DEVA Broadcast DB6000 Maintenance And Operation Instruction Manual Download Page 21 | Manualshive

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65 Aleksandar Stamboliyski Str., 8000 Bourgas, Bulgaria

Tel: +359 56 820027, Fax: +359 56 836700

E-mail: [email protected] ,Web: www.devabroadcast.com

Operation

PROCESSING PATH

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Summary of Contents for DB6000

Page 1: ...MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION INSTRUCTION MANUAL Publish Date 07 Jun 2016 DB6400 Advanced FM and Digital Radio 4 Band Audio Processor with Backup Audio Player ...

Page 2: ...ack requirements 18 Heat Dissipation 18 AC Mains Power 19 Fuse holder 19 Mains Voltage Selector 19 Power cord 19 Ground Loops 19 DB6400 Location 20 Source Material Quality 20 Operation 21 Processing path 21 Audio Processing Explained 22 Basic Setup Connection Example 23 Referencing Analog and Digital Inputs level 23 Referencing Analog and Digital Outputs level 24 Setup with Analog Program Inputs 2...

Page 3: ...save a User Preset or How to customize your sound 42 WEB Interface 44 Manual IP Address Identification 44 Network Discovery 45 Access 45 Status 46 Settings 47 General 47 Communication 48 Network 48 SNMP Agent 48 E mail 48 HTTP Server 49 FTP Server 49 Syslog 49 Dayparts 50 Other 51 Firmware Update 51 Storage 51 System Log 51 Factory Defaults 51 Reboot 51 Log 52 Presets 53 How can a user preset be m...

Page 4: ...rd 70 APPENDIX A 71 RDS Europe vs America 71 The RDS System 71 APPENDIX B 72 How should I configure the connection between my DEVA Device and an FTP Client 72 1 FTP Server Settings 72 2 IP Router and Port Translation Settings 72 3 Example of FTP Client FileZilla Settings 73 APPENDIX C 1 74 PTY Code Description Used in RBDS Mode North America 74 APPENDIX C 2 75 PTY Code Description Used in RDS Mode...

Page 5: ...THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ...

Page 6: ...ved us a reliable business partner and a valuable asset as our dealers worldwide would confirm In constant pursuit of precision and long term satisfaction DEVA enhances the reputation of our partners and clients alike Furthermore we have already a proven merit as a credible partner provider Our portfolio offers complete line of high quality and competitive products for FM and Digital Radio Radio N...

Page 7: ...es the following typographic conventions Style Used for NOTE Important notes and recommendations Example Used when example text is cited 0 dB Menu element value Menu on page XX References OK Front panel navigation and soft buttons WEB Interface interactive buttons Settings Menu element and soft button name Menu path are represented as follows Settings Security Front Panel Access control ...

Page 8: ...e that distinguishes the DB6400 from other products of its category is its Fallback function This cutting edge device is able to detect signal loss In the case of silence at the main audio input it automatically switches over to a backup source thus ensuring a constant audio feed What is more an e mail notification is immediately sent which allows for an instant response on the part of your techni...

Page 9: ... encoder Bright wide view angle OLED and full time LED meters Easy setup and control via the front panel Remotely upgradable firmware to ensure improved operation Headphone output with front panel level control Externally synchronized output sample rate Tight peak control at all outputs EMI suppressed XLR connectors Stereo encoder integrated with audio processing Bypass and Test tone Mode Embedded...

Page 10: ...ed Bypass mode digital input flat 20Hz 15kHz bandwidth referenced to 12 dBu output level Distortion 0 01 THDN Bypass mode digital input flat 20Hz 15kHz bandwidth referenced to 12 dBu output level D A Conversion 24 bit 192 kHz sample rate Differential outputs DIGITALAUDIO INPUT Connectors Main XLR EMI suppressed transformer balanced and floating 110Ω impedance Auxiliary DB9 EMI suppressed transform...

Page 11: ...0dB Crosstalk 70dB Pilot protection 90dB relative to 9 pilot injection 250 Hz 38 kHz suppression 80dB referenced to 100 modulation REMOTE ACCESS INTERFACE Configuration TCP IP via USB or Ethernet interface USB Connector USB type B connector Ethernet Connector Female RJ45 shielded connector for 10 100 Mbps CAT5 ethernet networks REMOTE CONTROL INTERFACE GPI Connector DB 9 male Configuration Eight L...

Page 12: ...ring making the setup adjustment and programming easy CONTEXT SENSITIVE SOFT BUTTONS Used for navigation through the menus quick access to the parameters modes functions and to alter their values The Soft Buttons indicators are placed on the bottom side of the OLED display Depending on the currently selected menu context the indicators change their function The Soft Buttons will be referred as lef...

Page 13: ...3 14 15 1 Mains connector 100 240 VAC 50 60 Hz 30VA IEC 320 C14 type EMI suppressed 2 Fuse holder 3 MPX Output 1 BNC 4 MPX Output 2 BNC 5 Analog Audio Left Input XLR 6 Analog Audio Right Input XLR 7 Analog Audio Left Output XLR 8 Analog Audio Right Output XLR 9 GPI 10 DIGITAL I O 11 Digital Audio Input XLR 12 Digital Audio Output XLR 13 Ethernet T BASE10 100 RJ45 14 USB type B 15 MICRO SD ...

Page 14: ...1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 GPI Trigger Input Pins Trigger Input Pin User Preset Number 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 NOTE Pin 9 is connected to GND PIN 1 GND PIN 1 GND Digital I O Pins Pin Signal 1 Right Aux In positive 2 Right Aux In negative 3 Right Aux In GND 7 Left Aux In positive 8 Left Aux In negative 6 Left Aux In GND 4 Digital Aux In positive 5 Digital Aux In negative 9 Digital Aux In GND ...

Page 15: ...ins cable unplugged When the equipment is open the power supply capacitors should be discharged using a suitable resistor Never touch the wires or the electrical circuits Use insulated tools only Never touch the metal semiconductor They might carry high voltages For removing and installing electronic components follow the recommendations for handling MOS components ATTENTION DB6400 has an internal...

Page 16: ...e do not recommend installation in rooms with high humidity dusty places or other aggressive conditions Locate the device away from abnormally high RF fields Use only checked power supply cables We strongly recommend the usage of shielded cables Connect DB6400 only to reliable power supply sources In case of unstable power supply please use Uninterruptible Power Supply UPS Use the device only with...

Page 17: ...xample Shipping damages as a result of improper packing for return may invalidate the Warranty IT IS VERY IMPORTANT that the Product Registration Card on page 70 included in the Manual be completed accurately and returned This will assure coverage of the terms of the Warranty and it will provide a means of trace in case of lost or stolen equipment In addition the user will automatically receive SE...

Page 18: ...ed finish around the mounting holes to be protected the use of plastic washers is recommended HEAT DISSIPATION Having very low electricity consumption the DB6400 itself generates negligible heat The unit is intended for operation within an ambient temperature range extending from freezing to 120 F 50 C But because adjacent less efficient equipment may radiate substantial heat be sure that the equi...

Page 19: ...ed to DB6400 device Your warranty does not cover damages caused by applying improper supply voltage or use of an improper fuse POWER CORD The detachable IEC type power cord is supplied with the unit The individual cord conductors may be color coded in either of two ways 1 In accordance with US standards BLACK AC HOT WHITE AC NEUTRAL GREEN EARTH GROUND 2 To European CEE standards BROWN AC HOT BLUE ...

Page 20: ...hrough an all digital uncompressed path to the transmitter exciter The usage of left and right analog audio outputs is recommended in the situations when the stereo encoder and exciter are under the jurisdiction of an independent transmission authority and the programming agency s jurisdiction ends at the interface between the audio facility and the link connecting the audio facility to the transm...

Page 21: ... 21 65 Aleksandar Stamboliyski Str 8000 Bourgas Bulgaria Tel 359 56 820027 Fax 359 56 836700 E mail office devabroadcast com Web www devabroadcast com Operation PROCESSING PATH ...

Page 22: ... 22 65 Aleksandar Stamboliyski Str 8000 Bourgas Bulgaria Tel 359 56 820027 Fax 359 56 836700 E mail office devabroadcast com Web www devabroadcast com AUDIO PROCESSING EXPLAINED ...

Page 23: ... amplitude transients or unanticipated loud events in the program the material reserve guarantees that the signal will not be clipped FortheanaloginputsthereferencelevelissetintheInput AnalogMainLevelandInput Analog Aux Level The reference level that could be set is between 8dBu to 24dBu As a general rule when the Ref level is properly selected DB6400 s front panel AGC indicator should vary from 1...

Page 24: ...Ref level set at the output of the audio processor guarantees that the signal amplitude at the input of the subsequently connected device will be within the required optimal range As a general rule the amplitude of any of DB6400 s outputs cannot exceed the Ref Level set for this output For the analog output the Ref Level could be set in the range of 12dBu to 24dBu with 0 5dB step For the MPX outpu...

Page 25: ...io The main program output is sent to the DB6400 Audio Processor via XLR Connection The MPX composite output is sent via BNC connection to the transmitter s MPX input The audio processor output used is MPX OUT 1 IMPORTANT RECOMMENDATION It is mandatory that the cable used for connection between DB6400 s MPX output and the MPX input of the transmitter be as short as possible This will prevent any f...

Page 26: ...l audio The main program output is sent to the DB6400 Audio Processor via XLR Connection The MPX composite output is sent via BNC connection to the transmitter s MPX input The audio processor output used is MPX OUT 1 IMPORTANT RECOMMENDATION It is mandatory that the cable used for connection between DB6400 s MPX output and the MPX input of the transmitter be as short as possible This will prevent ...

Page 27: ...ntfrequenciesviaanalogaudioconnection The main program output is sent to the DB6400 via XLR connector The MPX composite output is sent via BNC connection to the transmitter s MPX input The audio processor s outputs used are MPX OUTPUT 1 for the main program and MPX OUTPUT 2 for the standby second frequency IMPORTANT RECOMMENDATION It is mandatory that the cable used for connection between DB6400 s...

Page 28: ...udio processor can be made Side chain Side chain the RDS MPX output is sent to the Input SCA input while to provide the RDS encoder with a Sync signal for the 19 kHz pilot tone the entire program can be taken out via MPX OUT 2 Make sure that you will not send the same signal as the one generated by the RDS encoder to the MPX OUT 2 IMPORTANT RECOMMENDATION It is mandatory that the cable used for co...

Page 29: ...d to the composite MPX input of the FM transmitter This connection is not recommended because the composite signal MPX passes through the RDS encoder and the transmission of the program will be interrupted in case of failure of the RDS encoder If you are using SmartGen 6 0 such failure will be prevented as the DEVA technology includes a Hardware Bypass between RDS MPX OUT and MPX Input of the FM T...

Page 30: ...ASS FLAG 2 Will appear if the entire processing is bypassed IN 3 Represents the currently selected active Input If due to some reason the backup is activated the input information will start blinking thus indicating that there is a problem with the main source OUT 4 Represents the currently selected active Output and its value There are two types of digital output synchronization internal and exte...

Page 31: ... parameters modes functions and to alter their values The Soft Buttons indicators are placed on the bottom side of the OLED display Depending on the currently selected menu context the indicators change their function The Soft Buttons will be referred to as left to right SB1 SB2 SB3 and SB4 The purpose of all Soft Button corresponds to the selected menu page Most pages have the same or similar fun...

Page 32: ...00 to be guaranteed the right reference levels of the digital and analog inputs should be set For further information please refer to Input on page 56 Process All the audio processing path parameters that can be altered as per the user s requirements are found here Name Input AGC Stereo FX Tone FX Band Final Limiter MPX Output Just as the Input menu all the needed settings to the output levels are...

Page 33: ...dcast com 33 Quick access to the most important status and audio parameters is also available via the UP and DOWN Arrows keys Pressing the UP key will visualize the following screens Processing parameters represented as bar graphs Left and Right Audio Input Levels dBFS represented as bar graphs Left Input level dBFS represented as graph ...

Page 34: ...tr 8000 Bourgas Bulgaria Tel 359 56 820027 Fax 359 56 836700 E mail office devabroadcast com Web www devabroadcast com 34 Right Input level dBFS represented as graph AGC GR dB represented as graph Stereo Width represented as graph ...

Page 35: ...Bourgas Bulgaria Tel 359 56 820027 Fax 359 56 836700 E mail office devabroadcast com Web www devabroadcast com 35 Output Left level dBFS represented as graph Output Right level dBFS represented as graph MPX Deviation represented as graph ...

Page 36: ...tr 8000 Bourgas Bulgaria Tel 359 56 820027 Fax 359 56 836700 E mail office devabroadcast com Web www devabroadcast com 36 MPX Power dBr represented as graph HF Limiter GR dB represented as graph ST Limiter GR represented as graph ...

Page 37: ...mboliyski Str 8000 Bourgas Bulgaria Tel 359 56 820027 Fax 359 56 836700 E mail office devabroadcast com Web www devabroadcast com 37 HD Limiter GB dB represented as graph FM Limiter GR dB represented as graph RDS Screen ...

Page 38: ...er port will allow you to select any of the first 8 user presets by pulling one of the 8 pins on the trigger port socket If more than one pin is triggered at the same time the pin with the lowest number will be with highest priority For example if all pins are pulled low trigger 1 will be with highest priority Trigger port User Preset Number Trigger Input Pin 1 1 Trigger Input Pin 2 2 Trigger Inpu...

Page 39: ...D 0 Access will be denied upon false entry KEYBOARD UNLOCK If the Keyboard unlock function has been activated by mistake try to unlock it using the default password 01234 In order to deactivate the code protection once the front panel menu is unlocked follow the menu path Settings Security Front Panel Access Control and then select Disabled If you do not manage to unlock the front panel with the d...

Page 40: ...e alphabet Press Insert to save the new text DAYPARTING Dayparting is the practice of dividing the day into several parts during which a different type of audio preset to be used for the audio processing This function will allow a processing pattern based on the radio s timetable to be made The menu path using the front panel menu is Menu Settings Dayparts Then press OK to enter the menu This subs...

Page 41: ...fice devabroadcast com Web www devabroadcast com 41 Other sections STEREO All needed settings in order for your station to be broadcasted in stereo are applied through here thus allowing more natural distribution of the sound STATUS Information on the device s status IP address etc can be found here ...

Page 42: ...o be created prior to the installation of the DB6400 in the broadcasting chain Otherwise any drastic changes of the audio quality and enhancements will be audible for the listeners The procedure is quite simple Below you will find a step by step description of the process 1 Start by choosing an empty preset or a factory preset that you would like to use for a basis of the new one The menu path is ...

Page 43: ...me changes are being made will appear 4 In order to save the changes using the front panel keyboard select one of the user presets then press the Save button A window requiring verification will appear Confirm the changes by pressing the OK button The newly created preset will be automatically chosen as active preset NOTE Unless the new preset is created by a qualified experienced broadcaster it i...

Page 44: ...anel navigational menu pressing the OK button will enable you to enter the device main menu Using the RIGHT navigational button find the Status section located at the end of the menu Press the OK Button to enter the Status section Via the Front panel navigational menu press the DOWN button This operation will visualize the screen containing information about the IP Address of the device Open a new...

Page 45: ...ick Turn on network discovery and then click save changes NOTE If you re prompted for an administrator password or confirmation type the password provide confirmation or contact your system administrator If you have already enabled this function on your computer DB6400 will be automatically added to the Device list section The device will be ready for usage and no additional adjustments will be re...

Page 46: ...f a button When the Bypass option is enabled the entire process will be stopped At the top of the control window is placed a constant section containing information about the input in use active preset Trigger port status if a factory preset is activated via the trigger port the relevant number will be lit Date Time and Session Timeout At the bottom of the control window is an information bar gath...

Page 47: ... the Security section By choice you can change the name of the device General section Later on it will be used as a title name on all WEB pages Customizing the name will make the device more recognizable Date Time used for manually determining the current date and time Copy Local Time button will set the Date Time to correspond to that of your computer SNTP Internet Time Synchronizes automatically...

Page 48: ...ssion Timeout Agent enables disables SNMP Agent Agent ID is used for identification of the device among others when an SNMP notification is being sent Once all needed settings are applied use the Test button to generate a test notification which upon success will be received by the SNMP Manager Press the Download button to download the latest available DB6000 SNMP MIB file NOTE The MIB file may va...

Page 49: ...evabroadcast com Web www devabroadcast com 49 HTTP Server Enable Disable the HTTP Server Specify the Server Port and Session Timeout FTP Server Enable Disable the FTP Server Specify the Command and Data Ports to be used Syslog Enable or disable the Syslog feature Specify Server Address and Port to be used ...

Page 50: ... is generally disabled the function will not be used nevertheless the applied settings in sections Daypart 1 to Daypart 9 There are nine positions at your disposal that can be set The settings to be applied for each of them are identical 1 Set the desired Weekday from the drop down menu For your convenience the option Every day is also available 2 Set the Start Time and Duration 3 To finalize the ...

Page 51: ...orded in the system log information will be deleted Factory Defaults Retain Presets and IP all settings except for the Network settings IP Address and Presets will be deleted Retain IP all settings except for the Network settings IP address will be deleted To restore DB6400 to its Factory Defaults you should first select the desired option and then press the relevant button A new window will appea...

Page 52: ...boliyski Str 8000 Bourgas Bulgaria Tel 359 56 820027 Fax 359 56 836700 E mail office devabroadcast com Web www devabroadcast com 52 Log All device system events front panel and WEB activity presets change are stored here ...

Page 53: ...or the Dayparting Edit dayparts is a shortcut to Dayparts settings page How can a user preset be made IT IS RECOMMENDED the user presets to be created prior to the installation of the DB6400 in the broadcasting chain Otherwise any drastic changed of the audio quality and enhancements will be audible for the listeners The procedure is quite simple Below you will find a step by step description of t...

Page 54: ...rt The following options are available Key the preset will be locked with a key known only by the creator Thus only users familiar with it would be able to import it into devices different than the one used for the purposes of creation Serial you can specify the serial number of the device on which the preset can be used Only the unit with this serial number will be able to import this preset If t...

Page 55: ...ear 2 Browse the file to be imported and specify Key if it has been locked Then press OK to continue 3 The newly uploaded preset will be automatically chosen as active preset If the preset has been protected by password or has been assigned to a specific device via the Serial function the following message will appear The same message will appear if the file is corrupted Presets Delete The user pr...

Page 56: ...ight Set the Level and the Frequency of the signal at which the generator should process The Test Generator will generate a test signal with which the DB6400 and the equipment connected to its outputs could be examined IP Audio Client Set Decoder from the drop down menu and URL of the stream server Up to 3 URLs can be defined Up to 63 characters can be entered Decoder Sample rate Select decoder an...

Page 57: ...utton to navigate through the playlist if need be are also available MP3 Files Upload via FTP Through the use of a standard FTPclient you have the opportunity to update the backup content at will via any PC The supported format is m3u An important requirement for the MP3 Player configuration is that all MP3 files should be stored in a folder namedAudio no sub folders are allowed The folder should ...

Page 58: ... decrease the gain at theAGC input Increasing the drive will compensate for the very low levels and vice versa the low drive will prevent the low level corrections at the input Attack set in dB per second this value will define theAGC s speed of reaction to unexpected volume increase Release sets the AGC correction speed in dB per second It is not mandatory high Release speed to be set as the AGC ...

Page 59: ...and 15 kHz Of course there is an option the equalizer to be enabled or disabled Within each section of parametric equalization the Freq Q Factor and Gain are individually adjustable The sliders of the EQ Section panel select the frequency range and identical ranges are available in each equalizer section As each EQ slider is moved the resultant change in response both in that EQ section and its ov...

Page 60: ...ot create stereo from mono sources The Stereo Enhancer can be either turned On or Off The Stereo Width parameter sets the stereo enhancement rate The sufficient value widely recommended is between 20 and 40 DJ Bass can be either turned On or Off It is intended to enhance the sound in the low audio frequency range Brilliance can be either turned On or Off It is intended to control the output level ...

Page 61: ...ks The On and Off buttons in this section enable or disable generally the Gate Sound Impact and Fidelity options for the bass low middle and high bands NOTE The Multiband process is very powerful and can absorb the important sound variations That is why is it not always necessary to use the AGC stage The Multiband limiters are used to restrain in limits each of the bands to prevent distortion in t...

Page 62: ...ill prevent low level corrections If you are not using the wide band AGC we recommend the drive to the bands to be pushed so that the reduction to be sufficient and correct low levels Threshold sets working limits for each band It can also move bands from the background to foreground and vice versa Attack Adjust in dB per second to set the processors reaction speed for each band When setting the a...

Page 63: ...essed audio for the final limiter The applicable settings for each band have been simplified so as not to complicate the process with useless parameters For each of the limiters you can set Drive and Threshold Drive It is intended to create more or less gain at the band limiter input Threshold sets the limit for each limiter band Band Mix This section allows you to dose the output level for each b...

Page 64: ...igh frequencies to be processed HD Limiter is developed and dedicated for high quality digital applications such as HD DAB DRM This is a Look Ahead type of limiter the delay of which can be adjusted When used in this mode the outputs are not limited to 15 kHz FM Limiter as the HD Limiter the FM Limiter is intended for the FM applications In its core it is a very powerful clipper that controls the ...

Page 65: ...an change the level and phase of the PILOT tone MPX Limiter from here you can turn On or Off the Virtual Limiter The MPX Drive is adjustable from 0dB to 10dB via the interactive slider RDSEncoder TheDB6400hasabuilt inRDSgeneratorwhich dependingonyourpreferences can be Enabled or Disabled The RDS subcarrier level can also be changed Output Select the preferred output mode MPX MPX or MPX Pilot BS 41...

Page 66: ...tor for US K and W call signs simply enter call letters into the CALL box The hexadecimal code will automatically be calculated into PI box If the hexadecimal code for a US station is known you may enter it under PI and then the call sign will be calculated automatically into CALL box When PI calculator fails to calculate PI or CALL the corresponding box will be filled with PS Program Service Name...

Page 67: ...speed up the search and switch process TA Traffic Announcement This is a temporary flag added to the RDS data stream only when a traffic bulletin is being aired Some RDS car radios can be set to search for traffic bulletins among various TP stations while tuned to a listener s preferred program or even while playing a tape or CD As soon as any TP station broadcasts a traffic bulletin the receiver ...

Page 68: ...external the relevant option should be selected from the drop down menu When External synchronization is chosen Sync loss s r and Sync tout should be set in order for possible loss of the audio at the digital output to be prevented If such is present the DB6400 will switch to internal synchronization the value being specified in Sync loss s r after the defined Sync Timeout expires MPX Out Level sh...

Page 69: ... not apply to damage caused by misuse abuse accident or neglect This Warranty is voided by unauthorized attempts at repair or modification or if the serial identification label has been removed or altered III TERMS OF WARRANTY DEVA Broadcast Ltd products are warranted to be free from defects in materials and workmanship A Any discrepancies noted within TWO YEARS of the date of delivery will be rep...

Page 70: ... mail Phone Fax Which DEVA Broadcast Ltd product did you purchase Product Serial Purchase date Installation date Your signature Signing this warranty registration form you are stating that all the information provided to DEVA Broadcast Ltd are truth and correct DEVA Broadcast Ltd declines any responsibility for the provided information that could result in an immediate loss of warranty for the abo...

Page 71: ...the US prior to the 1950s In Europe a central program originator may have many transmitting facilities of modest power situated throughout the country at several different frequencies to blanket a designated service area The European disposition toward lower power transmitters can be found on the local radio level as well The European concept of a service area equates to the US broadcaster s marke...

Page 72: ...age of FileZilla https filezilla project org This is a widespread open source software distributed free of charge hence available for downloading from the Internet NOTE The FTP Server can manage only one connection at a time TheFTP Server works in Passive mode Hence the FTP Client should also be set in passive mode 2 IP Router and Port Translation Settings If the connection to the device is made t...

Page 73: ...ases FileZilla s Quick connect feature is not able to connect with the DEVA unit That is why we recommend the device to be assigned in the program manually Enter the FTP Client and go to File Site manager New Site A dialog box requiring obligatory information about the device will appear Fill in the needed information and press OK Select Transfer Settings sub menu and apply the settings as shown b...

Page 74: ...or symphonic music 16 Rhythm and Blues A wide range of musical styles often called urban contemporary 17 Soft R and B Rhythm and blues with a generally soft tempo 18 Foreign Language Any programming format in a language other than English 19 Religious Music Music programming with religious lyrics 20 Religious Talk Call in shows interview programs etc with a religious theme 21 Personality A radio s...

Page 75: ...forecasts and Meteorological information 17 Finance Stock Market reports commerce trading etc 18 Children s programs For programs targeted at a young audience primarily for entertainment and interest rather than where the objective is to educate 19 Social Affairs Programs about people and things that influence them individually or in groups Includes sociology history geography psychology and socie...

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