TABLE OF CONTENTS
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS .......................................................................................................... 1
Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................2
Required Equipment.................................................................................................................................2
Required Solutions ...................................................................................................................................2
GENERAL PREPARATION............................................................................................................ 3
Electrode Preparation ...............................................................................................................................3
Electrode Slope Check (with pH/mV meter) ...........................................................................................3
Electrode Slope Check (with ion meter) ..................................................................................................3
MEASUREMENT.............................................................................................................................. 4
Measuring Hints .......................................................................................................................................4
Sample Requirements...............................................................................................................................4
Units of Measurement ..............................................................................................................................5
MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE ................................................................................................... 5
Direct Measurement .................................................................................................................................5
Direct Measurement of Lead (using a pH/mV meter)..............................................................................5
Direct Measurement of Lead (using an ion meter)...................................................................................7
Low Level Lead Determination (using a pH/mV meter) .........................................................................8
Low Level Lead Determination (using an ion meter) ..............................................................................9
Titration..................................................................................................................................................10
Titration of Lead ....................................................................................................................................10
Titration of Sulfate .................................................................................................................................11
ELECTRODE CHARACTERISTICS........................................................................................... 13
Reproducibility.......................................................................................................................................13
Interferences ...........................................................................................................................................13
Precipitation and Complexation .............................................................................................................13
Temperature Influences..........................................................................................................................13
Electrode Response ................................................................................................................................14
Limits of Detection.................................................................................................................................14
pH Effects...............................................................................................................................................15
Electrode Life.........................................................................................................................................15
Electrode Storage ...................................................................................................................................15
ELECTRODE THEORY ................................................................................................................ 15
Electrode Operation ...............................................................................................................................15
TROUBLESHOOTING GUIDE .................................................................................................... 17
Meter ......................................................................................................................................................17
Glass-ware/Plastic-ware .........................................................................................................................17
Electrodes ...............................................................................................................................................17
Sample....................................................................................................................................................17
Technique...............................................................................................................................................18
TROUBLESHOOTING HINTS..................................................................................................... 19
SPECIFICATIONS.......................................................................................................................... 21
ORDERING INFORMATION....................................................................................................... 21