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Agilent Technologies E4445A PSA Series User Manual Download Page 53

Chapter 4

Source Key and Programming Commands

Amplitude Step

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4.3

Amplitude Step

Allows you to specify the step size of the external source power level

Mode:

Spectrum Analysis

Key Path:

Source

Remote Command:

:SOURce:EXTernal:POWer:STEP[:INCRement] <rel_ampl>

:SOURce:EXTernal:POWer:STEP[:INCRement]?

:SOURce:EXTernal:POWer:STEP:AUTO ON|OFF|1|0

:SOURce:EXTernal:POWer:STEP:AUTO?

Factory Preset:

10.00 dB, ON

State Saved:

Saved in instrument state.

SCPI Resolution Max:

1.00 dB

Example:

SOUR:EXT:POW:STEP 1 dB

SOUR:EXT:POW:STEP:AUTO OFF

Summary of Contents for E4445A PSA Series

Page 1: ...s manual provides documentation for the following instruments with Option 215 Installed PSA Series E4440A 3 Hz 26 5 GHz E4443A 3 Hz 6 7 GHz E4445A 3 Hz 13 2 GHz E4446A 3 Hz 44 0 GHz E4448A 3 Hz 50 0 GHz Manufacturing Part Number E4440 90268 Printed in USA February 2005 Copyright 2005 Agilent Technologies Inc ...

Page 2: ...s shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing performance or use of this material Where to Find the Latest Information Documentation is updated periodically For the latest information about Agilent PSA Spectrum Analyzers including firmware upgrades software upgrades application information and product information plea...

Page 3: ...iewing a License Key 19 Using the Delete License Key 19 Performing a Security Erase on PSA Series Spectrum Analyzers 20 Ordering Optional Measurement Personalities 20 Setting Up Your Signal Analyzer and Signal Source 21 Connecting Your PSA Analyzer to a PSG C PSG D or ESG C Signal Source 22 Connecting the Cables 22 Configuring the PSA Series Analyzer 22 Service and Calibration 24 Documentation for...

Page 4: ...armonic Sweep 56 Power Sweep 57 Normalize 58 Store Reference Trace 58 Normalize 59 Normalized Reference Level 60 Normalized Reference Position 60 Reference Trace Display 61 Open Short CAL 62 Continue Calibration 63 Cancel Calibration 63 Store Calibration 64 5 Hints and Tips FAQs and Helpful Hints and Tips 66 Examples Exceeding the Source Frequency Range or the Spectrum Analyzer Frequency Band 68 E...

Page 5: ...5 Getting Started 1 Getting Started ...

Page 6: ... to control supported external signal generators using the spectrum analyzer For details on suitable signal generators see Hardware and Firmware Requirements on page 7 Using the signal source as a tracking generator lets you make stimulus response measurements VSWR Return Loss measurements can be made with the addition of an external coupler or bridge ...

Page 7: ...nalyzer Model Number Upper Frequency Limit Firmware Front End Drivera b a Press System More 1 of 3 Show Hdwr to show the part num ber of your front end driver board b If you do not have the required hardware you can order Option 426 to upgrade the hardware LO Synthesizer Boardc b c Press System More 1 of 3 Show Hdwr to show the part num ber of your LO synthesizer board E4440A 26 5 GHz A 07 09 or l...

Page 8: ...3 72 or later of the firmware The PSG C signal generator requires version C 03 76 or later of the firmware The PSA D signal generator requires version C 04 03 or later of the firmware Either one LAN crossover cable or two LAN cables 3 BNC cables RF cables to connect the signal generator and the PSA to the device under test DUT When using a PSG signal generator you will need a 50 Ω feedthrough or a...

Page 9: ...uments to determine this In addition the digital nature of the signal sources and the PSA Series spectrum analyzers means that signals and traces are read and recorded as a series of data points Each data point on a trace or a measurement corresponds to a frequency bucket which is a finite frequency range into which data falls For example assume we have a ten point1 trace over a frequency range of...

Page 10: ...limit of the signal source This spare bucket therefore catches data from 3 9001 GHz to 4 0000 GHz The previous bucket 3 8001 GHz to 3 9000 GHz represents the last bucket actually used in the sweep so in this example the maximum frequency that your 4 0 GHz signal source could sweep would actually be 3 9 GHz In other words you can never quite reach the full frequency range of your signal source How ...

Page 11: ...r that you want to sweep from 2 85 GHz to 3 0 GHz using 601 points the signal source itself will actually sweep from 2 84975 GHz to 3 00025 GHz Bucket Width in Hz PSA Frequency Span Hz PSA number of Sweep Points 1 Bucket Width in Hz 150 000 000 601 1 250 000 Hz PSA Start Frequency Sweep Offset Bucket Width Harmonic Number 2 850 000 000 0 00 250 000 1 2 849 750 000 2 84975 GHz PSA Stop Frequency Sw...

Page 12: ...y using the following equation Finally we can work out the external source s stop frequency using the following equation So if you specify on your PSA Series analyzer that you want to sweep from 2 85 GHz to 3 00 GHz using 601 points and a 1 0 GHz sweep offset the signal source itself will actually sweep from 3 84975 GHz to 4 00025 GHz Bucket Width in Hz PSA Frequency Span Hz PSA number of Sweep Po...

Page 13: ...on Finally we can work out the external source s stop frequency using the following equation So if you specify on your PSA Series analyzer that you want to perform a second harmonic sweep from 2 85 GHz to 3 00 GHz using 601 points and a 1 0 GHz sweep offset the signal source itself will actually sweep from 1 924875 GHz to 2 000125 GHz Bucket Width in Hz PSA Frequency Span Hz PSA number of Sweep Po...

Page 14: ...pdated version of firmware and your licensed options using a LAN connection and your PC Instructions for loading future firmware updates are available from the following internet location http www agilent com find psa Installing Optional Measurement Personalities When you install a measurement personality you need to follow a three step process 1 Determine whether your memory capacity is sufficien...

Page 15: ...y to spare for data and states If you have less than 64 MBytes of installed memory depending how much data you save you are unlikely to have any memory issues until you want to install your 4th option If this is the case you can either swap the applications in out of memory as needed or you can upgrade your hardware to 64 MBytes of memory To see the size of your installed memory for PSA Series Spe...

Page 16: ...f you employ excessive free memory by saving files of states and or data your mode switching time can increase to more than a minute You can manually estimate your total memory requirements by adding up the memory allocations described in the following steps The compare the desired total with the available memory that you identified in the previous section 1 Program memory Select option requiremen...

Page 17: ...ytes PSA only Options Phase noise measurement personality 226 2 93 Mbytesc Noise Figure measurement personality 219 4 76 Mbytesc Basic measurement personality with digital demod hardware B7J Cannot be deleted HP8566B HP8568B Programming Code Compatibility d 266 1 05 Mbytesc TD SCDMA 211 5 14 Mbytesc Flexible Digital Modulation Analysis 241 1 93 Mbytesb External Source Control 215 0 78 Mbytesc E440...

Page 18: ... you may not be able to fit all of the available measurement personalities in instrument memory at the same time You may need to delete an existing option file from memory and load the one you want Use the automatic update program that is provided with the files Refer to the table showing Measurement Personality Options and Memory Required on page 17 The approximate memory requirements for the opt...

Page 19: ...System Personality key displays the personalities loaded version information and whether the personality is licensed NOTE You will want to keep a copy of your license key in a secure location Press System More then Licensing Show License and print out a copy of the display that shows the license numbers If you should lose your license key call your nearest Agilent Technologies service or sales off...

Page 20: ...tructions for security erase procedures and the PSA Option HS7 firmware upgrade are available for downloading CAUTION Security Erase procedures can leave your instrument in an inoperative state Be sure to follow the instructions carefully Ordering Optional Measurement Personalities When you order a personality option you will receive an entitlement certificate Then you will need to go to the web s...

Page 21: ...und in Hardware and Firmware Requirements on page 7 An Agilent signal generator that supports LAN connectivity Examples of signal generators are the ESG C the PSG C and the PSG D but not the PSG A The PSG A signal source is not supported Either one LAN crossover cable to connect the two instruments directly if you are not connecting to a local area network or you need two LAN cables to connect bot...

Page 22: ...nnector or b connecting a tee to the PSA TRIGGER IN connector Then connecting one output of the tee to a 50 Ω load and using the BNC cable to connect the other tee output to the PSG or ESG C TRIGGER OUT connector 2 Using the second BNC cable connect SWEEP OUT on the rear of the signal source to EXT TRIGGER INPUT on the front panel of the PSA Series analyzer 3 Using the third BNC cable connect the ...

Page 23: ... address does not match the IP address of your ESG C or PSA signal source from Step 2 above then you need to change it using Steps 6 and 7 6 Press the IP Address softkey so that the key label is highlighted 7 Enter the IP Address of the ESG C or PSG signal source using the numeric keypad and press the Enter key NOTE If you are using a cross over LAN cable to connect the instruments directly togeth...

Page 24: ...arted Service and Calibration Getting Started Service and Calibration When your analyzer is returned from an Agilent Technologies service center you may have to reinstall Option 215 Refer to Installing Option 215 on page 14 ...

Page 25: ...about this instrument including software upgrades application information and product information please visit the URLs listed below Updating the Firmware and Software Updated versions of the Agilent Spectrum Analyzers firmware and software will be available via several sources Information on the latest firmware and software revision can be accessed through the following URLs NOTE If you have rece...

Page 26: ...26 Chapter1 Getting Started Documentation for Option 215 Getting Started ...

Page 27: ...27 Measurement Concepts 2 Measurement Concepts ...

Page 28: ...ed to the input frequency of the host spectrum analyzer The two frequencies are made identical to enable stimulus response testing similar to a scalar network analyzer The frequency selectivity of the spectrum analyzer can measure a non linear device s output at the fundamental frequency because the spectrum analyzer will not respond to harmonic or other spurious energy created by the device under...

Page 29: ...e output frequency must be made to precisely track the analyzer input frequency for good narrow band operation A narrow band system has a wide dynamic measurement range There are four basic steps in performing a stimulus response measurement whether it is a transmission or a reflection measurement 1 Connect the spectrum analyzer and tracking source together including making the trigger sweep refer...

Page 30: ...erify that it is not sweeping too fast by slowing the sweep and noting whether there is a frequency or amplitude shift of the trace If there is a change continue to slow the sweep until there is no longer a frequency or amplitude shift Tracking Error Many built in tracking generators require tracking adjustment by the user to account for circuit drifts The circuits in Option 215 are all fully freq...

Page 31: ...ions can be removed by re doing the calibration So doing a calibration before making the measurement improves the measurement accuracy Any time you change the frequency power settings or cables within a measurement you must repeat the calibration routine Open Short Calibration An open short calibration is used for reflection measurements and only corrects for system tracking errors source match an...

Page 32: ...eristics NOTE Any two waves traveling in opposite directions cause a standing wave to be formed on the transmission line Standing wave ratio SWR is defined as the standing wave maximum voltage over its minimum voltage Normalization Concepts Normalization can be used on a transmission measurement to correct for frequency response errors The frequency response of the test system must be measured and...

Page 33: ...Chapter 2 33 Measurement Concepts Calibration Normalization Measurement Concepts level have changed to dB indicating that this is now a relative measurement ...

Page 34: ...eflected Power with a DUT Reflection coefficient is actually a complex quantity Γ But a tracking source spectrum analyzer system only makes scalar measurements ρ stimresp vsd Device Under Test DUT Incident Transmitted Reflected Insertion Loss or Gain 20log Vtransmitted Vincident Reflection Coefficient ρ Vreflected Vincident Return Loss 20 logρ ...

Page 35: ...eans that all of the transmitted incident power is absorbed at the load and no power is reflected back This assumes a perfect impedance match Similarly an infinite VSWR is for a perfect open or short where all of the incident power is reflected back Z L 0 Load Z L Device Impedance Incident Reflected Z O Transmission Line Impedence Z L Z O RL ρ SWR dB 0 dB 1 1 0 ranges vsd VSWR Vmax Vmin 1 ρ 1 ρ 1 ...

Page 36: ...0 1 25 29 0 1 07 39 0 1 02 10 0 1 92 14 6 1 46 19 5 1 24 29 5 1 07 39 5 1 02 10 5 1 85 14 8 1 44 20 0 1 22 30 0 1 07 40 0 1 02 11 0 1 78 15 0 1 43 20 5 1 21 30 5 1 06 40 5 1 02 11 2 1 76 15 2 1 42 21 0 1 20 31 0 1 06 41 0 1 02 11 4 1 74 15 4 1 41 21 5 1 18 31 5 1 05 41 5 1 02 11 6 1 71 15 6 1 40 22 0 1 17 32 0 1 05 42 0 1 02 11 8 1 69 15 8 1 39 22 5 1 16 32 5 1 05 42 5 1 02 12 0 1 67 16 0 1 38 23 ...

Page 37: ... Menu Maps This chapter provides a visual representation of the front panel keys and their associated menu keys Refer to Chapter 4 Source Key and Programming Commands on page 45 for descriptions of the key functions ...

Page 38: ...as been used This represents a hardkey that is a raised key on the front panel This represents a softkey on a menu that is a key that is displayed only on the screen A bar on the left of two or more keys indicates that the keys are a set of mutually exclusive choices A dagger to the left of the key indicates that this is an active function A double dagger to the left of the key indicates a functio...

Page 39: ...Chapter 3 39 Menu Maps Menus Menu Maps Menus Source 6RXUFH W 6UF RQILJ W 6RXUFH PSOLWXGH G P 2Q 2II PSWG 6WHS G XWR 0DQ RQILJ 6ZHHS 1RUPDOL H 2II 2SHQ 6KRUW 1RUPDOL H RQILJ 6ZHHS W 6UF RQILJ ...

Page 40: ...40 Chapter3 Menu Maps Menus Menu Maps Config Ext Source 3 GGUHVV W 6UF RQILJ W 6UF RQILJ 6KRZ 6HWXS RQQHFWLRQ QVWUXFWLRQV 6KRZ 6HWXS RQQHFWLRQ QVWUXFWLRQV ...

Page 41: ...Chapter 3 41 Menu Maps Menus Menu Maps Config Sweep A dagger to the left of the key indicates that this is an active function RQILJ 6ZHHS RQILJ 6ZHHS 2IIVHW 2Q 2II DUPRQLF 2Q 2II 3RZHU G 2Q 2II ...

Page 42: ...42 Chapter3 Menu Maps Menus Menu Maps Normalize 1RUPDOL H 1RUPDOL H 6WRUH 5HI 1RUPDOL H 2Q 2II 1RUP 5HI YO G 1RUP 5HI 3RVQ 5HI 7UDFH 7UDFH 9LHZ ODQN ...

Page 43: ...Chapter 3 43 Menu Maps Menus Menu Maps Open Short Cal 2SHQ 6KRUW RQH RQH DQFHO 6KRUW RQWLQXH DQFHO 2SHQ RQWLQXH DQFHO ...

Page 44: ...44 Chapter3 Menu Maps Menus Menu Maps ...

Page 45: ...4 Source Key and Programming Commands External source control functionality available when the currently active mode is Spectrum Analyzer In all other modes the softkeys displayed under the source key will be grayed out and the functionality disabled ...

Page 46: ...al Number Start Frequency Start Frequency Stop Frequency Stop Frequency IP Address IP Address Show Setup Show Setup Spectrum Analyzer Swept Signal Source Trigger Ext Frequency Reference Sw eep LAN sa_ss_connect vsd Trigger Out rear panel Trigger In rear panel Sweep Out rear panel Ext Trigger In front panel Signal Source drives the sweep of each PSA bucket Drives the start of the PSA sweep 10 MHz O...

Page 47: ...t or if the external source or PSA are disconnected from the LAN then the IP address is reset to 0 0 0 0 If you are using a cross over LAN cable to connect the instruments directly together then the IP addresses of both the instruments must start with the same two integers That is if the spectrum analyzer IP address is 156 121 12 122 the source IP address must be 156 121 xxx xxx Once a valid conne...

Page 48: ...sending a IDN to the entered IP address The model number is the second field of the IDN returned value Format of the IDN string is Company Name Model Number Serial Number Firmware Revision Mode Spectrum Analysis Key Path Source Ext Src Config Dependencies and Couplings Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer or a connection has not been established at the specified IP address...

Page 49: ...State Saved No Notes This parameter is not user definable and is provided purely for information It is simply displaying the serial number of the instrument recognized to be at the IP Address you entered Remote Command Notes Front panel information only Mode Spectrum Analysis Key Path Source Ext Src Config Show Setup Remote Command SOURce EXTernal FREQuency STARt State Saved No Dependencies and Co...

Page 50: ... SOURce EXTernal FREQuency STOP State Saved No Dependencies and Couplings The external source stop frequency is changed each time the stop frequency of the PSA changes If the calculated external source stop frequency exceeds the frequency range of the external source Error Message 13227 will be reported and the sweep stopped until you adjust either analyzer start or stop frequency the frequency of...

Page 51: ... setting the state to ON initializes the external source based on the current settings of the Spectrum Analyzer Mode Spectrum Analysis Key Path Source Remote Command SOURce EXTernal POWer LEVel IMMediate AMPLitude ampl SOURce EXTernal POWer LEVel IMMediate AMPLitude OUTPut EXTernal STATe OFF ON 1 0 OUTPut EXTernal STATe Factory Preset 10 00 dBm OFF State Saved Saved in instrument state ...

Page 52: ... control state to ON also sets the following on the PSA Video Bandwidth 50 MHz the PSA video bandwidth is fixed at 50MHz while external source control state is set to ON Detector Type to Sample Trigger Polarity Trigger Source to External Front Gate Polarity to Positive Gate Trigger to External Rear Gate Delay Gate Length Sweep Time Resolution Bandwidth Gate State to ON If the calculated external s...

Page 53: ...ce power level Mode Spectrum Analysis Key Path Source Remote Command SOURce EXTernal POWer STEP INCRement rel_ampl SOURce EXTernal POWer STEP INCRement SOURce EXTernal POWer STEP AUTO ON OFF 1 0 SOURce EXTernal POWer STEP AUTO Factory Preset 10 00 dB ON State Saved Saved in instrument state SCPI Resolution Max 1 00 dB Example SOUR EXT POW STEP 1 dB SOUR EXT POW STEP AUTO OFF ...

Page 54: ... the PSA One application for offset sweep is testing mixer conversion loss See the following graphic Mode Spectrum Analysis Key Path Source Config Sweep Remote Command SOURce EXTernal SWEep OFFSet FREQuency freq SOURce EXTernal SWEep OFFSet FREQuency SOURce EXTernal SWEep OFFSet STATe ON OFF 1 0 SOURce EXTernal SWEep OFFSet STATe Factory Preset 0 00 Hz OFF State Saved Saved in instrument state SCP...

Page 55: ... stop frequency exceeds the frequency range of the external source the sweep is stopped until you adjust the analyzer Start Frequency Stop Frequency Frequency Offset if ON or the harmonic if ON such that the frequency range can be swept by the signal source and analyzer simultaneously Once the frequency range of the external source is valid the sweep will resume The analyzer Start Frequency Freque...

Page 56: ...Couplings Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer or a connection has not been established at the specified IP address The harmonic range is restricted by both the frequency range of the spectrum analyzer and the frequency range of the external source If the calculated external source start or stop frequency exceeds the frequency range of the external source Error Message 132...

Page 57: ...and SOURce EXTernal SWEep POWer SPAN rel_ampl SOURce EXTernal SWEep POWer SPAN SOURce EXTernal POWer MODE FIXed SWEep SOURce EXTernal POWer MODE Factory Preset 0 00 dB FIXed State Saved Saved in instrument state SCPI Resolution Max 1 00 dB Dependencies and Couplings Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer mode or a connection has not been established at you specified IP addre...

Page 58: ...ode is not Spectrum Analyzer or a connection has not been established at the specified IP address A reference trace should be stored prior to turning on trace normalization either through pressing the Store Ref Trace softkey or completing an Open Short calibration The stored reference trace trace 3 is cleared when key is pressed If you wish to re use this calibration data you should save the trace...

Page 59: ...race normalization cannot be turned ON unless external source control is ON that is Amplitude state is set to ON If external source control is turned OFF while trace normalization is ON then trace normalization will be turned OFF If a reference trace has not been stored prior to turning on trace normalization then trace normalization is turned on but an error message is reported Turning on trace n...

Page 60: ...reset 0 00 dB State Saved Saved in instrument state SCPI Resolution Max 0 01 dB Dependencies and Couplings Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer or a connection has not been established at the specified IP address Example DISP WIN TRAC Y NRL 1 8 dB Mode Spectrum Analysis Key Path Source Normalize Remote Command DISPlay WINDow TRACe Y SCALe NRPosition integer DISPlay WINDow ...

Page 61: ...reset Blank State Saved Saved in instrument state Dependencies and Couplings Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer or a connection has not been established at the specified IP address When the reference trace is set to View trace normalization is turned OFF and Trace 3 the reference trace is placed into View mode Remote Command Notes No SCPI Front Panel only ...

Page 62: ...ftkey labeled Cancel The form shows a diagrammatic representation of how to connect the external source to the spectrum analyzer to perform the calibration When you press the Continue softkey the open calibration sweep is taken and stored in memory NOTE You will get an error if you try to start an Open Short Cal using frequency span settings that cross band boundaries See Frequency Bands on page 9...

Page 63: ...ored calibration data will not be overwritten 4 6 1 Continue Calibration 4 6 2 Cancel Calibration Mode Spectrum Analysis Key Path Source Open Short CAL Dependencies and Couplings Parameter is disabled if active mode is not Spectrum Analyzer or a connection has not been established at the specified IP address When the Open Short CAL immediate action key is pressed the Open CAL Form is displayed and...

Page 64: ...nel only Mode Spectrum Analysis Key Path Source Open Short CAL Open CAL Form displayed Continue Short CAL Form displayed Continue Dependencies and Couplings This softkey is only displayed after an Open CAL and a Short CAL have been completed The calibration procedure is completed by pressing this key When you press this key the stored open and short calibration traces are averaged and copied to tr...

Page 65: ...65 Hints and Tips 5 Hints and Tips This chapter includes a list of helpful hints and tips that will help you get the most from Option 215 on your PSA Series analyzer ...

Page 66: ...al adjustments to the preselector while Option 215 is running There are no limitations on making manual adjustments to the preselector when Option 215 External Source Control is operating You can make manual preselector adjustments with Option 215 External Source Control either On or Off I am seeing regularly spaced dropouts glitches in my pre normalized response How can I stop this There are regu...

Page 67: ...t you will never be able to get right to the limit See Further Frequency Limitations on page 9 for a more detailed discussion of this limitation Signal Source IP Address Connection Problem if you are using a LAN cross over cable to connect the spectrum analyzer to the source directly then the IP address of both instruments must start with the same first two integers For example if your analyzer IP...

Page 68: ...top Freq 500 MHz Sweep Points 101 Offset OFF Harmonic OFF This will cause the Freq range of ext src exceeded error Reason The signal source must be able to sweep one bucket s worth of frequency range before the requested PSA start frequency In this case But 5 MHz is not in the range of the signal source Source Start Freq PSA Start Freq Offset Freq PSA Stop Freq PSA Start Freq Sweep Points 1 Harmon...

Page 69: ...e the Freq range of ext src exceeded error Reason The signal source must be able to sweep one bucket s worth of frequency range after the requested PSA start frequency In this case But 44 02 GHz is not in the range of the signal source So the PSA stop frequency should be adjusted enough to ensure that it is at least 1 bucket width less than the source maximum frequency Find the source maximum freq...

Page 70: ...d Source Setting Using any PSA and any source PSA settings Start Freq 2 5 GHz Stop Freq 3 0 GHz Sweep Points 101 Offset 2 8 GHz On Harmonic OFF This will cause the Freq range of ext src exceeded error Reason The signal source cannot sweep from a negative frequency but by specifying a Start Frequency of 2 5 GHz and Offset of 2 8 GHz you are Table 5 1 Frequency Bands in the PSA Series analyzers Band...

Page 71: ...quency Using PSA 13 2 GHz and above and a 6 GHz source for example an E4438C PSA settings Start Freq 10 GHz Stop Freq 12 GHz Sweep Points 101 Offset 5 GHz On Harmonic OFF This will cause the Freq range of ext src exceeded error Reason The signal source is being asked to sweep outside its frequency range In this case Source Start Freq 2 5E 9 2 8E 9 3 0E 9 2 5E 9 101 1 1 0 8E 9 0 8 GHz Source Stop F...

Page 72: ...r Reason The signal source Start Frequency and the Stop Frequency are both negative In this case In this case both the stop and start frequencies are negative so this example looks invalid But in this special case the PSA can change its internal mixing to use a negative mixing harmonic Then the PSA sets the source start frequency to the positive value of the calculated stop frequency It also sets ...

Page 73: ...all Now key 18 Installing and Obtaining a license key 18 installing measurement personalities 14 IP Address 47 IP address problem 67 L LAN connection 21 46 LAN connection setup 22 latest information 25 license key obtaining and installing 18 limitations 9 loading an application personality 14 M measurement accuracy 30 measurement errors 31 measurement example 29 measurement speed 66 measurement ty...

Page 74: ...r 57 sweep speed impact on measurement accuracy 30 SWR 28 T tips compatibility 66 IP address problem 67 overloading 66 preselector adjustments 66 preselector centering does not work 66 signal dropouts 66 signal source frequency range 66 speed 66 speed of measurement 66 trace store reference 58 tracking error impact on measurement accuracy 30 tracking source stimulus response 29 U Uninstall Now 19 ...

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