Chroma
The color or chroma content of a signal, consisting of the hue and saturation of
the image. See also Color Difference.
Component
In a component video system, the totality of the image is carried by three
separate but related components. This method provides the best image fidelity
with the fewest artifacts, but it requires three independent transmission paths
(cables). The commonly used component formats are Luminance and Color
Difference (Y/Pr/Pb), and RGB. It was far too unwieldy in the early days of color
television to even consider component transmission.
Composite
Composite television dates back to the early days of color transmission. This
scheme encodes the color difference information onto a color subcarrier. The
instantaneous phase of the subcarrier is the color’s hue, and the amplitude is the
color’s saturation or intensity. This subcarrier is then added onto the existing
luminance video signal. This trick works because the subcarrier is set at a high
enough frequency to leave spectrum for the luminance information. But it is not a
seamless matter to pull the signal apart again at the destination in order to
display it or process it. The resultant artifacts of dot crawl (also referred to as
chroma crawl) are only the most obvious result. Composite television is the most
commonly used format throughout the world, either as PAL or NTSC. It is also
referred to as Encoded video.
Color Difference
Color Difference systems take advantage of the details of human vision. We have
more acuity in our black and white vision than we do in color. This means that
we need only the luminance information to be carried at full bandwidth, we can
scrimp on the color channels. In order to do this, RGB information is converted to
carry all of the luminance (Y is the black and white of the scene) in a single
channel. The other two channels are used to carry the “color difference”. Noted as
B-Y and R-Y, these two signals describe how a particular pixel “differs” from
being purely black and white. These channels typically have only half the
bandwidth of the luminance.
Decibel (dB)
The decibel is a unit of measure used to express the ratio in the amplitude or
power of two signals. A difference of 20 dB corresponds to a 10:1 ratio between
two signals, 6 dB is approximately a 2:1 ration. Decibels add while the ratios
multiply, so 26 dB is a 20:1 ratio, and 14 dB is a 5:1 ratio. There are several
special cases of the dB scale, where the reference is implied. Thus, dBm refers to
power relative to 1 milliwatt, and dBu refers to voltage relative to .775V RMS.
The original unit of measure was the Bel (10 times bigger), named after
Alexander Graham Bell.
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