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non-wheat flours
Other flours such as rye can be used with white and wholemeal
bread flours to make traditional breads like pumpernickel or rye
bread. Adding even a small amount adds a distinctive tang. Do not
use on its own, as it will produce a sticky dough, which will produce
a dense heavy loaf. Other grains such as millet, barley, buckwheat,
cornmeal and oatmeal are low in protein and therefore do not
develop sufficient gluten to produce a traditional loaf.
These flours can be used successfully in small quantities.
Try replacing 10-20% of white bread flour with any of these
alternatives.
salt
A small quantity of salt is essential in bread making for dough
development and flavour. Use fine table salt or sea salt, not coarsely
ground salt which is best kept for sprinkling on top of hand-shaped
rolls, to give a crunchy texture. Low-salt substitutes are best avoided
as most do not contain sodium.
Salt strengthens the gluten structure and makes the dough more
elastic.
Salt inhibits yeast growth to prevent over-rising and stops the
dough collapsing.
Too much salt will prevent the dough rising sufficiently.
sweeteners
Use white or brown sugars, honey, malt extract, golden syrup, maple
syrup, molasses or treacle.
Sugar and liquid sweeteners contribute to the colour of bread,
helping to add a golden finish to the crust.
Sugar attracts moisture, so improving the keeping qualities.
Sugar provides food for the yeast, although not essential, as
modern types of dried yeast are able to feed on the natural sug-
ars and starches found in the flour, it will make the dough more
active.
Sweet breads have a moderate level of sugar with the fruit, glaze
or icing adding extra sweetness. Use the sweet bread cycle for
these breads.
If substitut ing a liquid sweetener for sugar then the total liquid
content of the recipe will need to be reduced slightly.
fats and oils
A small amount of fat or oil is often added to bread to give a softer
crumb. It also helps to extend the freshness of the loaf. Use butter,
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