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Appendix A. What is True Emulation?
True Emulation represents a significant breakthrough in sharing USB devices between two or more computer systems. Until this
point, the problem has been how to create a USB switch that provides all of the following:
• Quick, transparent and reliable switching,
• Accurate representation of the connected USB keyboard and mouse,
• Switching control via the connected USB keyboard and/or mouse.
The difficulty in achieving all of the above requirements has been due to the complexity of the USB standard. This has led to vari-
ous problems that have spawned a number of possible solutions.
A.1 Enumerated USB switching
The earliest attempts to switch USB devices applied a relatively ‘hands off’ approach. Enumerated USB switches are the electronic
equivalent of those old mechanical KVM switches with a large knob on the front.
Enumerated switches are so called because a connected USB device will be required to perform a full initiation (a process called
Enumeration
) every time it is switched; just as if you had pulled out the plug and then reconnected it.
Enumerated switches simply pass all signals straight through between the USB device and the computer, they do not attempt to
interpret any data. For most devices, this offers an advantage because the switch just leaves them to get on with their jobs with-
out any interference or any hit on performance. However, it means that a USB keyboard or mouse cannot be used to control the
switching process - a quick and simple control method expected by most users. Reliability of switching is also an issue that has
plagued enumerated switches, especially when used with certain USB devices and particular operating systems.
A.2 Emulated USB switching
The issues with interpreting the complex USB data streams and recreating (or
Emulating
) the identity of attached USB devices
were eventually solved, leading to the creation of the Emulated USB switch.
A neat side effect of the technique used is that each computer can be fooled into thinking that the USB device is permanently
connected to it, even when the device is switched to another computer. This means that the enumeration process for the USB
device takes place only once, during the first power on. After that, a computer merely sees a dormant version of the USB device
whenever the device is actually connected to a different computer.
However, it remains a complex task to dynamically assume the identity of a USB device, distribute it among the connected com-
puters and maintain all of the necessary signals, states and processes. Therefore, manufacturers have previously relied upon a
fixed keyboard and mouse profile that is declared to each computer, regardless of the actual connected devices. This precluded
the use of any special keyboard or mouse features over and above the standard layouts.
A.3 True Emulation
Mindful of the limitations associated with the previous USB switching techniques, we set about creating a more effective and ele-
gant solution. After a great deal of research and development,
True Emulation
is the result.
True Emulation allows the complete identity of the keyboard and mouse to be copied and then presented to all of the connected
computers. This means that any keyboard offering specialist function keys or any mouse with extra features will be fully supported
at each computer. As with the previous emulation method, the unselected computers will continue to see the identities of the
keyboard and mouse, which means that no enumeration is necessary when their link becomes active once again. This not only
helps to speed up the rate of reconnection, but also raises the reliability of switching because USB links are at their most vulnera-
ble during the enumeration process.
True Emulation relies upon a high speed circuit, called an Emulation Engine, to fully emulate the USB device identities and also
interpret keyboard and mouse data streams. The result is full support for KVM switching control via hotkey presses or the third
button/scroll wheel of a mouse.
