disk transfer rates or storage capacities and 1 048 576 bytes in all other cases Mb s Megabits per seco...

Page 10: ...mal notation is given in 9 point subscript form An example is 30H Signal Negation A signal name that is defined as active low is listed with a minus sign following the signal An example is RD Messages A message that is sent from the drive to the host is listed in all capitals An example is ILLEGAL COMMAND Naming Conventions Host In general the system in which the drive resides is referred to as th...

Page 11: ...1 4 Maxtor DiamondMax 17 80 160GB AT Hard Drive Introduction ...

Page 12: ...d disks and are available with the ATA interface The DiamondMax 17 AT hard disk drive features an embedded hard disk drive controller and uses ATA commands to optimize system performance Because the drive manages media defects and error recovery internally these operations are fully transparent to the user The innovative design of the DiamondMax 17 AT hard disk drive incorporates leading edge tech...

Page 13: ...erage rotational latency of 4 17 ms 2MB 80GB or 8MB 160GB Cache buffer Look ahead DisCache feature with continuous prefetch and WriteCache write buffering capabilities AutoTask Register update Multi block AutoRead and Multi block AutoWrite features in a custom ASIC Read on arrival firmware Quadruple burst ECC and double burst ECC on the fly 1 1 interleave on read write operations Support of all st...

Page 14: ...is a category certification pertaining to all 3 5 inch series drives models Canadian Standards Association CSA Standard C 22 2 No 1950 This certificate is a category certification pertaining to all 3 5 inch series drives TUV Rheinland Standard EN60 950 This certificate is a category certification pertaining to all 3 5 inch series drives models Korean EMC certifications are issued by Radio Research...

Page 15: ...The DiamondMax 17 AT hard disk drive is compatible with the IBM PC AT and other computers that are compatible with the IBM PC AT It connects to the PC either by means of a third party ATA adapter board or by plugging a cable from the drive directly into a PC motherboard that supplies a ATA interface ...

Page 16: ... DiamondMax 17 80 160GB AT hard disk drive prior to operation It also explains how to start up format and operate the drive 3 1 SPACE REQUIREMENTS Figure 3 1 shows the external dimensions of the DiamondMax 17 80 160GB AT hard disk drive For more information please refer to Chapter 4 for detailed product specifications Figure 3 1 Mechanical Dimensions ...

Page 17: ...ir sides 8 When you are ready to install the drive remove it from the ESD bag CAUTION The maximum limits for physical shock can be exceeded if the drive is not handled properly Special care should be taken not to bump or drop the drive It is highly recommended that the DiamondMax 17 80 160GB AT hard drives are not stacked or placed on any hard surface after they are unpacked Such handling could an...

Page 18: ...nstallation Maxtor DiamondMax 17 80 160GB AT Hard Disk Drive 3 3 Figure 3 2 shows the shipping container for a 20 pack of DiamondMax 17 80 160GB AT hard disk drives Figure 3 2 20 Pack Shipping Container ...

Page 19: ...Interface Connector Figure 3 3 Jumper Locations on the ATA Interface Connector The configuration of a DiamondMax 17 80 160GB AT hard disk drive depends on the host system in which it is to be installed This section describes the hardware options that you must take into account prior to installation ...

Page 20: ...ction relative to pin 28 on the interface 1 indicates that the specified jumper is installed 0 indicates that the jumper is not installed Table 3 1 AT Jumper Options Note In Table 3 1 a 0 indicates that the jumper is removed a 1 indi cates that the jumper is installed and an X indicates that the jumper setting does not matter CS DS Pin 28 DESCRIPTION 0 0 X Drive is configured as a slave 1 0 Gnd Dr...

Page 21: ... proper signal level at pin 28 of the ATA bus connector This allows two drives to operate in a Master Slave relationship according to the drive cable placement The DiamondMax 17 80 160GB AT hard disk drives are shipped from the factory as a Master Device 0 CS jumper installed To configure a drive as a Slave Device 1 DS scheme the CS jumper must be removed In this configuration the spare jumper rem...

Page 22: ...0 160GB AT drives is shown in the following table Table 3 2 LBA Addressing Figure 3 4 AT Connector and Jumper Location 3 3 2 ATA Bus Adapter There are two ways you can configure a system to allow the DiamondMax 17 80 160GB AT hard disk drives to communicate over the ATA bus of an IBM or IBM compatible PC 1 Connect the drive to a 40 pin ATA bus connector if available on the motherboard of the PC 2 ...

Page 23: ...rd You should also refer to the motherboard instruction manual to ensure signal compatibility 3 3 2 2 Adapter Board If your PC motherboard does not contain a built in 40 pin ATA bus interface connector you must install an ATA bus adapter board and connecting cable to allow the drive to interface with the motherboard Please carefully read the instruction manual that comes with your adapter board as...

Page 24: ... for the 5 VDC and 12 VDC input power are listed in Table 3 3 Table 3 3 J1 Power Connector Section A Note Labels indicate the pin numbers on the connector Pins 2 and 3 of section A are the 5 and 12 volt returns and are connected together on the drive Pin Number Voltage Level Mating Connector Type and Part Number or equivalent J1 Section A 4 Pin 1 12 VDC 4 Pin Connector AMP P N 1 480424 0 Loose pie...

Page 25: ...ondMax 17 80 160GB AT hard disk drives the ATA bus interface cable connector J1 section C is a 40 pin Universal Header as shown in Figure 3 5 To prevent the possibility of incorrect installation the connector has been keyed by removing Pin 20 This ensures that a connector cannot be installed upside down See Chapter 5 ATA Bus Interface and ATA Commands for more detailed information about the requir...

Page 26: ...ve can also be mounted using the four mounting hole locations on the PCB side of the drive Note It is highly recommended that the drive is hard mounted on to the chassis of the system being used for general operation as well as for test purposes Failure to hard mount the drive can result in erroneous errors during testing Note Drives can be mounted in any orientation Normal position is with the PC...

Page 27: ...ng screws The specified screw length allows full use of the mounting hole threads while avoiding damaging or placing unwanted stress on the PCB Figure 3 7 specifies the minimum clearance be tween the PCB and the screws in the mounting holes To avoid stripping the mounting hole threads the maximum torque applied to the screws must not exceed 8 inch pounds A maximum screw length of 0 25 inches may b...

Page 28: ...ase does not exceed 140 F 60 C Drive reliability and warranty will be limited if the drive is exposed to temperatures greater than 60 C when operating and or temperatures greater than 70 C when in storage not operating Figures 3 8 and 3 9 show airflow recommended for adequate cooling Clearance from the drive to any surface above and below the drive must be a minimum of 1 25mm Maxtor leaves the des...

Page 29: ...that all the jumpers are set properly and that there are no address or signal conflicts You must also investigate to see if your AT compatible system contains a combination floppy and hard disk controller board If it does you must disable the hard disk drive controller functions on that controller board before proceeding Once you have disabled the hard disk drive controller functions on the floppy...

Page 30: ...n cable connector into the mating connector of the adapter board Make sure that pin 1 of the connector matches with pin 1 on the cable 2 Insert the other end of the cable into the header on the drive When inserting this end of the cable make sure that pin 1 of the cable connects to pin 1 of the drive connector 3 Secure the drive to the system chassis by using the mounting screws Figure 3 10 Drive ...

Page 31: ...se a third party software that supplements the BIOS and adds Int 13 extension support Obtain a BIOS upgrade from the system board manufacturer Many system board manufacturers allow their BIOS to be upgraded in the field using special download utilities Information on BIOS upgrades can be obtained on the System Board Customer Service respective web sites on the Internet Insert the Cylinder Limitati...

Page 32: ...n the power is switched on For instructions on how to use the SETUP program refer to the system manual for your PC Note During the AT system CMOS setup you must enter the drive type for the DiamondMax 17 80 160GB AT hard disk drives The drive supports the translation of its physical drive geometry parameters such as cylinders heads and sectors per track to a logical addressing mode The drive can w...

Page 33: ...ity varies depending on operating environment Model 6G080L0 6G160P0 Sectors per Drive max LBA 156 301 488 312 581 808 Integrated Interface Maxtor Ultra ATA 133 ATA 5 ATA 6 ATA 7 Recording Method RLL EEPR4 Servo Type Embedded Number of Servo Sectors 192 Data Zones per Surface 16 Data Sectors per Track ID OD 645 1224 Areal Density Gbits in2 max ID OD 75 60 8 Flux Density kfci ID OD 430 378 Recording...

Page 34: ... Controller Overhead ms 0 3 Rotation Speed RPM 0 1 7 200 Data Transfer Speed MB sec max To From Interface 133 To From Media ID OD up to nn n where nn n is the maximum possible transfer rate 333 619 Sustained ID OD up to nn n where nn n is the maximum transfer rate possible 30 8 58 9 Data Buffer Size MB 2 8 Drive Ready Time sec typical 8 0 Parameter Value Height mm maximum 26 1 Width mm typical 101...

Page 35: ...775 Seek peak over 1 ms 19 5 1400 530 Sequential Write average 7 5 255 850 Sequential Read average 7 255 795 Random Seek average 9 5 600 445 Random Read Write average 8 465 480 Idle Average no R W activity 5 5 255 440 Idle Active low power head on ramp 4 240 220 Standby average 1 3 15 220 Sleep average 1 3 15 220 Acoustic management in performace mode quiet modes reduce 12V current Voltage Toleran...

Page 36: ... drive is capable of responding to read commands within 40 ms Standby The motor is not spinning The drive will leave this mode upon receipt of a command that requires disk access The time out value for this mode is programmable The buffer is active to accept write data Sleep This is the lowest power state with the interface set to inactive A software or hardware reset is required to return the dri...

Page 37: ...or atmospheric conditions 3 Above 1 000 feet 305 meters the maximum temperature is derated linearly to 112 F 44 C at 10 000 feet 3 048 meters Parameter Operating Non Operating Storage Temperature 0 C to 60 C base casting at motor hub 40 to 70 C per Mil STD 810E method 501 3 climatic category hot induced conditions Thermal Gradient 20 C per hour maximum 30 C per hour maximum Relative Humidity 5 to ...

Page 38: ...parked onto a ramp off the disk when not in use Data Reliability 1 per 1015 bits read Data errors non recoverable Average data error rate allowed with all error recovery features activated Component Design Life 5 years minimum Component design life is defined as a the time period before identified wear out mechanisms impact the failure rate or b the time period up to the wear out point when useful...

Page 39: ...nism is installed in a typical personal computer Maxtor recommends that testing and analysis for EMC compliance be performed with the disk mechanism installed within the user s end use application 4 11 2 Canadian Emissions Statement This digital apparatus does not exceed the Class B limits for radio noise emissions from digital apparatus as set out in the radio interference regulations of the Cana...

Page 40: ...4 8 Maxtor DiamondMax 17 80 160GB AT Hard Disk Drive Product Specifications ...

Page 41: ... signal and power connections as well as configuration jumpers The dimensions and specifications of the unitized connector comply with Annex A in the ATA ATAPI standard The Maxtor DiamondMax 17 drives require the use of an 80 conductor cable ATA ATAPI 6 Annex A Figure A 4 and description to support the drive s Ultra DMA capability 5 3 ELECTRICAL INTERFACE 5 3 1 ATA Bus Interface 5 3 1 1 Electrical...

Page 42: ...al feature set for devices not supporting the Packet command feature set Table 5 1 lists the supported commands Refer to the ATA ATAPI 7 standard for a detailed description of these commands The IDENTIFY DRIVE command however is elaborated in the section Identify Drive Command on page 5 5 1 As defined in the ATA ATAPI 7 standard Command Command Code Feature Register Value s CHECK POWER MODE 98h E5...

Page 43: ...EPARE F3h SECURITY ERASE UNIT F4h SECURITY FREEZE LOCK F5h SECURITY SET PASSWORD F1h SECURITY UNLOCK F2h SEEK 70h SET FEATURES EFh Note 1 SET MAX ADDRESS F9h 00h SET MAX ADDRESS EXTENSION 37h 00h SET MAX SET PASSWORD F9h 01h SET MAX LOCK F9h 02h SET MAX UNLOCK F9h 03h SET MAX FREEZE LOCK F9h 04h SET MULTIPLE MODE C6h SLEEP 99h E6h SMART DISABLE OPERATIONS B0h D9h SMART ENABLE OPERATIONS B0h D8h SM...

Page 44: ...ANDBY 96h E2h STANDBY IMMEDIATE 94h E0h WRITE BUFFER E8h WRITE DMA CAh CBh WRITE DMA EXTENSION 35h WRITE DMA FUA EXTENSION 30h WRITE FPDMA QUEUED 61h WRITE LOG EXTENSION 3fh WRITE MULTIPLE C5h WRITE MULTIPLE EXTENSION 39h WRITE MULTIPLE FUA EXTENSION CEh WRITE SECTOR S 30h 31h WRITE SECTOR S EXTENSION 34h Command Command Code Feature Register Value s ...

Page 45: ...er words in the buffer are shown in Table 5 2 Note All reserved bits or words should be zeroes Word Content Description 0 General configuration bit significant information 15 0 ATA device 14 8 Retired 7 1 removable media device 6 Obsolete 5 3 Retired 2 Response incomplete 1 Retired 0 Reserved 1 Obsolete 2 Specific configuration 3 Obsolete 4 5 Retired 6 Obsolete 7 8 Reserved for assignment by the C...

Page 46: ...13 1 Standby timer values as specified in this standard are supported 0 Standby timer values shall be managed by the device 12 Reserved for the IDENTIFY PACKET DEVICE command 11 1 IORDY supported 0 IORDY may be supported 10 1 IORDY may be disabled 9 1 LBA supported 8 1 DMA supported 7 0 Retired 50 Capabilities 15 Shall be cleared to zero 14 Shall be set to one 13 2 Reserved 1 Obsolete 0 Shall be s...

Page 47: ... Obsolete 63 15 11 Reserved 10 1 Multiword DMA mode 2 is selected 0 Multiword DMA mode 2 is not selected 9 1 Multiword DMA mode 1 is selected 0 Multiword DMA mode 1 is not selected 8 1 Multiword DMA mode 0 is selected 0 Multiword DMA mode 0 is not selected 7 3 Reserved 2 1 Multiword DMA mode 2 and below are supported 1 1 Multiword DMA mode 1 and below are supported 0 1 Multiword DMA mode 0 is supp...

Page 48: ... 0 Maximum queue depth 1 76 79 Reserved for Serial ATA 80 Major version number 0000h or FFFFh device does not report version 15 Reserved 14 Reserved for ATA ATAPI 14 13 Reserved for ATA ATAPI 13 12 Reserved for ATA ATAPI 12 11 Reserved for ATA ATAPI 11 10 Reserved for ATA ATAPI 10 9 Reserved for ATA ATAPI 9 8 Reserved for ATA ATAPI 8 7 Reserved for ATA ATAPI 7 6 1 supports ATA ATAPI 6 5 1 supports...

Page 49: ...pported 6 1 look ahead supported 5 1 write cache supported 4 Shall be cleared to zero to indicate that the PACKET Command feature set is not supported 3 1 mandatory Power Management feature set supported 2 1 Removable Media feature set supported 1 1 Security Mode feature set supported 0 1 SMART feature set supported 83 Command sets supported 15 Shall be cleared to zero 14 Shall be set to on 13 1 F...

Page 50: ... extension 15 Shall be cleared to zero 14 Shall be set to one 13 8 Reserved 7 1 WRITE DMA QUEUED FUA EXT command supported 6 1 WRITE DMA FUA EXT and WRITE MULTIPLE FUA EXT commands supported 5 1 General Purpose Logging feature set supported 4 1 Streaming feature set supported 3 1 Media Card Pass Through Command feature set supported 2 1 Media serial number supported 1 1 SMART self test supported 0...

Page 51: ...onfiguration Overlay supported 10 1 48 bit Address features set supported 9 1 Automatic Acoustic Management feature set enabled 8 1 SET MAX security extension enabled by SET MAX SET PASSWORD 7 See Address Offset Reserved Area Boot INCITS TR27 2001 6 1 SET FEATURES subcommand required to spin up after power up 5 1 Power Up In Standby feature set enabled 4 1 Removable Media Status Notification featu...

Page 52: ...e 4 is not selected 11 1 Ultra DMA mode 3 is selected 0 Ultra DMA mode 3 is not selected 10 1 Ultra DMA mode 2 is selected 0 Ultra DMA mode 2 is not selected 9 1 Ultra DMA mode 1 is selected 0 Ultra DMA mode 1 is not selected 8 1 Ultra DMA mode 0 is selected 0 Ultra DMA mode 0 is not selected 7 Reserved 6 1 Ultra DMA mode 6 and below are supported 5 1 Ultra DMA mode 5 and below are supported 4 1 U...

Page 53: ...s unknown 8 Shall be set to one 7 0 Device 0 hardware reset result Device 1 shall clear these bits to zero Device shall set these bits as follows 7 Reserved 6 0 Device 0 does not respond when Device 1 is selected 1 Device 0 responds when Device 1 is selected 5 0 Device 0 did not detect the assertion of DASP 1 Device 0 detected the assertion of DASP 4 0 Device 0 did not detect the assertion of PDIA...

Page 54: ...5 Shall be cleared to zero 14 Shall be set to one 13 1 Device has multiple logical sectors per physical sector 12 4 Reserved 3 0 2X logical sectors per physical sector 107 Inter seek delay for ISO 7779 acoustic testing in microseconds 108 126 Reserved 127 Removable Media Status Notification feature set support 15 2 Reserved 1 0 00 Removable Media Status Notification feature set not supported 01 Re...

Page 55: ...eserved 8 Security level 0 High 1 Maximum 7 6 Reserved 5 1 Enhanced security erase supported 4 1 Security count expired 3 1 Security frozen 2 1 Security locked 1 1 Security enabled 0 1 Security supported 129 159 Vendor specific 160 254 Reserved 255 Integrity word 15 8 Checksum 7 0 Signature Word Content Description ...

Page 56: ...5 16 Maxtor DiamondMax 17 80 160GB AT Hard Disk Drive ATA Bus Interface and ATA Commands ...

Page 57: ...t www maxtor com to obtain comprehensive support information such as Warranty Services Drive returns Warranty Status Limited Warranty Statement Product Support Installation Tutorials Specifications Jumper Settings Installation Guides Product Manuals Software Downloads Installation Software Utilities Diagnostics Knowledge Base Troubleshooting information FAQs resolved problem database Product Index...

Page 58: ...Service and Support 6 2 Maxtor DiamondMax 17 80 160GB AT Hard Disk Drive ...

Page 59: ...anagement scheme handles all such flaws automatically there is no need to concern yourself with bad track tables BIT Abbreviation for binary digit A binary digit may have one of two values 1 or 0 This contrasts with a decimal digit which may have a value from 0 to 9 A bit is one of the logic 1or logic 0 binary settings that make up a byte of data See also byte BLOCK A sector or group of sectors BP...

Page 60: ...trieved DRIVE Short form of disk drive DRIVE GEOMETRY The functional dimensions of a drive in terms of the number of heads cylinders and sectors per track See also logical format E ECC Acronym for error correction code The recording of extra verifying information encoded along with the disk data The controller uses the extra information to check for data errors and corrects the errors when possibl...

Page 61: ... the outer track track 0 HOST ADAPTER A plug in board that forms the interface between a particular type of computer system bus and the disk drive I INITIALIZE See low level formatting INITIATOR A SCSI device that requests another SCSI device to perform an operation A common example of this is a system requesting data from a drive The system is the initiator and the drive is the target INTERFACE A...

Page 62: ... of the drive and to support the embedded controller MICROSECOND µs One millionth of a second 000001 sec MILLISECOND ms One thousandth of a second 001 sec MTTF MTTF is a basic measure of reliability for non repairable systems It is the mean time expected until the first failure of a piece of equipment MTTF is a statistical value and is meant to be the mean over a long period of time and large numb...

Page 63: ...ethod used on some hard disks to encode data into magnetic pulses RLL requires more processing but stores almost 50 more data per disk than the MFM method ROM Acronym for read only memory Usually in the form of an ROM in the controller that contains programs that can be accessed and read but not modified by the system ROTARY ACTUATOR The rotary actuator replaces the stepper motor used in the past ...

Page 64: ...e read write heads to move to an adjacent track TRANSFER RATE The rate at which the disk sends and receives data from the controller Drive specifications usually reference a high number that is the burst mode rate for transferring data across the interface from the disk buffer to system RAM Sustained data transfer is at a much lower rate because of system processing overhead head switches and seek...

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