clivus multrum NL2, Owner'S Manual

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15
HOW COMPOSTING WORKS
Composting involves the biological decomposition of organic matter using natural occurring
organisms such as bacteria, fungi and other micro-organisms into compost which is a humus-
like product.
The composting process can be aerobic or anaerobic however aerobic decomposition is
desirable because it is efficient and does not produce unpleasant odours. Composting in a
Clivus is effectively aerobic however there may be anaerobic decomposition within small
pockets within the compost pile.
The composting process involves four main components: microbes ( including bacteria, fungi
and protozoa), organic matter, water and oxygen. The carbon compounds present in the
organic materials are used by the microorganisms as an energy source and transformed into
carbon dioxide. As the carbon dioxide and water vapor is released into the environment the
compost pile becomes smaller.
Nitrogen is also a crucial element in the composting process which is required by the
microbes for cell growth. For optimal decomposition the ratio of carbon to Nitrogen should be
around 30:1. Urine and human feces are relatively high in Nitrogen and therefore additional
carbon is required for optimal composting.
GENERAL
In optimum conditions, the compost material has the consistency of potting mix with
approximately 35% to 65% moisture content.
When below 35%, there is not sufficient moisture for the microorganisms to function
and when above 70%, saturated conditions begin to develop and a lack of oxygen supply
becomes a limiting factor. Under these condition the process becomes anaerobic and odorous
gases such as methane and hydrogen sulphide are released.
MOISTURE
The optimum temperature range for most compost toilets is 18°C to 45°C.
Lower temperatures result in a mouldering process that takes a significantly longer period of
time to compost. Additional chambers may be required in this instance.
TEMPERATURE
The aerobic organisms responsible for the composting process require oxygen to survive.
Without oxygen, they will die and be replaced by anaerobic micro organisms that will slow the
composting process and generate odour. For compost toilets to work effectively, the material
being composted should be unsaturated, and have a loose texture to allow air to circulate
freely within the pile.
AERATION