background image

EN

41

T

W

PLAYBACK EFFECT

STROBE

CLASSIC FILM
MONOTONE
SEPIA

4

1
2
3

OFF

4

B/W

VIDEO ECHO

5

PLAY

EFFECT

EFFECT
ON/OFF

PLAYBACK EFFECT
Select Menu

Remote sensor

RM-V711U

(provided)

FEATURE: 

Playback Special Effects

PURPOSE:

To allow you to add creative effects to the playback
image.

OPERATION:

1)

To start playback, press 

PLAY

 (

4

).

2)

Point the remote control at the camcorder's remote
sensor and press 

EFFECT

. The PLAYBACK EFFECT

Select Menu appears.

3)

Move the highlight bar to the desired effect by
pressing 

EFFECT

. The selected function is activated

and after 2 seconds the menu disappears.

n

To deactivate the selected effect, press 

EFFECT ON/

OFF

 on the remote control. Pressing it again re-

activates the selected effect.

n

To change the selected effect, repeat from step 

2

above.

NOTES:

When some Playback Special Effects are used, the
Multi-Analyzer 4 and Multi-Analyzer 9 Snapshot
modes (

Z

 pg. 17) are not available.

The effects that can be used during playback are
Classic Film, Monotone, Sepia, Strobe and Video
Echo. The effects work the same in playback as they
did in recording. Refer to page 24 for more
information.

Summary of Contents for CYBERCAM GR-DVF31

Page 1: ...D 6 11 Power 6 Date Time Settings 8 Loading Unloading A Cassette 9 Recording Mode Setting 10 Grip Adjustment 11 Viewfinder Adjustment 11 Shoulder Strap Attachment 11 Tripod Mounting 11 RECORDING 12 28 Basic Recording 12 Advanced Features 17 PLAYBACK 29 35 Basic Playback 29 Advanced Features 30 Basic Connections 32 Advanced Connections 34 TAPE DUBBING 36 37 Tape Dubbing 36 Digital Dubbing 37 USING ...

Page 2: ...er to the presence of uninsulated dangerous voltage within the product s enclosure that may be of sufficient magnitude to constitute a risk of electric shock to persons The exclamation point within an equilateral triangle is intended to alert the user to the presence of important operating and maintenance servicing instructions in the literature accompanying the appliance You are recommended to ca...

Page 3: ...rsonal safety In order not to defeat the built in safeguards observe the following basic rules for its installation use and servicing ATTENTION Follow and obey all warnings and instructions marked on your product and its operating instruc tions For your safety please read all the safety and operating instructions before you operate this product and keep this manual for future reference INSTALLATIO...

Page 4: ...ing amplifiers that produce heat SERVICING 1 Servicing If your product is not operating correctly or exhibits a marked change in performance and you are unable to restore normal operation by following the detailed procedure in its operating instructions do not attempt to service it yourself as opening or removing covers may expose you to dangerous voltage or other hazards Refer all servicing to qu...

Page 5: ...rder and leaving the unit on top of the TV is not recom mended as tripping on the cables will cause the camcorder to fall resulting in damage n This camcorder is designed exclusively for the digital video cassette Only cassettes marked can be used with this unit Before recording an important scene make sure you only use cassettes with the Mini DV mark remember that this camcorder is not compatible...

Page 6: ...r a radio If you connect the camcorder s DC cord to the adapter during battery charging power is supplied to the camcorder and charging stops Since the AC Power Adapter Charger processes electricity internally it becomes warm during use Be sure to use it only in well ventilated areas When charging the battery pack for the first time or after a long storage period the CHARGE indicator may not light...

Page 7: ...er Adapter Charger features automatic voltage selection in the AC range from 110 V to 240 V For other notes Z pg 6 when the video light is on NOTES Recording time is reduced significantly under the following conditions Zoom or Record Standby mode is engaged repeatedly The LCD monitor is used repeatedly Before extended use it is recommended that you prepare enough battery packs to cover 3 times the...

Page 8: ...lock s Rechargeable Lithium Battery To store the date time in memory the clock s rechargeable lithium battery is integrated in the camcorder While the camcorder is connected to an AC outlet using the AC Power Adapter Charger or while the battery pack attached to the camcorder continues to supply power the clock s rechargeable lithium battery is always charged However if the camcorder is not used f...

Page 9: ...nd the cassette holder does not open close the cassette cover and try again If the cassette holder still does not open turn the camcorder off then on again If the tape does not load properly open the cassette cover fully and remove the cassette A few minutes later insert it again When the camcorder is suddenly moved from a cold place to a warm environment wait a short time before opening the cover...

Page 10: ...irst move the highlight bar to REC MODE by rotating MENU BRIGHT Press it and the parameter SP or LP is highlighted Select SP or LP by rotating MENU BRIGHT Press it twice to exit from the Recording Menu Audio Dubbing is impossible on a tape recorded in the LP mode LP Long Play is more economical providing 1 5 times the recording time NOTES If the recording mode is switched during recording the play...

Page 11: ...lder Strap Attachment 1 Following the illustration thread the strap through the eyelet 1 then fold it back and thread it through the buckle 2 Repeat the procedure to attach the other end of the strap to the other eyelet 3 making sure the strap is not twisted 2 Adjust as shown in the illustration 4 Tripod Mounting 1 Align the screw and camera direction stud on the tripod with the camera s mounting ...

Page 12: ...procedures listed in the above note 1 Make sure the LCD monitor is fully open Press in the tabs on the lens cap to remove it then set the Power Switch to or The power lamp lights and the camcorder enters the Record Standby mode PAUSE is displayed in the LCD monitor 2 Tilt the LCD monitor upward downward for best viewability and press the Recording Start Stop Button appears in the LCD monitor while...

Page 13: ...dings A M P L A Y OFF PLAY NOTES The image will not appear simultaneously in the LCD monitor and the viewfinder The cassette holder cannot be opened unless a power supply is attached There may be a delay after you open the cassette cover until the holder opens Do not use force Once the cassette holder is closed it recedes automati cally Wait until it recedes completely before closing the cassette ...

Page 14: ...in Record mode In Full Auto mode when the Power Switch is set to zoom magnification of up to 64X is possible In Manual mode when the Power Switch is set to zooming is possible to a maximum of 400X or 16X magnification offered by optical zoom Zoom magnification of over 16X is done through digital image processing and is therefore called Digital Zoom During Digital Zoom the quality of the image may ...

Page 15: ... AUTO Automatically turns on the light when the camcorder senses insufficient lighting on the subject ON Always keeps the light on as long as the camcorder is turned on n The video light can only be used with the camcorder s power on n It is recommended to set the white balance Z pg 28 to when you use the video light n When not using the video light turn it off to save battery power NOTES Even if ...

Page 16: ...s off during shooting When a tape is removed and re inserted during shooting When shooting using a partially recorded tape When shooting on a blank portion located partway through the tape When shooting again after shooting a scene then opening closing the cassette cover Recording From The Middle Of A Tape 1 Play back a tape to find the spot at which you want to start recording then engage the Sti...

Page 17: ...d a still image will be recorded for approx 6 seconds then the camcorder re enters the Record Standby mode If you press during Recording PHOTO appears and a still image will be recorded for approx 5 seconds then normal recording resumes Motor Drive Mode Keeping SNAPSHOT pressed provides an effect similar to serial photography Interval between still images approx 1 second NOTES Even if MULTI 4 or M...

Page 18: ...en go to step 7 4 Press MENU BRIGHT The setting procedure depends on the function you select If you select FOCUS EXPOSURE W BALANCE FADER WIPE or P AE EFFECT see respective pages FOCUS Z pg 25 EXPOSURE Z pg 26 W BALANCE Z pg 28 FADER WIPE Z pg 22 P AE EFFECT Z pg 24 and do each procedure from step 4 If you select TO MODE MENU the Mode Menu appears Go to step 5 5 Rotate MENU BRIGHT to move the high...

Page 19: ...e Digital Zoom By digitally processing and magnifying images zooming is possible from 16X the optical zoom limit to a maximum of 64X digital magnification Allows you to use the Digital Zoom By digitally processing and magnifying images zooming is possible from 16X the optical zoom limit to a maximum of 400X digital magnification To compensate for unstable images caused by camera shake particularly...

Page 20: ...x 60 cm 23 5 8 Depending on the zoom position the lens may go out of focus Disengages the function which cuts down on noise created by wind Helps cut down on noise created by wind appears The quality of the sound will change This is normal Enables recording of stereo sound on four separate channels and is recommended for use when performing audio dubbing Enables recording of stereo sound on two se...

Page 21: ...s appear disappear Before the following steps perform steps 1 through 4 above 5 Move the highlight bar to INDICATION by rotating MENU BRIGHT then press it 6 Rotate MENU BRIGHT to display the desired setting OFF To make the indications disappear ON To make the indications appear Then press it and the highlight bar automatically moves to RETURN 7 Press MENU BRIGHT twice Selection is complete and the...

Page 22: ...ed 1 Follow steps 1 through 4 above 2 Engage the Record Standby mode If you select Picture Wipe Dissolve during recording press the Recording Start Stop Button when one scene is finished The point at which the scene ended is stored in memory If you select Picture Wipe Dissolve during Record Standby mode press the Recording Start Stop Button to start recording and press it again when one scene is f...

Page 23: ...k screen toward the top and bottom or wipe out from the top and bottom toward the center leaving a black screen The new scene gradually appears as the old one gradually disappears The new scene wipes in over the previous one from the upper right corner to the lower left corner The next scene gradually wipes in from the center of the screen toward the corners covering the previous scene The next sc...

Page 24: ...utter function under good lighting condi tions TWILIGHT Makes evening scenes look more natural White Balance Z pg 28 is initially set to but can be changed to your desired setting When Twilight is chosen the camcorder automatically adjusts the focus from approx 10 m 32 ft to infinity From less than 10 m 32 ft adjust the focus manually SEPIA Recorded scenes have a brownish tint like old photos Comb...

Page 25: ...locked at this point 5 To focus on a farther subject rotate MENU BRIGHT downward appears and blinks To focus on a nearer subject rotate MENU BRIGHT upward appears and blinks 6 Press MENU BRIGHT Focus adjustment is complete The indication changes from FOCUS to MANUAL If you want to reset the focus repeat from step 2 To Change To Auto Focus rotate MENU BRIGHT to display AUTO then press it in step 4 ...

Page 26: ...splay MANUAL then press it The Recording Menu disappears EXP and the highlight bar on the exposure control indicator are displayed 5 To brighten the image rotate MENU BRIGHT downward The exposure control indicator increases maximum 6 To darken the image rotate MENU BRIGHT upward The exposure control indicator decreases maximum 6 6 Press MENU BRIGHT Exposure adjustment is complete The indication EX...

Page 27: ...press and hold MENU BRIGHT for over 2 seconds The exposure control indicator and appear indicating that the iris is locked Press MENU BRIGHT The indication displayed in the upper left corner changes from EXP to MANUAL To Return To Automatic Iris Control rotate MENU BRIGHT to display AUTO then press it in step 4 The exposure control indicator and disappear Or set the Power Switch to To Lock The Exp...

Page 28: ...activated RECORDING Advanced Features cont Manual White Balance Operation Perform Manual White Balance when shooting under various types of lighting 1 Follow steps 1 through 5 of the white balance adjustment and select MAN 2 Hold a sheet of plain white paper in front of the subject Adjust zoom or position yourself so that the white paper fills the screen 3 Press MENU BRIGHT until begins blinking W...

Page 29: ...Playback Special Effects Available only with the RM V711U remote control provided Z pg 40 41 Power Switch Power lamp Rewind Button Fast Forward Button Play Pause Button Stop Button NOTES If Stop mode continues for 5 minutes when power is supplied from a battery the camcorder shuts off automatically To turn on again set the Power Switch to OFF then to The playback picture can be viewed in the LCD m...

Page 30: ... Comp Indication Display and Time Code The following procedure applies to all except Synchro Comp Z pg 46 47 1 Set the Power Switch to 2 Press MENU BRIGHT The Playback Menu appears 3 Move the highlight bar to the desired function by rotating MENU BRIGHT Press it to activate 4 Rotate MENU BRIGHT to display the desired setting Then press MENU BRIGHT and the highlight bar automatically moves to END T...

Page 31: ...the playback screen factory preset OFF The date is not displayed TIME CODE Displaying The Time Code During Playback You can display the time code on screen during playback This is especially useful for editing To change this setting select TIME CODE in the Playback Menu Z pg 30 ON The time code is displayed on the playback screen OFF The time code does not appear factory preset DEC 25 98 PM 5 30 T...

Page 32: ...to a TV or VCR equipped only with A V input connectors Use optional Video and Audio cables White to Audio Output L Red to Audio Output R To S Video Output Audio Video cable optional White to AUDIO L IN Red to AUDIO R IN To S VIDEO IN To TV or VCR S Video cable optional TV VCR To VIDEO IN Audio Video cable optional To Video Output White to Audio Output L Red to AUDIO R IN TV VCR Red to Audio Output...

Page 33: ...yback Menu Z pg 30 Playback Sound Mode Display set the Power Switch to Press MENU BRIGHT and set ON SCREEN in the Date Time Menu Z pg 18 20 to ON or OFF Then set the Power Switch back to NOTES It is recommended to use the AC Power Adapter Charger as the power supply instead of the battery pack Z pg 7 To monitor the picture and sound from the camcorder without inserting a tape set the camcorder s P...

Page 34: ... on the PC NOTES It is recommended to use the AC Power Adapter Charger as the power supply instead of the battery pack Z pg 7 Never connect the PC connection cable and the DV cable simultaneously to the camcorder Connect only the cable you wish to use to the camcorder The date time information cannot be captured into the PC Refer to the instruction manuals of the provided Software Also refer to th...

Page 35: ...nnector and the PC s RS 232C connector 4 Turn the camcorder s Power Switch to and turn on the other units NOTES It is recommended to use the AC Power Adapter Charger as the power supply instead of the battery pack Z pg 7 For Digital Dubbing this camcorder can be connected only to one device at a time This camcorder can also be used as a recorder Z pg 37 If Still Playback Slow Motion Playback Fast ...

Page 36: ...e it is reached press 4 6 on the camcorder 5 Press 4 6 on the camcorder and engage the VCR s Record mode 6 Engage the VCR s Record Pause mode and press 4 6 on the camcorder 7 Repeat steps 4 through 6 for additional editing then stop the VCR and camcorder when finished NOTES You can use Playback Zoom Z pg 40 or Playback Special Effects Z pg 41 in step 5 Before you start dubbing make sure that the i...

Page 37: ...he dubbing may stop so that an unusual image is not dubbed Even though the DV cable is connected correctly sometimes the image may not appear in step 3 If this occurs turn off the power and make connections again If Playback Zoom Z pg 40 Playback Special Effects Z pg 41 or Snapshot is attempted during playback only the original playback image recorded on the tape is output from the DV IN OUT conne...

Page 38: ...e pressing the knob as shown 2 Insert the battery in the holder and be sure to have the mark visible 3 Slide the holder back in until you hear a click Read the caution concerning lithium batteries Z pg 2 When using the remote control be sure to point it at the remote sensor The illustration shows the approximate transmitted beam effective area for indoor use The transmitted beam may not be effecti...

Page 39: ...FF Button PLAY Button PAUSE Button STOP Button R A EDIT Buttons Functions With the camcorder s Power Switch set to the camera position or Zoom in out Z pg 14 Transmits the beam signal Functions same as the Recording Start Stop button on the camcorder With the camcorder s Power Switch set to Z pg 43 Zoom in out Z pg 40 Z pg 20 Z pg 40 Z pg 40 Z pg 40 Z pg 43 Rewind Reverse Shuttle Search Z pg 29 Z ...

Page 40: ... point for Slow Motion Playback During Slow Motion Playback there will be distur bances in video and the picture may seem unstable especially with steady images This is not a malfunc tion During Slow Motion Playback press PAUSE 6 to pause playback FEATURE Frame By Frame Playback PURPOSE To allow frame by frame search OPERATION 1 To change from normal to Frame By Frame Playback press PAUSE 6 at the...

Page 41: ... highlight bar to the desired effect by pressing EFFECT The selected function is activated and after 2 seconds the menu disappears n To deactivate the selected effect press EFFECT ON OFF on the remote control Pressing it again re activates the selected effect n To change the selected effect repeat from step 2 above NOTES When some Playback Special Effects are used the Multi Analyzer 4 and Multi An...

Page 42: ... STBY you do not need to press SHIFT for this one You are now ready to try Random Assemble Editing IMPORTANT Although the MBR is compatible with JVC VCRs and those of many other makers it may not work with yours or may offer limited functions NOTES If the VCR s power does not come on in step 1 try another code from the VCR CODE LIST Some brands of VCR do not come on automatically In this case turn...

Page 43: ... when the one you want is displayed You cannot use a Picture Wipe Dissolve at the beginning of Program 1 NOTE Before Random Assemble Editing make sure the indications do not appear on the TV monitor If they do they will be recorded onto the new tape To choose whether or not the following displays appear on the connected TV Date Time set DISPLAY to ON or OFF in the Playback Menu Z pg 30 Time Code s...

Page 44: ... special effects repeat steps 6 and 7 only USING THE REMOTE CONTROL UNIT cont NOTES When choosing a scene set Edit In and Edit Out points so that there is a relatively large difference between them If the search time for an in point exceeds 5 minutes the recording deck s Record Standby mode will be canceled and editing will not take place If there are blank portions before or after the Edit In and...

Page 45: ...ally 1 14 Engage the Stop modes for the camcorder and the VCR To make the R A Edit counter display disappear press R A EDIT ON OFF on the remote control NOTES Pressing R A EDIT ON OFF on the remote control clears all settings registered during Random Assemble Editing When the editing cable is connected to the remote control s Pause In connector during dubbing make sure the remote control is pointe...

Page 46: ...at the camcorder s remote sensor and press R A EDIT ON OFF The Random Assemble Editing Menu appears 2 Perform Random Assemble Editing on Program 1 only In order to check VCR and camcorder timing select the beginning of a scene transition as your Edit In point 3 Play back the dubbed scene If any images from the scene prior to the transition you chose for your Edit In point were recorded that means ...

Page 47: ...d The adjustment range is from 1 3 to 1 3 seconds in 0 1 second increments 7 Press MENU BRIGHT twice Now perform Random Assemble Editing beginning with step 4 on page 43 NOTES Before performing actual Random Assemble Editing do a few Random Assemble Editing trial runs to check whether the value you have input is appropriate or not and make adjustments accordingly Depending on the recorder there ma...

Page 48: ...emote control If you dub onto a blank space on the tape the sound may be disrupted Make sure you only edit recorded areas If feedback or howling occurs during TV Playback move the camcorder s microphone away from the TV or turn down the TV s volume Sound is not heard from the speaker during Audio Dubbing If you change from 32 kHz to 48 kHz in mid recording and then use the tape for Audio Dubbing i...

Page 49: ...behind the subject 1 Connect the AC Power Adapter Charger securely Z pg 7 Replace the dead battery with a fully charged one Z pg 6 7 2 Connect the camcorder to an AC outlet using the AC Power Adapter Charger for over 24 hours to charge the clock s lithium battery Z pg 8 3 Set the tape s erase protection switch to REC Z pg 9 Set the Power Switch to any position except or OFF Z pg 13 Replace with ne...

Page 50: ...e power is off 15 The Slow Shutter mode is activated The Squeeze or Cinema mode is selected in the Mode Menu 10 Turn off the Video Echo mode Z pg 24 Wait until the Picture Wipe or Dissolve effects are completed Z pg 22 23 11 Set the Power Switch to 12 Turn off Sepia and Monotone Z pg 24 13 Turn off Sepia Monotone or Slow Shutter before adding Dissolve to a scene transition Z pg 24 Make sure that t...

Page 51: ... Out is in progress 18 When shooting in the dark the unit becomes highly sensitive to light and the image takes on an effect similar to Slow Shutter 19 The Picture Wipe or Dissolve function is in use 20 The Sepia or Monotone mode is activated 21 This is a result of exceed ingly high contrast and is not a malfunction 22 This is not a malfunction 23 DISPLAY is set to OFF in the Date Time Menu Self R...

Page 52: ...or or the viewfinder These spots are not recorded on the tape This is not due to any defect of the unit Effective dots more than 99 99 30 This is normal 31 The Power Switch is not set to 32 Your TV has AV input terminals but is not set to its VIDEO mode The cassette s cover is open 25 Adjust the brightness and angle of the LCD monitor Z pg 12 26 Close the LCD monitor to turn it off or set the Powe...

Page 53: ...ng in the LP mode is not available After the indicator blinks the recording mode switches to SP and recording goes on 40 The lens cap is attached The LCD monitor is not open at an angle of over 45 degrees The LCD monitor s brightness setting is too dark 41 This is not a malfunction 42 The DV cable was plugged unplugged with power turned on 33 34 Turn the speaker volume down Z pg 29 35 Wipe them ge...

Page 54: ...clean the interior of the viewfinder with it 2 6 Replace the lens cap making sure it locks in place Tilt the viewfinder back to the horizontal position NOTES Avoid using strong cleaning agents such as benzine or alcohol Cleaning should be done only after the battery pack has been removed or other power units have been disconnected Mold may form if the lens is left dirty When using a cleaner or che...

Page 55: ...ware that recording onto prerecorded tapes automatically erases the previously recorded video and audio signals make sure the cassette is positioned properly when inserting do not load and unload the cassette repeatedly without allowing the tape to run at all This slackens the tape and can result in damage do not open the front tape cover This exposes the tape to fingerprints and dust 2 Store cass...

Page 56: ...ng a circular motion Do not use conventional disc cleaners or cleaning spray Do not bend the CD ROM or touch its mirror surface Do not store your CD ROM in a dusty hot or humid environment Keep it away from direct sunlight LCD Monitor 1 To prevent damage to the LCD monitor DO NOT push it strongly or apply any shocks place the camcorder with the LCD monitor on the bottom 2 To prolong service life a...

Page 57: ...aged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna Increase the separation between the equip ment and receiver Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected Consult the dealer or an experienced radio TV technician for help Serious malfunctioning If malfunctioning occu...

Page 58: ...58EN INDEX Controls Connectors And Indicators 8 u i r 2 o p 1 y 6 5 7 4 w e 9 0 q 3 T R t Q W E Q ...

Page 59: ... Connect the editing cable when performing Random Assemble Editing Z pg 42 47 It is used to connect the camcorder to a device such as a personal computer For further details consult your nearest JVC dealer JLIP controlled editing from the camcorder to a VCR is not possible if the VCR is not equipped with a J terminal w PC Connector Z pg 34 It is used to connect the camcorder to the serial port of ...

Page 60: ...ds after turning on the camcorder Z pg 20 Displays the date time Z pg 21 Displays the brightness of the LCD monitor or the viewfinder Z pg 12 Appears when the iris is locked Z pg 27 Appears when the focus is adjusted manually Z pg 25 Appears when the exposure is adjusted Z pg 26 Appears when the white balance is adjusted Z pg 28 Displays the selected Program AE with special effects Z pg 24 Display...

Page 61: ...time is erased Z pg 8 Appears when Audio Dubbing is unavailable Z pg 48 The error indications E01 E06 show what type of malfunction has occured When an error indication appears the camcorder turns off automatically Remove the power supply battery etc and wait a few minutes for the indication to clear When it does you can resume using the camcorder If the indication remains consult your nearest JVC...

Page 62: ... Z pg 15 W White Balance Z pg 28 Wide Mode Z pg 19 Wind Cut Z pg 20 Wipe In Out Z pg 22 Z Zooming Z pg 14 A AC Power Adapter Charger Z pg 6 7 Audio Dubbing Z pg 48 Auto Focus Z pg 25 Auto Shut off Z pg 13 29 B Battery Low Z pg 61 Battery Pack Z pg 6 7 55 Brighten The LCD Monitor Z pg 12 Built in Clock s Lithium Battery Z pg 8 C Charge The Battery Pack Z pg 6 Cinema Z pg 19 Classic Film Z pg 24 Cle...

Page 63: ...40 C 32 F to 104 F Operating humidity 35 to 80 Storage temperature 20 C to 50 C 4 F to 122 F Dimensions 188 W x 118 H x 88 D mm 7 7 16 x 4 11 16 x 3 1 2 with the LCD monitor closed and the viewfinder pushed down Weight Approx 700 g 1 6 lbs Connectors S Video Y 1 Vp p 75 Ω analog output C 0 29 Vp p 75 Ω analog output JLIP ø3 5 mm 4 pole mini head jack compatible with RC 5325 plug PC ø2 5 mm 3 pole ...

Page 64: ...GR DVF31 COPYRIGHT 1999 VICTOR COMPANY OF JAPAN LTD U Printed in Japan 0699MKV UN YP VICTOR COMPANY OF JAPAN LIMITED EN ...

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