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Dell PowerVault MD Series Administrator'S Manual Download Page 44

An alert icon is displayed next to each node in the Tree view for which an alert is set.

NOTE:

– Any SNMP addresses that you had previously configured appear in the Configured SNMP addresses

area.

– The SNMP Community Name is determined by the system administrator and configured within the a

management application, such as the Dell Management Console. More information about the Dell

Management Console is available at dell.com.

– You can configure multiple SNMP addresses before you click OK.

Battery Settings

A smart battery backup unit (BBU) can perform a learn cycle. The smart BBU module includes the battery, a battery gas
gauge, and a battery charger. The learn cycle calibrates the smart battery gas gauge so that it provides a measurement
of the charge of the battery module. A learn cycle can only start when the battery is fully charged.
The learn cycle completes the following operations:

•

Discharges the battery to a predetermined threshold

•

Charges the battery back to full capacity

A learn cycle starts automatically when you install a new battery module. Learn cycles for batteries in both RAID
controller modules in a duplex system occur simultaneously.
Learn cycles are scheduled to start automatically at regular intervals, at the same time and on the same day of the
week. The interval between cycles is described in weeks.
Use the following guidelines to adjust the interval:

•

You can use the default interval.

•

You can run a learn cycle at any time.

•

You can set the learn cycle earlier than the currently scheduled time.

•

You cannot set the learn cycle to start more than seven days later than the currently scheduled time.

Changing The Battery Settings

To change the battery settings:

1.

In the AMW, from the menu bar, select Hardware

→

Enclosure

→

Change

→

Battery Settings.

The Battery Settings dialog is displayed.

2.

In Battery location, select a battery

3.

Check these details about the battery:

– Battery status
– Battery age
– Days until replacement

For more information, see the online help topics.

Setting The Storage Array RAID Controller Module Clocks

You can use the Synchronize Clocks option to synchronize the storage array RAID controller module clocks with the
storage management station. This option makes sure that the event timestamps written by the RAID controller modules

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Summary of Contents for PowerVault MD Series

Page 1: ...Dell PowerVault MD Series Storage Arrays Administrator s Guide ...

Page 2: ... Sempron are trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices Inc Microsoft Windows Windows Server Internet Explorer MS DOS Windows Vista and Active Directory are either trademarks or registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and or other countries Red Hat and Red Hat Enterprise Linux are registered trademarks of Red Hat Inc in the United States and or other countries Novell and SUSE...

Page 3: ...l Disks Virtual Disks And Disk Groups 19 Physical Disks 19 Physical Disk States 19 Self Monitoring Analysis And Reporting Technology 20 Virtual Disks And Disk Groups 20 Virtual Disk States 20 Disk Pools 21 Thin Virtual Disks 21 RAID Levels 21 RAID Level Usage 22 RAID 0 22 RAID 1 22 RAID 5 22 RAID 6 22 RAID 10 23 Segment Size 23 Virtual Disk Operations 23 Virtual Disk Initialization 23 Consistency ...

Page 4: ...ontrollers And Paths 31 Virtual Disk Ownership 31 Load Balancing 31 Monitoring System Performance 32 Monitoring Performance Using The Tabular View 32 Monitoring Performance Using The Graphical View 33 3 Discovering And Managing Your Storage Array 35 Out Of Band Management 35 In Band Management 35 Access Virtual Disk 36 Storage Arrays 36 Automatic Discovery Of Storage Arrays 36 Manual Addition Of A...

Page 5: ...get Discovery Settings 49 Configuring The iSCSI Host Ports 49 Advanced iSCSI Host Port Settings 50 Viewing Or Ending An iSCSI Session 51 Viewing iSCSI Statistics And Setting Baseline Statistics 51 Edit Remove Or Rename Host Topology 52 5 Event Monitor 53 Enabling Or Disabling The Event Monitor 53 Windows 53 Linux 53 6 About Your Host 55 Configuring Host Access 55 Using The Host Mappings Tab 55 Def...

Page 6: ...On Thin Virtual Disks 72 Initializing A Thin Virtual Disk 72 Changing A Thin Virtual Disk To A Standard Virtual Disk 75 Choosing An Appropriate Physical Disk Type 75 Physical Disk Security With Self Encrypting Disk 75 Creating A Security Key 77 Changing A Security Key 78 Saving A Security Key 79 Validate Security Key 80 Unlocking Secure Physical Disks 80 Erasing Secure Physical Disks 80 Configurin...

Page 7: ...city In Disk Pools 99 Locating Physical Disks In A Disk Pool 99 Renaming A Disk Pool 100 Configuring Alert Notifications For A Disk Pool 100 Adding Unassigned Physical Disks To A Disk Pool 101 Configuring The Preservation Capacity Of A Disk Pool 101 Changing The Modification Priority Of A Disk Pool 102 Changing The RAID Controller Module Ownership Of A Disk Pool 102 Checking Data Consistency 103 D...

Page 8: ...sitory Candidates 118 Using Snapshot Consistency Groups With Remote Replication 118 Creating Snapshot Images 118 Creating A Snapshot Image 119 Canceling A Pending Snapshot Image 119 Deleting A Snapshot Image 120 Scheduling Snapshot Images 120 Creating A Snapshot Schedule 121 Editing A Snapshot Schedule 121 Performing Snapshot Rollbacks 122 Snapshot Rollback Limitations 122 Starting A Snapshot Roll...

Page 9: ...2 Creating A Consistency Group Snapshot Virtual Disk Repository Manually 144 Disabling A Snapshot Virtual Disk Or Consistency Group Snapshot Virtual Disk 145 Re creating A Snapshot Virtual Disk Or Consistency Group Snapshot Virtual Disk 146 Changing The Modification Priority Of An Overall Repository Virtual Disk 146 Changing The Media Scan Setting Of An Overall Repository Virtual Disk 147 Changing...

Page 10: ... Copy Wizard 169 Failed Virtual Disk Copy 169 Preferred RAID Controller Module Ownership 169 Failed RAID Controller Module 169 Copy Manager 170 Copying The Virtual Disk 170 Storage Array Performance During Virtual Disk Copy 171 Setting Copy Priority 171 Stopping A Virtual Disk Copy 171 Recopying A Virtual Disk 172 Preparing Host Servers To Recopy A Virtual Disk 172 Recopying The Virtual Disk 173 R...

Page 11: ...n Repositories 185 Types Of Remote Replication 186 Differences Between Remote Replication Features 186 Upgrading To Asynchronous Remote Replication From Remote Replication Legacy 186 Remote Replication Requirements And Restrictions 187 Restrictions On Using Remote Replication 187 Setting Up Remote Replication 187 Activating Remote Replication Premium Features 188 Deactivating Remote Replication 18...

Page 12: ...he Write Mode 199 Setting Synchronization Priority And Synchronization Method 200 Completing The Remote Replication Legacy 200 RAID Controller Module Ownership Preferred Path 201 Viewing Information About A Remote Replication Legacy Or Replication Repository Legacy Virtual Disk 201 Viewing The Storage Array Profile 201 Viewing The Properties Pane 202 Viewing Logical Elements Of The Secondary Virtu...

Page 13: ...alth Conditions 223 Trace Buffers 225 Retrieving Trace Buffers 226 Collecting Physical Disk Data 226 Creating A Support Data Collection Schedule 227 Suspending Or Resuming A Support Data Collection Schedule 227 Removing A Support Data Collection Schedule 228 Event Log 228 Viewing The Event Log 228 Recovery Guru 229 Storage Array Profile 229 Viewing The Physical Associations 230 Recovering From An ...

Page 14: ...21 Getting Help 237 Contacting Dell 237 ...

Page 15: ...e title bar at the top of the window Shows the name of the application The menu bar beneath the title bar You can select menu options from the menu bar to perform tasks on a storage array The toolbar beneath the menu bar You can select options in the toolbar to perform tasks on a storage array NOTE The toolbar is available only in the EMW The tabs beneath the toolbar Tabs are used to group the tas...

Page 16: ...rage arrays Import the operating system theme settings into the MD Storage Manager Upgrade firmware on multiple storage arrays concurrently Obtain information about the firmware inventory including the version of the RAID controller modules physical disks and the enclosure management modules EMMs in the storage array Inheriting The System Settings Use the Inherit System Settings option to import t...

Page 17: ...sk pools from the storage array capacity define hosts and host groups and grant host or host group access to sets of virtual disks called storage partitions Monitor the health of storage array components and report detailed status using applicable icons Perform recovery procedures for a failed logical component or a failed hardware component View the Event Log for a storage array View profile info...

Page 18: ...ntains all system management tools The Dell PowerVault MD3260 MD3260i MD3660i MD3660f and MD3060e Series Storage Arrays Support Matrix provides information on supported software and hardware for MD systems Information Updates or readme files are included to provide last minute updates to the enclosure or documentation or advanced technical reference material intended for experienced users or techn...

Page 19: ...The storage array supports up to 255 virtual disks minimum size of 10 MB each that can be assigned to host servers Each virtual disk is assigned a Logical Unit Number LUN that is recognized by the host operating system Virtual disks and disk groups are set up according to how you plan to organize your data For example you can have one virtual disk for inventory a second virtual disk for financial ...

Page 20: ...s and Reporting Technology SMART monitors the internal performance of all physical disk components to detect faults indicating the potential for physical disk failure SMART uses this information to report whether failure is imminent so that a physical disk can be replaced before failure occurs The storage array monitors all attached drives and notifies you when a predicted failure is reported by a...

Page 21: ...imum of 11 physical disks Additionally the disk pool cannot contain more physical disks than the maximum limit for each storage array Thin Virtual Disks Thin virtual disks can be created from an existing disk pool Creating thin virtual disks allows you to set up a large virtual space but only use the actual physical space as you need it RAID Levels RAID levels determine the way in which data is wr...

Page 22: ...ples of RAID 0 applications include video editing image editing prepress applications or any application that requires high bandwidth RAID 1 RAID 1 uses disk mirroring so that data written to one physical disk is simultaneously written to another physical disk RAID 1 offers fast performance and the best data availability but also the highest disk overhead RAID 1 is recommended for small databases ...

Page 23: ...triping alone does not provide data redundancy Virtual Disk Operations Virtual Disk Initialization Every virtual disk must be initialized Initialization can be done in the foreground or the background A maximum of four virtual disks can be initialized concurrently on each RAID controller module Background initialization The storage array executes a background initialization when the virtual disk i...

Page 24: ...ckpoint If the media verification operation on a disk group is preempted or blocked by another operation on the disk group the storage array resumes after the current cycle If the media verification process on a disk group is stopped due to a RAID controller module restart the storage array resumes the process from the last checkpoint Virtual Disk Operations Limit The maximum number of active conc...

Page 25: ...Disk Capacity Expansion When you configure a virtual disk you select a capacity based on the amount of data you expect to store However you may need to increase the virtual disk capacity for a standard virtual disk by adding free capacity to the disk group This creates more unused space for new virtual disks or to expand existing virtual disks Disk Group Expansion Because the storage array support...

Page 26: ...moving a virtual disk or a hot spare from one array to another by detaching the physical disks and re attaching them to the new array Disk roaming is moving a physical disk from one slot to another on the same array Disk Migration You can move virtual disks from one array to another without taking the target array offline However the disk group being migrated must be offline prior to performing th...

Page 27: ... the new destination storage array Ensure that all of the physical disks from a storage array are migrated to the destination storage array before starting migration from the next storage array NOTE If the drive modules are not moved as a set to the destination storage array the newly relocated disk groups may not be accessible Migrating virtual disks to a storage array with no existing physical d...

Page 28: ...eplication and Premium Feature Remote Replication Legacy NOTE The premium features listed above must be activated separately If you have purchased these features an activation card is supplied that contains instructions for enabling this functionality Types Of Snapshot Functionality Supported The following types of virtual disk snapshot premium features are supported on the MD storage array Snapsh...

Page 29: ...ead than a full physical copy process Snapshot Legacy Repository Virtual Disk When you create a snapshot virtual disk it automatically creates a snapshot repository virtual disk A snapshot repository is a virtual disk created in the storage array as a resource for a snapshot virtual disk A snapshot repository virtual disk contains snapshot virtual disk metadata and copy on write data for a particu...

Page 30: ...stop all I O activity to the source virtual disk before beginning the virtual disk recovery procedure Using Snapshot And Virtual Disk Copy Together You can use the Snapshot Virtual Disk or Snapshot Virtual Disk Legacy and Virtual Disk Copy premium features together to back up data on the same storage array or to restore the data on the snapshot virtual disk to its original source virtual disk You ...

Page 31: ...sk group If multiple virtual disks are in a disk group consider The impact each virtual disk has on other virtual disks in the same disk group The patterns of usage for each virtual disk Different virtual disks have higher usage at different times of day Load Balancing A load balance policy is used to determine which path is used to process I O Multiple options for setting the load balance policie...

Page 32: ...ew The data is presented in a tabular format For more information on the data presented in the table see the online help Graphical View The data is presented with a single x axis and a single y axis The x axis represents the time for which you selected to view performance data The y axis represents the metric you selected on the Define Graph window A curve on the graph represents the value of the ...

Page 33: ...ical Performance Monitor window is displayed 3 In the Time Interval area set the range of time to identify how much historical data you want to view in graphical format Perform one of the following actions To use the first and last data point in the history buffer as the start and end time period Select Default To specify the start and end date and time 1 Select Customize 2 In the Date list select...

Page 34: ...evice pair you selected to the Selected table display area For historical data you can select up to four devices and one metric to view per graph For real time data you can select only one metric and one device to view per graph 8 After you finish selecting the metric device pairs on which you want to report click View Graph The View Graph window is displayed 9 On the View Graph window review the ...

Page 35: ...u are using a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP server you can enable automatic network configuration but if you are not using a DHCP server you must enter the network configuration manually NOTE RAID controller module network configurations can be assigned using a DHCP server the default setting However if a DHCP server is not available for 150 seconds the RAID controller modules assign st...

Page 36: ...ateway so that broadcast packets are sent to 255 255 255 0 For Red Hat Enterprise Linux if no gateway exists on the network set the default gateway to the IP address of the NIC NOTE The MD Storage Manager uses TCP UDP port 2463 for communication to the MD storage array Automatic Discovery Of Storage Arrays The Automatic Discovery process sends out a broadcast message across the local subnet and ad...

Page 37: ...ompts for the password when an attempt is made to change the storage array configuration such as when a virtual disk is created or deleted Configure iSCSI host ports Configure network parameters for each iSCSI host port automatically or specify the configuration information for each iSCSI host port Configure the storage array Create disk groups virtual disks and hot spare physical disks by using t...

Page 38: ...t Edit Rename In the EMW Devices tab Tree view right click the desired array icon and select Rename The Rename Storage Array dialog is displayed 2 Type the new name of the storage array NOTE Avoid arbitrary names or names that may lose meaning in the future 3 Click OK A message is displayed warning you about the implications of changing the storage array name 4 Click Yes The new storage array name...

Page 39: ... the storage array to reset To reset the password press the password reset switch on your RAID controller module Adding Or Editing A Comment To An Existing Storage Array A descriptive comment with an applicable storage array name is a helpful identification tool You can add or edit a comment for a storage array in the EMW only To add or edit a comment 1 In the EMW select the Devices tab and select...

Page 40: ...gged If the transfer exceeds this delay period then a virtual disk not on preferred path alert is issued as a critical event You can also use this option to minimize multiple alerts when more than one virtual disk fails over because of a system error such as a failed host adapter For more information see the online help topics To configure a failover alert delay 1 In the AMW on the menu bar select...

Page 41: ...re order 1 In the AMW from the menu bar select Hardware Enclosure Change Hardware View Order 2 From the enclosures list select the enclosure you want to move and click either Up or Down to move the enclosure to the new position 3 Click OK 4 If you have set a password for the selected storage array the Enter Password dialog is displayed Type the current password for the storage array 5 Click OK Con...

Page 42: ...dministrator is displayed on each e mail alert sent to the destination c Optional To include the contact information of the sender in the e mail alert select Include contact information with the alerts and type the contact information 4 Select the Email tab to configure the e mail destinations Adding an e mail address In Email address type the e mail address and click Add Replacing an e mail addre...

Page 43: ...our selection If you selected All storage arrays the Configure Alerts dialog is displayed If you selected An individual storage array the Select Storage Array dialog is displayed Select the storage array for which you want to receive alert notifications and click OK The Configure Alerts dialog is displayed NOTE If you do not know location of the selected storage array click Blink to turn on the LE...

Page 44: ... new battery module Learn cycles for batteries in both RAID controller modules in a duplex system occur simultaneously Learn cycles are scheduled to start automatically at regular intervals at the same time and on the same day of the week The interval between cycles is described in weeks Use the following guidelines to adjust the interval You can use the default interval You can run a learn cycle ...

Page 45: ... RAID controller module clocks with the storage management station 1 In the AMW on the menu bar select Hardware RAID Controller Module Synchronize Clocks 2 If a password is set in the Enter Password dialog type the current password for the storage array and click Synchronize The RAID controller module clocks are synchronized with the management station 45 ...

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Page 47: ...et dialog is displayed 5 Enter the Target CHAP secret The Target CHAP secret must be at least 12 characters and up to 57 characters 6 Enter the exact target CHAP secret in Confirm target CHAP secret NOTE If you do not want to create a CHAP secret you can generate a random CHAP secret automatically To generate a random CHAP secret click Generate Random CHAP Secret 7 Click OK NOTE You can select the...

Page 48: ...ore information on CHAP see Understanding CHAP Authentication in the storage array s Deployment Guide Initiator CHAP Secret The initiator CHAP secret is set on the host using the iSCSI initiator configuration program provided with the host operating system If you are using the mutual authentication method you must define the initiator CHAP secret when you set up the host This must be the same CHAP...

Page 49: ...ry tab 4 Select Use iSNS to activate iSCSI target discovery 5 To activate iSCSI target discovery you can use one of the following methods Select Obtain configuration automatically from DHCP server to automatically activate target discovery for IPv4 settings using the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP You can also refresh the DHCP Select Specify Configuration and type the IPv4 address to act...

Page 50: ...e the IPv6 settings for the iSCSI host port select Enable IPv6 and select the IPv6 Settings tab 7 To configure the IPv4 and IPv6 settings select Obtain configuration automatically from DHCP server to automatically configure the settings This option is selected by default Specify configuration to manually configure the settings NOTE If you select the automatic configuration method the configuration...

Page 51: ...initiator is logged on whom you consider to not have access you can end the iSCSI session Ending the iSCSI session forces the initiator to log off the storage array The initiator can log on if None authentication method is available System downtime If you need to turn off a storage array and initiators are logged on you can end the iSCSI session to log off the initiators from the storage array To ...

Page 52: ...tatistics in the dialog that is displayed The baseline time shows the latest time you set the baseline The sampling interval is the difference in time from when you set the baseline until you launch the dialog or click Refresh NOTE You must first set a baseline before you can compare baseline statistics Edit Remove Or Rename Host Topology If you give access to the incorrect host or the incorrect h...

Page 53: ...Replicate the alert settings from a particular managed device by copying the emwdata bin file to every storage management station from which you want to receive alerts Each managed device shows a check mark that indicates that alerts have been set Enabling Or Disabling The Event Monitor You can enable or disable the event monitor at any time Disable the event monitor if you do not want the system ...

Page 54: ...onitor start terminal emulation application console ox xterm and at the command prompt type SMmonitor stop and press Enter When the program shutdown is complete the following message is displayed Stopping Monitor process 54 ...

Page 55: ... the storage array you must map the host to the virtual disk This mapping grants a host or a host group access to a particular virtual disk or to a number of virtual disks in a storage array You can define the mappings on the Host Mappings tab in the AMW On the Summary tab in the AMW the Host Mappings area indicates how many hosts are configured to access the storage array Click Configured Hosts i...

Page 56: ...st Port Identifiers window is displayed 5 Select the relevant option to add a host port identifier to the host you can select Add by selecting a known unassociated host port identifier In Known unassociated host port identifier select the relevant host port identifier Add by creating a new host port identifier In New host port identifier enter a 16 character name and an Alias of up to 30 character...

Page 57: ...system In addition all hosts in the host group must have special software such as clustering software to manage virtual disk sharing and accessibility If a host is part of a cluster every host in the cluster must be connected to the storage array and every host in the cluster must be added to the host group Creating A Host Group To create a host group 1 In the AMW select the Host Mappings tab 2 In...

Page 58: ...e Host dialog is displayed 3 In the Select host group list select the host group to which you want to move the host You can also move the host out of the host group and add it under the default group The Move Host confirmation dialog is displayed 4 Click Yes The host is moved to the selected host group with the following mappings The host retains the specific virtual disk mappings assigned to it T...

Page 59: ...he changes to the host topology if A new storage array is attached to the host server A host is added while turning on power to the RAID controller modules To start or stop the Host Context Agent on Linux enter the following commands at the prompt SMagent start SMagent stop You must stop and then restart SMagent after Moving a controller offline or replacing a controller Removing host to array con...

Page 60: ...tifier to a new host Replace Replace a particular host port identifier with another host port identifier Remove Remove the association between a particular host port identifier and the associated host To manage a host port identifier 1 In the AMW select the Host Mappings tab 2 Perform one of these actions Right click the host in the object tree and select Manage Host Port Identifiers in the pop up...

Page 61: ...dentifier dialog is displayed Update User label and Associated with host and click Save To replace the host port identifier Select the appropriate host port identifier and click Replace The Replace Host Port Identifier dialog is displayed Replace the current host port identifier with a known unassociated host port identifier or create a new host port identifier update User label and click Replace ...

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Page 63: ...e disk groups and virtual disks using Automatic configuration Provides the fastest method but with limited configuration options Manual configuration Provides more configuration options When creating a virtual disk consider the uses for that virtual disk and select an appropriate capacity for those uses For example if a disk group has a virtual disk that stores multimedia files which tend to be la...

Page 64: ...played 3 Type up to 30 character name of the disk group in Disk group name 4 Select the appropriate Physical Disk selection choices and click Next You can make the following choices Automatic Manual 5 For automatic configuration the RAID Level and Capacity window is displayed a Select the appropriate RAID level in Select RAID level You can select RAID levels 0 1 10 5 and 6 Depending on your RAID l...

Page 65: ...pes or different interface types multiple Unconfigured Capacity nodes may be displayed in the Total Unconfigured Capacity pane of the Storage Copy Services tab Each physical disk type has an associated Unconfigured Capacity node if unassigned physical disks are available in the expansion enclosure You cannot create a disk group and subsequent virtual disk from different physical disk technology ty...

Page 66: ... Virtual Disk Modification Priority You can specify the modification priority setting for a single virtual disk or multiple virtual disks on a storage array Guidelines to change the modification priority of a virtual disk If more than one virtual disk is selected the modification priority defaults to the lowest priority The current priority is shown only if a single virtual disk is selected Changi...

Page 67: ...ent virtual disks press Shift click To select all of the available virtual disks select Select All 4 In the Cache Properties area you can select Enable read caching Enable write caching Enable write caching without batteries to permit write caching to continue even if the RAID controller module batteries are discharged completely not fully charged or are not present Enable write caching with mirro...

Page 68: ...rage array RAID controller modules If you want this operation to complete faster you can change the modification priority to the highest level although this may decrease system I O performance To change the segment size of a virtual disk 1 In the AMW select the Storage Copy Services tab and select a virtual disk 2 From the menu bar select Storage Virtual Disk Change Segment Size 3 Select the requi...

Page 69: ...isks Thin virtual disks are created with physical or preferred and virtual capacity allowing flexibility to meet increasing capacity requirements When you create standard virtual disks you allocate all available storage based on an estimation of how much space you need for application data and performance If you want to expand the size of a standard virtual disk in the future you must add physical...

Page 70: ...mit the automatic growth of a virtual disk to an amount less than the defined virtual capacity NOTE Since less than full capacity is allocated when you create a thin virtual disk insufficient free capacity may exist when certain operations are performed such as snapshot images and snapshot virtual disks If this occurs an alert threshold warning is displayed Thin Virtual Disk Requirements And Limit...

Page 71: ...Warning Threshold percentage The storage array status is shown as Needs Attention Failed Virtual disk failed and is no longer available for read or write operations The storage array status is shown as Needs Attention Comparison Types Of Virtual Disks And Copy Services The availability of copy services depends on the type of virtual disk that you are working with The following table shows the copy...

Page 72: ...initialization time Change the physical capacity If you change the physical capacity a new repository virtual disk is created and you can optionally change the repository expansion policy and warning threshold Move the repository to a different disk pool Initializing a thin virtual disk erases all data from the virtual disk However host mappings virtual capacity repository expansion policy and sec...

Page 73: ...ository 5 Based on whether you want to keep the current repository for future use select or clear Delete existing repository and click Next 6 Select one of the following Yes If there more than one disk pool on your storage array No If there is only one disk pool on your storage array The Select Disk Pool window is displayed 7 Select Keep existing disk pool and click Next The Select Repository wind...

Page 74: ...pools not from disk groups 1 In the AMW select the Storage Copy Services tab 2 Select the thin virtual disk that you want to initialize The thin virtual disks are listed under the Disk Pools node 3 Select Storage Virtual Disk Advanced Initialize The Initialize Thin Virtual Disk window is displayed 4 Based on whether you want to keep the current repository for future use select or clear Delete exis...

Page 75: ...opriate Physical Disk Type You can create disk groups and virtual disks in the storage array You must select the capacity that you want to allocate for the virtual disk from either unconfigured capacity free capacity or an existing disk pool available in the storage array Then you define basic and optional advanced parameters for the virtual disk With the advent of different physical disk technolo...

Page 76: ...al disks The Physical Disk Security menu is displayed in the Storage Array menu The Physical Disk Security menu has the following options Create Key Change Key Save Key Validate Key Import Key Unlock Drives NOTE If you have not created a security key for the storage array the Create Key option is active If you have created a security key for the storage array the Create Key option is inactive with...

Page 77: ...k or transportable media The security key identifier is used to identify which key the storage array is using To create a security key 1 In the AMW from the menu bar select Storage Array Security Physical Disk Security Create Key 2 Perform one of these actions If the Create Security Key dialog is displayed go to step 6 If the Storage Array Password Not Set or Storage Array Password Too Weak dialog...

Page 78: ...ps from security capable physical disks Creating a secure disk group makes the physical disks in the disk group security enabled Security enabled physical disks enter Security Locked status whenever power is re applied They can be unlocked only by a RAID controller module that supplies the correct key during physical disk initialization Otherwise the physical disks remain locked and the data is in...

Page 79: ...d of the security key identifier and the file name from the Change Security Key Complete dialog and click OK Saving A Security Key You save an externally storable copy of the security key when the security key is first created and each time it is changed You can create additional storable copies at any time To save a new copy of the security key you must provide a pass phrase The pass phrase you c...

Page 80: ...and cannot unlock the physical disks You must supply the security key from a security key file that was saved on the original storage array You must provide the pass phrase that was used to encrypt the security key file to extract the security key from this file For more information see the online help topics Erasing Secure Physical Disks In the AMW when you select a security enabled physical disk...

Page 81: ... 4 Select the appropriate option you can select View change current hot spare coverage to review hot spare coverage and to assign or unassign hot spare physical disks if necessary See step 5 Automatically assign physical disks to create hot spare physical disks automatically for the best hot spare coverage using available physical disks Manually assign individual physical disks to create hot spare...

Page 82: ...at occur in a RAID Level 1 or RAID Level 5 disk group If the hot spare physical disk is available when a physical disk fails the RAID controller module uses redundancy data to reconstruct the data from the failed physical disk to the hot spare physical disk When you have physically replaced the failed physical disk a copyback operation occurs from the hot spare physical disk to the replaced physic...

Page 83: ...minimum of three physical disks enclosure loss protections cannot be achieved if your storage array has less than three expansion enclosures Because a RAID level 6 requires a minimum of five physical disks enclosure loss protections cannot be achieved if your storage array has less than five expansion enclosures RAID level 1 Ensure that each physical disk in a mirrored pair is located in a differe...

Page 84: ... for the disk group with only two drawers as shown in this example Six physical disk RAID Level 1 disk group Replicated pair 1 Physical disk located in enclosure 1 drawer 0 slot 0 and physical disk in enclosure 0 drawer 1 slot 0 Replicated pair 2 Physical disk in enclosure 1 drawer 0 slot 1 and physical disk in enclosure 1 drawer 1 slot 1 Replicated pair 3 Physical disk in enclosure 1 drawer 0 slo...

Page 85: ... Undefined mappings node Individual defined mapping Host group Host 3 From the menu bar select Host Mappings LUN Mapping Add The Define Additional Mapping window is displayed 4 In Host group or host select the appropriate host group or host All defined hosts host groups and the default group are displayed in the list NOTE When configuring an iSCSI storage array if a host or a host group is selecte...

Page 86: ...click OK 8 If configuring a Linux host run the rescan_dm_devs utility on the host and remount the virtual disk if required NOTE This utility is installed on the host as part of the MD Storage Manager install process 9 Restart the host applications Changing Controller Ownership Of The Virtual Disk If the host has a single data path to the MD storage array the virtual disk must be owned by the contr...

Page 87: ...arget virtual disk Sometimes both virtual disks do not have the same preferred RAID controller module when the virtual disk copy starts Therefore the ownership of the target virtual disk is automatically transferred to the preferred RAID controller module of the source virtual disk When the virtual disk copy is completed or is stopped ownership of the target virtual disk is restored to its preferr...

Page 88: ... tab and select a disk group 2 From the menu bar select Storage Disk Group Change RAID Level 3 Select the appropriate RAID level and click Yes to confirm the selection The RAID level operation begins Removing A Host To Virtual Disk Mapping Using Linux DMMP To remove a host to virtual disk mapping using Linux DMMP 1 Unmount the file system containing the virtual disk Using the following command umo...

Page 89: ...dows Server 2008 255 Linux 255 Guidelines when you work with host types with LUN mapping restrictions You cannot change a host adapter port to a restricted host type if there are already mappings in the storage partition that would exceed the limit imposed by the restricted host type Consider the case of the Default Group that has access to LUNs up to 256 0 to 255 and a restricted host type is add...

Page 90: ...sts must access specific virtual disks in the storage array Hosts with different operating systems are attached to the same storage array In this case a storage partition is created for each host type You can use the Storage Partitioning Wizard to define a single storage partition The Storage Partitioning Wizard guides you through the major steps required to specify which host groups hosts virtual...

Page 91: ... media types or different interface types within a single disk group or virtual disk 5 Click Add A message prompts you to confirm your selection 6 To add the capacity to the disk group click Yes NOTE You can also use the Command Line Interface CLI on both Windows and Linux hosts to add free capacity to a disk group For more information see the CLI Guide NOTE After the capacity expansion is complet...

Page 92: ...l disks are not present in the group For example both the physical disks in a two disk RAID 1 configuration or three physical disks one from each disk pair in a four disk RAID 10 configuration must be present Export Disk Group The export disk group operation prepares the physical disks in the disk group for removal You can remove the physical disks for offline storage or you can import the disk gr...

Page 93: ...p NOTE You must insert all of the physical disks that are part of the disk group into the enclosure before the disk group can be imported The following settings are removed cleared during the procedure Persistent reservations Host to virtual disk mappings Virtual disk copy pairs Snapshot virtual disks and snapshot repository virtual disks Remote mirror pairs Mirror repositories On the target stora...

Page 94: ...generate the data For example redundancy information cannot be used to reconstruct the data on a degraded virtual disk The error is reported to the event log For more information see the online help topics Changing Media Scan Settings To change the media scan settings 1 In the AMW select the Storage Copy Services tab and select any virtual disk 2 From the menu bar select Storage Virtual Disk Chang...

Page 95: ...long running operation you should suspend the media scan NOTE A background media scan is the lowest priority of the long running operations To suspend a media scan 1 In the AMW select the Storage Copy Services tab and select any virtual disk 2 From the menu bar select Storage Virtual Disk Change Media Scan Settings The Change Media Scan Settings window is displayed 3 Select Suspend media scan NOTE...

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Page 97: ...f the physical disks in the pool and provides the following benefits Simplified configuration Better utilization of physical disks Reduced maintenance the ability to use thin provisioning Difference Between Disk Groups And Disk Pools Similar to a disk group you can create one or more virtual disks in a disk pool However the disk pool differs from a disk group in the way data is distributed across ...

Page 98: ...of physical disks that may or may not be security capable or are a mix of security levels NOTE You can mix Self Encrypting Disk SED capable and non SED capable physical disks However the encryption abilities of the SED capable physical disks cannot be used as the physical disk attributes do not match Based on the physical disk type and physical disk security type that you have selected the Disk po...

Page 99: ... add the physical disks to the existing disk pool If the new physical disks are of different physical disk types the MD Storage Manager prompts you to add the physical disks of the same physical disk type to the existing disk pool and to use the other physical disk types to create different disk pools NOTE If there are multiple disk pools of the same physical disk type a message is displayed indic...

Page 100: ...lect Rename The Rename Disk Pool dialog is displayed 4 Type a new name in Disk pool name 5 Click OK Configuring Alert Notifications For A Disk Pool You can configure the MD storage manager to send alert notifications when the unconfigured free capacity of a disk pool is reaching a specified percentage You can modify the alert notification settings after creating a disk pool To configure alert noti...

Page 101: ... is displayed You can view information about The disk pool in the Disk Pool Information area The unassigned physical disks that can be added to the disk pool in the Select physical disks for addition area NOTE The RAID controller module firmware arranges the unassigned physical disk options with the best options listed at the top in the Select physical disks for addition area 4 Select one or more ...

Page 102: ...gs The Change Disk Pool Settings dialog is displayed 4 In the Modification Priorities area move the slider bars to select a priority level You can choose a priority level for Degraded reconstruction Critical reconstruction Background operation You can select one of the following priority levels lowest low medium high highest The higher the priority level the larger is the impact on host I O and sy...

Page 103: ...tion these conditions must be present The virtual disks in the disk pool or disk group must be in Optimal status The disk pool or disk group must have no virtual disk modification operations in progress You can perform this operation only on one disk pool or disk group at a time However you can perform a consistency check on selected virtual disks during a media scan operation You can enable a med...

Page 104: ... pool before you can delete the disk pool NOTE You cannot delete a repository virtual disk if the base virtual disk is in a different disk pool and you have not requested to delete that disk pool at the same time The disk pool contains a base virtual disk or a target virtual disk participating in a virtual disk copy operation with the status of In Progress To delete a disk pool 1 Select the Storag...

Page 105: ...urity properties status of a disk pool Table 6 Security Properties Status of a Disk Pool Security Capable Yes Security Capable No Secure Yes The disk pool is composed of all SED physical disks and is in Secure status Not applicable Only SED physical disks can be in Secure status Secure No The disk pool is composed of all SED physical disks and is in Non Secure status The disk pool is not entirely ...

Page 106: ...k pool The thin virtual disks are listed under the Disk Pools node 3 Select Storage Virtual Disk Create Virtual Disk The Create Virtual Disk window is displayed 4 Select Create thin virtual disk 5 Use the New virtual capacity box to indicate the virtual capacity of the new virtual disk and Units to indicate the specific capacity units to use MB GB or TB The minimum virtual capacity is 32 MB 6 In t...

Page 107: ...reate a new one 13 If you want to change the repository expansion policy or warning threshold click View advanced repository settings Repository expansion policy Select either Automatic or Manual When the consumed capacity gets close to the physical capacity you can expand the physical capacity The MD storage management software can automatically expand the physical capacity or you can do it manua...

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Page 109: ...ge array Benefits Of SSD Cache Benefits of using the SSD Cache feature varies depending on your system configuration and network environment However workloads that typically benefit the most from using high performance SSD cache include Workloads where performance is limited by physical disk input output processes IOPs Applications that generate a much higher percentage of physical disk reads vers...

Page 110: ...atabase Web Server 5 Select an appropriate option for Data Assurance DA 6 Select an appropriate capacity from SSD cache candidates A maximum of 5 120 GB of SSD cache is available in the usable capacity NOTE To view the physical disks that comprise the usable capacity select the appropriate row under SSD cache candidates and click View Physical Disks 7 To enable SSD cache on existing virtual disks ...

Page 111: ...he AMW select the Storage Copy Services tab 2 In the tree view select the SSD cache and do one of the following From the menu bar select Storage SSD Cache Add Physical Disks Capacity Right click on the SSD cache and select Add Physical Disks Capacity The Add Physical Disks Capacity window is displayed 3 Select the physical disk that you want to add and click Add The following are not listed in the...

Page 112: ... Services tab 2 Do one of the following From the menu bar select Storage SSD Cache Change I O Type and select an appropriate I O type Right click on the SSD cache and select Change I O Type and select an appropriate I O type The newly selected I O characteristic type is displayed in the Table view for the selected SSD cache Renaming An SSD Cache To rename an SSD cache 1 In the AMW select the Stora...

Page 113: ...Performance Modeling Right click on the SSD cache and select Run Performance Modeling The SSD Cache Performance Modeling window is displayed 4 Review the information in the Modeling Information area of the SSD Cache Performance Modeling window 5 Select one of the following options from View results to choose the format you want to view the results Response Time Cache Hit 6 Click Start to run the p...

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Page 115: ...mium feature in the following ways The Snapshot Virtual Disk Legacy premium feature uses one data repository for each snapshot The non legacy Snapshot Virtual Disk premium feature uses one data repository for all snapshot images associated with a base virtual disk As a result only one write operation per virtual disk is required not multiple sequential write operations Snapshot Virtual Disk adds t...

Page 116: ...ries Snapshot Groups And Consistency Groups The Snapshot Virtual Disk premium feature supports the following types of snapshot groups Snapshot groups A snapshot group is a collection of point in time images of a single associated base virtual disk Consistency groups A consistency group is a group of virtual disks that you can manage as a single entity Operations performed on a consistency group ar...

Page 117: ...uded in a consistency group A base virtual disk can reside on either a disk group or disk pool Understanding Snapshot Repositories Repositories are system created virtual disks used to hold write data for a snapshots snapshot groups and consistency groups During creation of either group or write enabled snapshot virtual disk an associated repository is automatically created By default one individu...

Page 118: ...snapshot consistency group and a Remote Replication group must belong to the same Remote Replication group Creating Snapshot Images A snapshot image is a logical point in time image of the content of an associated base virtual disk With snapshot images you can create multiple copies of production data on your storage array much more quickly than full copies Snapshot images track source changes fro...

Page 119: ...sh to create the snapshot group repository with the default capacity settings This is the recommended option Go to step 5 Select Manual and click Next to define the properties for the snapshot group repository Then click Finish to continue with the snapshot image creation process Go to step 5 NOTE Use this option if you want to specify all of the customizable settings for the snapshot group reposi...

Page 120: ...e snapshot image from the storage array Releases the repository s reserve space for reuse within the consistency group Moves any member virtual disk associated with the deleted snapshot image s to a Stopped state Disables the member snapshot virtual disks associated with the deleted snapshot image s To delete the snapshot image do the following 1 From the AMW select the Storage Copy Services tab 2...

Page 121: ...hat contains the pending snapshot image 2 Do one of the following Copy Services Snapshot Group Advanced Cancel Pending Snapshot Image Copy Services Consistency Group Advanced Cancel Pending Consistency Group Snapshot Image The Schedule Settings window is displayed 3 Do one of the following If you want to use an existing schedule click Import settings from existing schedule The Import Schedule is d...

Page 122: ...apshot image to the base virtual disk which allows you to roll back the base virtual disk to a previous point in time NOTE The host will have immediate access to the new rolled back base virtual disk but the existing base virtual disk will not allow the host read write access after the rollback is initiated You can create a snapshot of the base virtual disk just before you start the rollback to sa...

Page 123: ...cy group snapshot image and then select Copy Services Consistency Group Snapshot Image Rollback Start Depending on your selection either the Confirm Rollback Snapshot Image or the Confirm Rollback Snapshot Image window is displayed 3 If you are starting the rollback operation from a consistency group snapshot image select the member virtual disks from the member virtual disks table that you want t...

Page 124: ... the same snapshot image that was used in the Cancel Rollback operation or a different snapshot image to perform the new rollback operation NOTE If the snapshot group on which the snapshot image resides has one or more snapshot images that are automatically purged the snapshot image used for the rollback operation may not be available for future rollbacks 1 From the AMW select the Storage Copy Ser...

Page 125: ...en select Copy Services Consistency Group Snapshot Image Rollback Change Priority The Change Rollback Priority window is displayed 3 In the rollback priority area use the slider bar to set a priority for the rollback operation If you are changing the priority for a consistency group snapshot image the priority setting is applied to all member virtual disks in the selected consistency group 4 Click...

Page 126: ...e the snapshot group repository with the default capacity settings This option is the recommended one Select Manual and click Next to define the properties for the snapshot group repository then click Finish to continue with the snapshot group creation process NOTE Use this option if you want to specify all of the customizable settings for the snapshot group repository The Manual method is conside...

Page 127: ...topics The best repository candidate for each member virtual disk based on the selections you made is displayed 5 Select Edit individual repository candidates if you want to edit repository candidates for the member virtual disks 6 Select the repository from the Repository candidates table that you want to use for each member virtual disk in the consistency group NOTE Select a repository candidate...

Page 128: ...epository access 1 From the AMW select the Storage Copy Services tab 2 From the snapshot groups category node select the snapshot group that you want to change and then select Copy Services Snapshot Group Change Settings The Change Snapshot Group Settings window is displayed 3 Change the snapshot group settings as required 4 Click OK to apply your changes to the snapshot group Renaming A Snapshot ...

Page 129: ... snapshot group is created empty with no snapshot images Converts the associated snapshot Legacy repository virtual disk to a snapshot group repository Retains the same schedule if a schedule has been defined for the new snapshot group Creates a read only snapshot virtual disk with a Paused status The new snapshot virtual disk inherits the World Wide Name WWN and host mappings as the converted sna...

Page 130: ...tency group member s snapshot virtual disk and then select Copy Services Snapshot Virtual disk Convert to Read Write 3 Select how you wish to create the repository for the Read Write snapshot virtual disk Do one of the following Select Automatic to create the snapshot virtual disk repository with the default capacity settings This is the recommended option Select Manual to define the properties fo...

Page 131: ...is consistency group snapshot image is a member of an asynchronous remote replication group The base virtual disk is currently in a synchronizing operation The consistency group snapshot image creation completes as soon as the synchronization operation is complete To create a consistency group 1 From the AMW select the Storage Copy Services tab 2 Select Copy Services Consistency Group Create The C...

Page 132: ...tions should use this method Keep these guidelines in mind when you name a consistency group There is a minimum required capacity for a consistency group repository depending on your configuration When you define the capacity requirements for a repository keep in mind any future requirements that you might have for other virtual disks in this disk group or disk pool Make sure that you have enough ...

Page 133: ... is no longer meaningful or applicable Keep these guidelines in mind when you name a consistency group A name can consist of letters numbers and the special characters underscore _ hyphen and pound If you choose any other characters an error message is displayed You are prompted to choose another name Limit the name to 30 characters Any leading and trailing spaces in the name are deleted Use a uni...

Page 134: ...system automatically purges the oldest consistency image in the consistency group which releases the repository s reserve space for reuse within the consistency group Reject writes to base virtual disk When the repository reaches its maximum defined percentage the system rejects any I O write request to the base virtual disk that triggered the repository access 1 From the AMW select the Storage Co...

Page 135: ...virtual disk s you are adding to the consistency group Select Automatic and click Finish to create the repository with the default capacity settings This option is the recommended one Select Manual and click Next to define the capacity settings for the repository and then click Finish See the online help topics for more information on how to set the repository parameters Use the Manual option if y...

Page 136: ...snapshot image A read only snapshot virtual disk does not have an associated repository A read write snapshot virtual disk requires an associated repository to provide the host application with WRITE access to a copy of the data contained in the snapshot image Snapshot Virtual Disk Limitations You cannot create a snapshot virtual disk of a Failed base virtual disk Snapshot repositories are fully r...

Page 137: ...age array Map Later The virtual disk is not assigned a LUN and is not accessible by any hosts until you go to the Host Mappings tab and assign a specific host and LUN to this virtual disk Select a specific host You can select a specific host or host group from the list This option is available only if Storage Partitioning is enabled NOTE Make sure there are enough free LUNs on the host or host gro...

Page 138: ...of repository candidates can contain both new and existing repository virtual disks Existing repository virtual disks are placed at the top of the list The benefit of reusing an existing repository virtual disk is that you can avoid the initialization process that occurs when you create a new one To create a snapshot virtual disk repository 1 From the Snapshot Virtual Disk Settings window select M...

Page 139: ...tory virtual disk so that it does not need to be created again You want to maximize the storage array performance by stopping write activity to the snapshot repository virtual disk If you decide to re create the snapshot virtual disk or consistency group snapshot virtual disk you must choose a snapshot image from the same base virtual disk If you disable the snapshot virtual disk or consistency gr...

Page 140: ...ne copy relationship you cannot perform the Re create option on the virtual disk Keep these important guidelines in mind when you re create a snapshot virtual disk or consistency group virtual disk The snapshot virtual disk or consistency group snapshot virtual disk must be in either an Optimal status or Disabled status For consistency group snapshot virtual disk all member snapshot virtual disks ...

Page 141: ...and then click Rename Deleting A Snapshot Virtual Disk Or Consistency Group Snapshot Virtual Disk Use the Delete Snapshot Virtual Disk option to delete a snapshot virtual disk or consistency group snapshot virtual disk that is no longer needed for backup or software application testing purposes You also can specify whether you want to delete the snapshot repository virtual disk associated with a r...

Page 142: ...o avoid a repository full message Conversely if you find that the snapshot virtual disk repository is larger than you need you can reduce its size to free up space that is needed by other logical virtual disks NOTE If you attempt to create a snapshot virtual disk for a snapshot image and that snapshot image is in a pending snapshot image creation operation it is due to the following conditions The...

Page 143: ...oup or a host to access a snapshot virtual disk You must use a unique LUN An access virtual disk mapping is not required for out of band storage arrays 6 Select how to grant host access to each selected member virtual disk s snapshot virtual disk Do one of the following Select Read Write to provide the host application with WRITE access to a copy of the data contained in the snapshot image A Read ...

Page 144: ...e storage array by default when you delete a consistency group snapshot virtual disk Existing repository virtual disks are placed at the top of the list The benefit to reusing an existing repository virtual disk is that you can avoid the initialization process that occurs when you create a new one To create a consistency group snapshot virtual disk repository 1 From the AMW select the Storage Copy...

Page 145: ...nce by stopping write activity to the snapshot repository virtual disk If you decide to re create the snapshot virtual disk or consistency group snapshot virtual disk you must choose a snapshot image from the same base virtual disk If you disable the snapshot virtual disk or consistency group snapshot virtual disk the system performs the following actions Retains the World Wide Name WWN for the sn...

Page 146: ...be in either an Optimal status or Disabled status For consistency group snapshot virtual disk all member snapshot virtual disks must be in a Disabled state before you can re create the consistency group snapshot virtual disk You cannot re create an individual member snapshot virtual disk you can re create only the overall consistency group snapshot virtual disk All write data on any associated sna...

Page 147: ...sk Replicated pair The following guidelines apply Changing the media scan settings by using this option modifies the settings only for the overall repository that you selected The settings are applied to all individual repository virtual disks contained within the overall repository To change the media scan settings 1 In the AMW select the Storage Copy Services tab and select any virtual disk 2 Se...

Page 148: ... enabled However reads to that overall repository virtual disk ignores consistency pre read If the virtual disk is subsequently migrated back to a RAID level that supports consistency the option becomes available again To create a consistency group snapshot virtual disk 1 From the AMW select the Storage Copy Services tab 2 Select Overall Repository Change Pre read Consistency Check 3 Select Enable...

Page 149: ...Only snapshot virtual disks that are read write require a repository To increase the overall repository capacity 1 From the AMW select the Storage Copy Services tab 2 Select the storage object for which you want to increase the repository capacity and then select Overall Repository Increase Capacity The Increase Repository Capacity window is displayed 3 To increase capacity of the overall reposito...

Page 150: ...sitory member virtual disks only in the reverse order that they were added An overall repository must have at least one repository member virtual disk You cannot increase or decrease the repository capacity for a snapshot virtual disk that is read only because it does not have an associated repository Only snapshot virtual disks that are read write require a repository When you decrease capacity f...

Page 151: ...an increase the repository capacity by performing one of these tasks Adding one or more existing repository virtual disks Creating a new repository virtual disk using free capacity that is available on a disk group or disk pool NOTE If no free capacity exists on any disk group or disk pool you can add unconfigured capacity in the form of unused physical disks to a disk group or disk pool CAUTION U...

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Page 153: ... disk while the virtual disk snapshot is being created A snapshot repository virtual disk containing metadata and copy on write data is automatically created when a snapshot virtual disk is created The only data stored in the snapshot repository virtual disk is that which has changed since the time of the snapshot After the snapshot repository virtual disk is created I O write requests to the sour...

Page 154: ...rtual disks before the next scheduled snapshot begins If the snapshot virtual disks are not unmapped the storage array does not perform the next scheduled snapshot operation in order to avoid data corruption Scheduled snapshots are also valuable in the event of a data loss For example if you back up your data at the end of every work day and keep hourly snapshots from 8AM to 5PM data can be recove...

Page 155: ... snapshot repository full percentage level is 50 percent of the source virtual disk Snapshot Repository Virtual Disk Full Conditions When the snapshot repository virtual disk becomes full you are given a choice of failing write activity to the source virtual disk or failing the snapshot virtual disk Preparing Host Servers To Create The Snapshot Using The Simple Path Before using the Snapshot Virtu...

Page 156: ...ory virtual disks capacity as a percentage of the source virtual disks capacity and click Next The Preview window containing the summary of the snapshot virtual disk is displayed 7 Click Finish The Completed window is displayed 8 Click OK After creating one or more snapshot virtual disks mount the source virtual disk and restart the host application using that source virtual disk 9 In the AMW sele...

Page 157: ... The Snapshot Using The Advanced Path Before using the Snapshot Virtual Disks Premium Feature in a Microsoft Windows clustered configuration you must first map the snapshot virtual disk to the cluster node that owns the source virtual disk This ensures that the cluster nodes correctly recognize the snapshot virtual disk Mapping the snapshot virtual disk to the node that does not own the source vir...

Page 158: ...able snapshot virtual disks NOTE If your operating system requires additional instructions you can find those instructions in your operating system documentation After your host server has been prepared see Creating A Snapshot Virtual Disk Using The Advanced Path to create the snapshot using the advanced path If you want to use a snapshot regularly such as for backups use the Disable Snapshot and ...

Page 159: ...ve to the source virtual disk The default name for the associated snapshot repository virtual disk that is shown in the Snapshot repository virtual disk field is source virtual disk name R sequence number For example if you are creating the first snapshot virtual disk for a source virtual disk called Accounting the default snapshot virtual disk is Accounting 1 and the associated snapshot repositor...

Page 160: ...epository virtual disk from MD Storage Manager 1 In the AMW select the Storage Copy Services tab 2 Select the snapshot repository virtual disk for which you want to increase the capacity 3 From the menu bar select Storage Virtual Disk Increase Capacity Alternatively right click on the snapshot repository virtual disk and select Increase Capacity NOTE If no free capacity or unconfigured capacity is...

Page 161: ...d in the increase shows a reduction in capacity If all of the free capacity is used to increase the size of the virtual disk the Free Capacity node involved is removed from the Storage Copy Services tab A new Free Capacity node is created and shown in the Storage Copy Services tab if these conditions exist A Free Capacity node did not exist prior to the addition of capacity Not all of the capacity...

Page 162: ...tory virtual disk stops until the snapshot virtual disk is recreated Preparing Host Servers To Re Create A Snapshot Virtual Disk NOTE Before you create a new snapshot of a source virtual disk stop any data access I O activity or suspend data transfer to the source virtual disk and snapshot virtual disk to ensure that you capture an accurate snapshot of the source virtual disk Close all application...

Page 163: ... s re create a snapshot virtual disk For more information see Preparing Host Servers To Create The Snapshot Using The Simple Path or Preparing Host Servers To Create The Snapshot Using The Advanced Path NOTE This action invalidates the current snapshot To recreate a snapshot virtual disk 1 In the AMW select the Storage Copy Services tab and select a snapshot virtual disk 2 Select Copy Services Sna...

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Page 165: ...eater capacity physical disks for example 61 GB to 146 GB Restoring snapshot virtual disk data to the source virtual disk The Virtual Disk Copy feature enables you first to restore the data from a snapshot virtual disk and then to copy the data from the snapshot virtual disk to the original source virtual disk Copying data from a thin virtual disk to a standard virtual disk residing in the same st...

Page 166: ...irtual disk for the copy In an online virtual disk copy the relationship is between a snapshot virtual disk and a target virtual disk The virtual disk for which the point in time image is created the source virtual disk must be a standard virtual or thin disk in the storage array A snapshot virtual disk and a snapshot repository virtual disk are created during the online copy operation The snapsho...

Page 167: ...he storage array While a virtual disk copy has a status of In Progress Pending or Failed the source virtual disk is available for read I O activity only After the virtual disk copy is complete read and write I O activity to the source virtual disk are permitted A virtual disk can be selected as a target virtual disk for only one virtual disk copy at a time A virtual disk copy for any virtual disk ...

Page 168: ... On Target Virtual Disk To set read write permissions on the target virtual disk 1 In the AMW click Storage Copy Services 2 Select Copy Services Virtual Disk Copy Manage Copies The Copy Manager window is displayed 3 Select one or more copy pairs in the table 4 Perform one of these actions To enable Read only permission select Change Target Virtual Disk Permissions Enable Read Only NOTE Write reque...

Page 169: ... Log and a Needs Attention icon is displayed in the AMW While a virtual disk copy has this status the host has read only access to the source virtual disk Read requests from and write requests to the target virtual disk do not take place until the failure is corrected by using the Recovery Guru Preferred RAID Controller Module Ownership During a virtual disk copy the same RAID controller module mu...

Page 170: ...rget virtual disk is disabled after the virtual disk copy has completed to prevent error messages from appearing CAUTION Possible loss of data access A virtual disk copy overwrites data on the target virtual disk CAUTION If you decide not to preserve the data on the target virtual disk after the virtual disk copy has completed disable the Read Only attribute for the target virtual disk See Virtual...

Page 171: ... selected copy pair You can change the copy priority for a copy pair at any of these times Before the virtual disk copy begins While the virtual disk copy has a status of In Progress When you re create a virtual disk copy To set copy priority 1 In the AMW select the Storage Copy Services tab and select Copy Services Virtual Disk Copy Manage Copies The Copy Manager window is displayed 2 In the tabl...

Page 172: ...ng Windows Internet Explorer to make sure all I O activity has stopped NOTE Removing the drive letter of the associated virtual disk s in Windows or unmounting the virtual drive in Linux helps to guarantee a stable copy of the drive for the virtual disk copy Before creating a new virtual disk copy for an existing copy pair both the host server and the associated virtual disk you are recopying have...

Page 173: ...dow is displayed 6 Set the copy priority There are five copy priority rates available lowest low medium high and highest If the copy priority is set at the lowest rate I O activity is prioritized and the virtual disk copy takes longer If the copy priority is set to the highest priority rate the virtual disk copy is prioritized but I O activity for the storage array might be affected Removing Copy ...

Page 174: ...3 Select Copy Remove Copy Pairs The Remove Copy Pairs dialog is displayed 4 Click Yes 174 ...

Page 175: ...thed LU and automatically configures a new multipath node Provides device name persistency for DM devices under dev mapper Using DM Multipathing Devices NOTE Using or modifying any nodes other than the multipathing device nodes can result in array or file system problems including loss of communication with the array and corruption of the file system Avoid accessing any device other than the multi...

Page 176: ... Added Virtual Disks 2 Display the multipath device topology See Display The Multipath Device Topology Using The Multipath Command 3 Create a partition on a multipath device node See Create A New fdisk Partition On A Multipath Device Node 4 Add a partition to DM See Add A New Partition To Device Mapper 5 Create a file system on a DM partition See Create A File System On A Device Mapper Partition 6...

Page 177: ...tput mpathb 360080e500017b2f80000c6ca4a1d4ab8 dm 21 DELL MD3xxxx size 1 0G features 3 queue_if_no_path pg_init_retries 50 hwhandler 1 rdac rw _ round robin 0 prio 6 active _ 4 0 0 22 sdx 65 112 active ready _ round robin 0 prio 1 enabled _ 6 0 0 22 sdcl 69 144 active ghost where mpathb is the name of the virtual device created by device mapper It is located in the dev mapper directory DELL is the ...

Page 178: ...ition number NOTE After creating a partition on a device capable of multipathing all I O operations including file system creation raw I O and file system I O must be done through the partition node and not through the multipathing device nodes Create A File System On A Device Mapper Partition Use the standard mkfs command to create the file system on the newly created Device Mapper partition For ...

Page 179: ...ce nodes and partition nodes created using the directions provided above must be mounted or in any way accessed by the host system or its users Table 7 Useful Device Mapper Commands Command Description multipath h Prints usage information multipath ll Displays the current multipath topology using all available information sysfs the device mapper path checkers and so on multipath Re aggregates mult...

Page 180: ...rading from a previous version of SLES uninstall and then reinstall the latest scsi_dh_rdac module on the updated SLES installation Then update the kernel and install the MD Storage Manager from the DVD Troubleshooting Question Answer How can I check if multipathd is running Run the following command etc init d multipathd status Why does the multipath ll command output not show any devices First v...

Page 181: ...on owning RAID controller This indicates that either the storage array has lost redundant connections or that some of the data paths to the virtual disk or disk group are not usable MD Storage Manager launches the Recovery Guru Virtual Disk Not on Preferred Path if the condition still exists after the default alert five minute delay time has expired For more information see Recovery Guru Native AL...

Page 182: ...ID in Manually Adding SATP Rule In ESX 4 1 Update 1 And Update 2 2 Reboot your ESX based host server Verifying ALUA On VMware ESX ESXi To verify that the SATP claim rule you set is added in VMware ESX ESXi Run the following command for ESX 4 1 all versions esxcli nmp satp listrules s VMW_SATP_LSI Verify that the claim rule for the VID PID Dell array_PID shows Claim Options with the tpgs_off flag s...

Page 183: ...VMware ESX ESXi and Verifying If Host Server Is Using ALUA For MD Storage Array To set a round robin load balancing policy on your ESX ESXi based host server 1 Do one of the following For ESX 4 x run the following command esxcli nmp satp setdefaultpsp psp VMW_PSP_RR satp VMW_SATP_ALUA VMW_SATP_LSI For ESX ESXi 5 x run the following command esxcli storage nmp satp set default psp VMW_PSP_RR satp VM...

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Page 185: ...sks to create a consistent data set across local and remote storage arrays Point in time images on the primary virtual disk and the secondary virtual disk can be resynchronized in a batch approach that increases replication throughput When data synchronization completes the system uses the point in time images on the secondary virtual disk to ensure that the data is maintained in a consistent stat...

Page 186: ... to local virtual disk Alternately Remote Replication Legacy only requires a single repository virtual disk Data protocol supported Standard Remote Replication is supported on both iSCSI and Fibre Channel storage arrays Remote Replication Legacy is supported only on Fibre Channel storage arrays NOTE Both remote and local storage arrays must be of the same data protocol replication between Fibre Ch...

Page 187: ...tablishes an iSCSI connection is used for all subsequent communication with that remote storage array If that connection subsequently fails a new session is attempted using any available ports Restrictions On Using Remote Replication RAID level caching parameters and segment size can differ between replicated virtual disks The secondary virtual disk must be at least as large as the primary virtual...

Page 188: ...Legacy feature must reside Select one of the following Free capacity on existing disk pool or disk group If this option is selected a corresponding disk pool or disk group must be selected Unconfigured capacity on a new disk pool or disk group If this option is selected choose either Disk Pool or Disk Group Click Next The Create Disk Pool wizard or the Create Disk Group wizard is displayed 6 Click...

Page 189: ... side of the Remote Replication group At the virtual disk level all virtual disks added to the Remote Replication group on the local storage array serve as the primary role in the Remote Replication configuration Virtual disks added to the group on the remote storage array serve the secondary role Because applications may use more than one virtual disk Remote Replication groups must be replicated ...

Page 190: ...e I O level all write operations are performed first to the primary virtual disk and then to the secondary virtual disk Guidelines for Choosing Virtual Disks in a Replicated Pair The first step of creating a replicated pair begins by adding a virtual disk to the Remote Replication group on the local storage array This virtual disk then becomes the primary virtual disk in the remote replicated pair...

Page 191: ...properties for the replication repository Then click Finish NOTE The replication repository is normally created automatically during virtual disk pair creation Manual repository creation is recommended only for advanced storage administrators who understand physical disk redundancy and optimal physical disk configurations The Automatic method is recommended 6 Click OK when you see a message that t...

Page 192: ...on both storage arrays the next data synchronization initiated by the primary virtual disk to the secondary virtual disk is paused The Logical view in the AMW may also show an unresponsive secondary virtual disk Removing the replication relationship on the local storage array must correct the problem 1 In the AMW of the local storage array select the Storage Copy Services tab 2 Select the Remote R...

Page 193: ... type of remote replication up to 16 replicated virtual disk pairs can be created on a storage array A replicated virtual disk pair is created from two standard virtual disks both of which are logical data storage structures created on a storage array A standard virtual disk can only be a member of one replicated pair A pair consists of a primary virtual disk at a local storage array and a seconda...

Page 194: ...sk groups on the storage array The RAID controller module stores replication information on these virtual disks including information about incomplete remote writes that can be used to recover from RAID controller module resets and accidental storage array shutdown Other information about replication repository virtual disks include Specifying that replication repository virtual disks be created f...

Page 195: ...ting the replicated virtual disk pair Using Remote Replication Legacy With Other Features Remote replication can be used with other disk utility features such as Storage Partitioning Snapshot Virtual Disk Premium Feature Virtual Disk Copy Premium Feature Virtual Disk Expansion VDE Snapshot Virtual Disk and Virtual Disk Copy are premium features that must be enabled and activated on the primary sto...

Page 196: ...pansion except normal disk I O NOTE To perform a VDE operation the remote replication must be in Optimal status The properties pane in the logical view displays the status of a virtual disk Required Switch Zoning Configurations Due to potential restrictions at the host level remote replication configurations must contain Fibre Channel switches Fibre Channel switches must be zoned so that a single ...

Page 197: ...hat of the primary virtual disk The capacity of the secondary virtual disk after creation and formatting must be equal to or greater than the capacity of the primary virtual disk The storage arrays containing the virtual disks you want to replicate are connected to each other through a Fibre Channel switch fabric and are accessible from a single management station If either the primary or secondar...

Page 198: ... Activate Remote Replication message is displayed 9 Click OK The Remote Replication premium feature is now active The object tree displays the new disk group and the two replication repository virtual disks Activating And Creating Replication Repository Virtual Disks From An Existing Disk Group Using this method for creating the replication repository virtual disks free capacity in an existing dis...

Page 199: ...ion Legacy wizard is displayed Go to Setting The Write Mode Setting The Write Mode The secondary host ports on the storage arrays are reserved for data synchronization between the primary virtual disk and the secondary virtual disk in a replicated virtual disk pair You can set remote replication to write either synchronously or asynchronously In the synchronous mode the RAID controller module on t...

Page 200: ...s displayed Go to Completing The Remote Replication Completing The Remote Replication Legacy CAUTION Creating a replicated virtual disk pair starts a process between the primary and secondary virtual disks that overwrites ALL existing data on the secondary virtual disk and set the disk to read only access If you have existing data on your secondary virtual disk 1 stop all I O to the disk 2 back up...

Page 201: ...h driver is installed on the host If you change the RAID controller module ownership preferred path while an application is using one of the virtual disks I O activity is disrupted and I O errors may occur Viewing Information About A Remote Replication Legacy Or Replication Repository Legacy Virtual Disk In MD Storage Manager the Storage Array Profile and the Properties pane display information ab...

Page 202: ...e local storage array select the Storage Copy Services tab 2 Right click the secondary virtual disk of the remote replication 3 Select View Associated Logical Elements The View Associated Logical Elements pop up is displayed displaying these logical elements Primary and secondary virtual disks and their locations Replication repository virtual disks and their locations Viewing The Physical Compone...

Page 203: ...te Mode and Consistency Group Membership 1 In the AMW the storage array containing the primary virtual disk select the Storage Copy Services tab 2 In the object tree right click the primary virtual disk of the replicated pair 3 Select Change Write Mode The Change Write Mode dialog is displayed The Replicated pairs table reflects all replicated pairs in both the local and remote storage arrays 4 Se...

Page 204: ...econdary virtual disk In a normal remote replication these events occur The primary virtual disk receives a write request from a host The RAID controller module owner on the storage array logs information about the write operation to a replication repository virtual disk in the storage array The RAID controller module owner writes the data to the primary virtual disk The RAID controller module own...

Page 205: ...group Changing the RAID level of a disk group To change the synchronization priority and method for an existing remote replication 1 In the AMW of the storage array containing the primary virtual disk of the replicated pair right click the Storage Copy Services tab 2 Select Change Synchronization Settings The Change Synchronization Settings dialog is displayed 3 In the Replicated pairs table selec...

Page 206: ...nication is restored NOTE When choosing automatic resynchronization a possible loss of data can occur if a resynchronization is interrupted in progress Since another resynchronization begins automatically after communication is restored between the primary virtual disk and the remote virtual disk data integrity could be affected With automatic resynchronization set you cannot add a secondary virtu...

Page 207: ...ary dialog is displayed Clicking Yes reverses the roles of the primary and secondary virtual disks If you are demoting the primary virtual disk to the role of secondary virtual disk select Change Role to Secondary The Change to Secondary dialog is displayed Clicking Yes reverses the roles of the primary and secondary virtual disks Suspending A Remote Replication Legacy 1 In the AMW of the storage ...

Page 208: ...tion resumes data is automatically written to the secondary virtual disk Only the regions of the primary virtual disk that changed since the replicated pair was suspended are written to the secondary virtual disk CAUTION Possible loss of data access When you resume a remote virtual disk replication involving a primary or secondary virtual disk that is a member of a write consistency group any othe...

Page 209: ... available for creation of new virtual disks The secondary virtual disk becomes a regular standard virtual disk and is can accept both reads and writes Deleting A Secondary Virtual Disk CAUTION Deleting a secondary virtual disk results in the permanent loss of the data on the secondary virtual disk NOTE Depending on which premium features are enabled on the storage array deleting a secondary virtu...

Page 210: ...y returns both the primary virtual disk and the secondary virtual disk to regular standard virtual disks After the removal is complete normal I O operations continue on the former primary virtual disk the former secondary virtual disk also becomes available for normal I O operations Both virtual disks become read write enabled Unless one of disks has been deleted a replication relationship between...

Page 211: ... feature is deactivated and the two replication repository virtual disks are deleted from the storage array Disabling The Remote Replication Legacy Premium Feature Before disabling the Remote Replication premium feature all remote virtual disk replications must have been removed on the storage array See Disabling The Remote Replication Premium Feature NOTE To re enable the Remote Replication premi...

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Page 213: ... arrays The ability to download both files and activate them later depends on the type of RAID controller module in the storage array NOTE You can use the command line interface to download and activate the firmware to several storage arrays by using a script See the online help topics for more information on the command line interface Downloading Both RAID Controller And NVSRAM Firmware NOTE I O ...

Page 214: ...n select more than one storage array NOTE The Details pane shows the details of only one storage array at a time If you select more than one storage array in the Storage Array pane the details of the storage arrays are not shown in the Details pane 11 Click Firmware in the Download area If you select a storage array that cannot be upgraded the Firmware button is disabled The Download Firmware dial...

Page 215: ...nt storage array configuration are displayed When you select a file in the File selection area applicable attributes if any of the file appear in the NVSRAM File information area The attributes indicate the version of the NVSRAM file 5 Click Transfer NOTE If the file selected is not valid or is not compatible with the current storage array configuration the File Selection Error dialog is displayed...

Page 216: ...ore DACstore and the physical disk firmware enable easier reconfiguration and migration of the physical disks The physical disk firmware performs these functions The physical disk firmware records the location of the physical disk in an expansion enclosure If you take a physical disk out of an expansion enclosure you must insert it back into the same physical disk slot or the physical disk firmwar...

Page 217: ...y require a reboot You can transfer a downloadable firmware file to the expansion enclosure EMM in the expansion enclosures attached to the storage array CAUTION Risk of possible loss of data or risk of damage to the storage array Downloading the expansion enclosure EMM firmware incorrectly could result in loss of data or damage to the storage array Perform downloads only under the guidance of you...

Page 218: ...l disk components to detect faults indicating the potential for physical disk failure SMART uses this information to report whether failure is imminent so that a physical disk can be replaced before failure occurs The RAID controller monitors all attached drives and notifies users when a predicted failure is reported by a physical disk Media Errors And Unreadable Sectors If the RAID controller det...

Page 219: ...tative for analysis Your Technical Support representative can detect any firmware mismatches Viewing The Firmware Inventory 1 Perform one of these actions based on whether you want to view the firmware information for one storage array or all storage arrays Single storage array From the AMW select Summary View Firmware Inventory All storage arrays From the EMW select Tools Firmware Inventory 2 To ...

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Page 221: ...mes are too long if the source virtual disk name exceeds 16 characters VSS attaches to the service and uses it to coordinate the creation of snapshot virtual disks on the storage array VSS initiated snapshot virtual disks can be triggered through backup tools known as requestors The VSS Provider Configuration Tool makes available the following configuration options Snapshot Repository Virtual Disk...

Page 222: ...k names The resulting snapshot and repository names are too long if the source virtual disk name exceeds 16 characters NOTE A volume is another term for virtual disk For more information on VDS and VSS see microsoft com 222 ...

Page 223: ...ing determine the condition that is causing this status before attempting any management actions You can determine the condition causing the Needs Attention status or the Fixing status by selecting the storage array and launching its Array Management Window AMW After the AMW opens select the Hardware tab to see the components in the storage array A component that has a problem is indicated by a st...

Page 224: ...ve In the EMW Status Bar and the AMW Status Bar the icons also have these behaviors Hold the mouse over the icon in the EMW Status Bar and the AMW Status Bar to show a tooltip with a brief description of the status The icons for the Needs Attention status and Unresponsive status are displayed in the EMW Status Bar and the AMW Status Bar if there are discovered storage arrays with either condition ...

Page 225: ...anager continues to check for any status change events Adding a Storage Array Error Displayed only when an error occurs In the Tree view icons can appear in a string to convey more information For example the following string means that the storage array is optimal an alert is set for the storage array and firmware is available for download NOTE The MD Storage Manager may take a few minutes to upd...

Page 226: ...is disabled 3 From the Trace buffers list select the relevant option 4 To move the buffer select Move current trace buffer to the flushed buffer after retrieval NOTE Move current trace buffer to the flushed buffer after retrieval is not available if the Flushed buffer option is selected in step 3 5 Enter a name for the physical disk data filename in Specify filename or click Browse to navigate to ...

Page 227: ...age arrays table is updated with the schedule changes you made 5 Select where you want to save the collected support data files To use the default location select Use default location To choose another location select Use alternate location then click the Browse button to select the desired directory NOTE The filename cannot be modified 6 Click OK Suspending Or Resuming A Support Data Collection S...

Page 228: ...ce or reduced ability to recover from additional errors Access to data has not been lost but the must be corrected to prevent possible loss of data access in the event of an additional error Informational events Events occurring on the storage array that do not impact normal operations This event is reporting a change in configuration or other information useful in evaluating the performance of th...

Page 229: ...ormation to a text file You may want to use the storage array profile as an aid during recovery or as an overview of the current configuration of the storage array Create a new copy of the storage array profile if your configuration changes 1 To open the storage array profile in the AMW perform one of the following actions Select Monitor Reports Storage Array Profile Select the Summary tab and cli...

Page 230: ...cal Components Alternatively if the selected node is a virtual disk right click the node to open a pop up menu and select View Associated Physical Components If the selected node is a disk group unconfigured capacity or free capacity right click the node to open a pop up menu and select View Associated Physical Components The View Associated Physical Components dialog is displayed with blue dots n...

Page 231: ...D controller modules If this is the case make sure that the connections are secure and restart the Host Context Agent software 19 If you have recently replaced or added the RAID controller module restart the Host Context Agent software so that the new RAID controller module is recognized 20 If the problem still exists make the appropriate host modifications check with other administrators to see i...

Page 232: ...ing to the type of expansion enclosure that you have If you have an expansion enclosure with a white LED the Blink Expansion Enclosure operation causes the white LED on the expansion enclosure to come on The LED does not blink If you have any other types of expansion enclosures this operation causes the appropriate LED on all of the physical disks in the expansion enclosure to blink To locate the ...

Page 233: ...cess and any remaining tests do not complete Any test information that has been generated to that point is saved to the state capture file NOTE See the online help topics for more information on troubleshooting and recovering from failures SMrepassist Utility SMrepassist replication assistance is a host based utility for Windows platforms This utility is installed with MD Storage Manager Use this ...

Page 234: ...eck the results a Make sure that the Host Context Agent software is installed and running If you started the host before the host was connected to the controllers in the storage array the Host Context Agent software is not able to find the controllers If so make sure that the connections are tight and restart the Host Context Agent software b Make sure that the network can access the host by using...

Page 235: ...When the maximum number of TCP IP connections have been made the controller stops responding This problem corrects itself because after some TCP IP connections are complete the controller becomes responsive to other connection tries 8 If the storage array is still unresponsive problems may exist with the controllers If these problems persist see Getting Help Starting Or Restarting The Host Context...

Page 236: ...ce dev sdb dev sg11 Skipping Checking device n a dev sg3 Activating Checking device n a dev sg4 Activating Checking device n a dev sg5 Activating Checking device n a dev sg6 Activating Checking device n a dev sg7 Activating Checking device n a dev sg8 Activating Checking device n a dev sg9 Activating 236 ...

Page 237: ...nd service options Availability varies by country and product and some services may not be available in your area To contact Dell for sales technical support or customer service issues 1 Visit support dell com 2 Select your support category 3 If you are not a U S customer select your country code at the bottom of the support dell com page or select All to see more choices 4 Select the appropriate ...

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